18151850 The Congress of Vienna A Gathering of Victors Metternich wanted to assure that peace in Europe was maintained Authority of the monarchies and aristocracies Mutual consultation of politics ID: 712184
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Slide1
Coping with Change
Ideology, Politics, & Revolution
1815-1850Slide2
The Congress of Vienna Slide3
A Gathering of VictorsMetternich wanted to assure that peace in Europe was maintained.
Authority of the monarchies and aristocracies.
Mutual consultation of politics
Concert of Europe
The Rise of Ideology in politics Slide4
Conservatism The domestic political order among European countries tended to be conservative in form & principle.
Pillars of conservatism were legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. Slide5
Epitome of ConservatismSlide6
Conservative Tenets
Opposed the rule of popular sovereignty and economic liberty.
Limited constitutions - power control by monarchies & aristocracies.
The alliance system ->
Concert of EuropeSlide7
Liberalism
Liberalism grew out of the nineteenth-century political turmoil.
Steeped in Enlightenment ideals.
Wanted Constitutions and political freedom.
Responsible GovernmentSlide8
Political & Economic Goals
Wanted boarder political participation, but not direct democracy
Privilege based on wealth and property.
The rising Middle Class -
Bourgeoisie
Laissez-faire Economics -
Capitalism Slide9
Classical Economics
The Dismal Science:
The new working class created problems over population & wages
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834):
Essay on the Principle of Population
David Ricardo (1772-1823):
Principles of Political Economy Slide10
Thomas Malthus
Need to contain population
Conditions could not be improved
Population must eventually outstrip the food supply.
Contraceptive or Higher standard of living
Slide11
David Ricardo
“Iron law of wages”
Raise wages = More children
Expanded market = Lower wages
Lower wages = Fewer children
Wages would always tend toward the minimumSlide12
Nationalism
The belief that a nation is composed of people who are joined by common bonds.
Opposed the Congress of Vienna
The notion of “popular sovereignty”
The Nation and Nationhood. Slide13
Nations on the RiseDeveloped a “national” language that did away with dialects.
The Printed Word
Nationhood as way to bridge together people of an ethnic group.
Nationalists put pressure on EmpiresSlide14Slide15Slide16
What was Romanticism?
Fascination with youth and innocence
Questioning authority and tradition for idealistic purposes
An adaptation to the changes in society:
Industrial Revolution
French Revolution
Napoleonic Europe Slide17
Foundations
The Romantic Movement was rooted in the Individualism of the Renaissance.
Sturm and Drang Poetry
- Folk Songs and Pastoral Art
Rousseau and Kant Slide18
The English RomanticsIn England, Romanticism can be traced back as early as the 1790s, because Industrialization hit there first.
“
The best laid schemes of mice and men often go awry / And leaves us not but grief and pain for promised joy!”
~
“To A Mouse”
Robert Burns Slide19
Notable PoetsWilliam Blake: 1757-1827
William Wordsworth: 1770-1850
Samuel T. Coleridge: 1772-1834
Lord Byron: 1788-1824
John Keats: 1795-1821
Percy Shelly: 1792-1822Slide20
The German Romantics
The Germans were more novelists than poets.
They wrote mawkish tales that borrowed heavily from medieval romances.
The Romantic Hero was the larger truth of life.
The Sorrows of Young Werther -
Goethe Slide21
Religion
Middle Ages - Gothic Churches
Reformation - Bible & Faith
Enlightenment - Rational Religion
Romantics - Mysticism Slide22
On HistoryRomanticism saw the glorification of the individual.
German idealism and nationalism saw the birth of the ego.
Great people in History…the will and desire —>
Caesar and Napoleon
Slide23
G.W.F. Hegel
1770-1831
Most important philosopher since Kant.
History was a process of developing Spirit. Slide24
Marxism
1818-1883
German middle class family
University of Berlin
Communist Manifesto Slide25
Communist ManifestoMarx and Engels wrote the manifesto in 1848.
Communism implied the outright abolition of private property
Combination of German Hegelianism, French Socialism, and British classical economics. Slide26
Marx’s RevolutionRevolution through class conflict
Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
Proletariat and Communist
“All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses, his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.” Slide27
Restoration and
Repression
Coping with Change
The aftermath of the Congress of Vienna sparked a number of opposition uprisings.
Crisis, Revolt, and Revolutions
Reform Movements on both sides liberal and conservative Slide28
Universities
Several student groups rise up supporting the cause of nationalism.
Burchenschaften
- Germany
Karl Sand – 1819-20 became a martyr for the student nationalist groups. Slide29
Sand murders KotzebueSlide30
Sand’s Execution Slide31
Carlsbad Decrees Government officials appointed to each University
No teacher/professor allowed to serve as a government official
Banned secret societies and organizations
Rule of expulsion Slide32
Russian DismayIn 1825, Russia began to encounter a series of problems.
Army developed reformist sympathies
Secret Societies spring up and echo the liberal doctrine
Change Russia --- Free the Serfs. Slide33
The Decembrist RevoltTwo crisis breakout in 1825.
The First was Tsar Alexander died with no direct heir to the throne.
Secondly, Moscow regiment of the Russian Army refused to swear allegiance to Nicholas. Slide34
Tsar Nicholas I“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, & Nationalism”
Refused to abolish serfdom
Reform Movements:
- Official Nationality
- Codification of Russian LawSlide35
Problems in England
Lord Liverpool’s Ministry & Popular Unrest
Poor Law and Unions
The Peterloo massacre 1819
The Six Acts & Parliamentary ReformSlide36
St. Peter’s Field 1819Slide37
Six ActsForbade large public meetings
Raised fines for seditious libel
Speedy trial for political agitators
Increased newspaper tax
Prohibited the training of armed groups
Allowed local officials to search homes on suspicion. Slide38
Revolution of 1830
Louis XVIII died in 1824, leaving his brother Charles X heir to the throne
Charles X was a firm believer in rule by divine right.
Historical mistakes lead to blood shed. Slide39
Reactionary PoliciesGave land back to the emigres
Restored the primogeniture rule
Made Roman Catholicism the official and only religion of France
In 1827, denied the Chamber of Deputies constitutionality. Slide40
The July Revolution
In 1830, the liberals won the majority vote for seats in the Chamber of Deputies
Charles attempted a royalist seizure of power.
Royalist victory in AlgeriaSlide41
Four Ordinances July 25, 1830
Restricted freedom of the press
Dissolved the recently elected Chamber of Deputies
Restricted the franchise to the wealthiest people in France
Call for new elections. Slide42
Down goes Charles!!!The royal army could not gain control of Paris.
On August 2, 1830 Charles abdicated and fled to England
The Chamber of Deputies named Louis Philippe “King of the French” Slide43
Fit for a King?Slide44
July Monarchy The July Monarchy established under Louis Philippe was politically liberal
Socially, however, he was a conservative.
Money was the path to power, and the working class was downtrodden
A series of revolts broke out between 1832-1834. Slide45
Les Miserables Slide46
Belgium Becomes Independent
August 25, 1830 disturbances broke out in Brussels following the performance of
Salvatore Rosa
.
Belgium – Catholic and Dutch – Calvinist
A rebellion broke out and Belgium defeated the Dutch.
In 1831, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg was declared King of BelgiansSlide47
The Great Reform Bill1830 – George IV died and his brother William IV became king.
Whigs took control of Parliament and William insisted on coming to an agreement.
1832 – Great Reform Bill increased the voting rights to all middle-class men. Slide48
1848 Revolutions
Spring of Nations
Severe food shortages
Commercial and Industrial economy was depressed.
Unemployment & poor living conditions.
Discontent of the working classesSlide49Slide50
France
Liberal opposition to the corrupt regime -> July Monarchy
February 23rd Guizot resigned, on February 24th Louis Philippe abdicated. Slide51
National Assembly & Paris Workers
Alphonse de Lamartine (1790-1869)
Re-write a new constitution -> 2nd Republic
But workers wanted social revolution too!Slide52
Habsburg EmpireThe Habsburg Empire cut across national lines.
Nationalism was preached throughout the Empire.
1848 rebellions broke out in Vienna, Prague, Hungary, and Italy. Slide53
Louis Kossuth (1802-1894)
Magyar Nationalist
March 1848 made moving speeches at the Hungarian Diet
Independence of Hungary and a responsible gov’t. Slide54
Rebellion in North Italy
March 18, 1848 in Milan a group of Italian Nationalists rebelled against the Habsburg rule in North Italy.
Radicals Mazzini and Garibaldi move to establish a Roman Republic. Slide55
Republicanism
November 15, 1848 radicals assassinate the minister of the Papal States Count Rossi
Pius IX fled to Naples for refuge.
February 1849 declare the Roman RepublicSlide56
Magyar Revolt The incident in Vienna encouraged Magyar leaders in Hungary.
Magyars wished to have a separate Hungarian state within the Habsburg domains.
Forcing Romanians, Serbs, & Croatians to abide by Magyar policy a revolt broke out! Slide57
Czech NationalismAt the same time of the Hungarian revolt, Czech nationalism also pique in the spring of 1848.
Czech nationalist demanded Bohemia and Moravia to be permitted to the Slavic state.
Pan-Slavic Congress called for Slavic recognition. Slide58
Vienna Uprising Kossuth speeches influence student organizations … riots break out in Vienna.
Metternich resigned and fled the country
May 17, 1848 Ferdinand agreed to a moderately liberal constitution.
Hungarian Diet abolished serfdom. Slide59
Germany1848 brought liberalism to the fore-front of German states.
Numerous states such as Wurttemberg, Saxony, Hanover, and Bavaria called for a liberal government and German unity. Slide60Slide61
Revolution in PrussiaMarch 15, 1848 large popular disturbances had erupted in Berlin.
Frederick William IV called for an assembly to write a constitution.
Appointed a liberal minister to head the cabinet -> David HansemannSlide62Slide63
Frankfurt ParliamentMay 18, 1848 representatives from all over Germany met in St. Paul’s Church.
Revise the organization of the German Confederation and write a constitution for all Germany.
Grossdeutsch vs. Kleindeutsch Solution Slide64Slide65
Rise & Fall of the Second Republic
Revolution heats up during the summer of 1848 in Paris… “June Days” (Flaubert)
Social order & protection of property.
Failure of the National Workshops
The election of “Little Napoleon” Slide66Slide67
Déjà Vu ???In December 1848 France turned to a strong leader.
Election of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte.
With the popular vote Louis-Napoleon becomes the President of the Republic
Maintains a conservative control and then reestablishes the Empire. Slide68
Little Napoleon
December 2, 1851 seized power to call for a reelection.
December 2, 1852 declared the 2nd Empire
Napoleon III Slide69
Divide and Conquer
Gen. Alfred Windisch-Graetz
June 17, 1848 moved against the Czech Nationalists
Germans and Middle Classes approved
Radicals suppressedSlide70
Habsburg Victory
Franz-Joseph takes over the Habsburg Empire
Supported by Tsar Nicholas I, the Habsburgs put down every revolt and returned order. Slide71
Arrivederci Republica In March 1849, radicals forced Piedmont to renew war with Austria.
Piedmont defeated and the new Republic was on its own.
June 1849, Napoleon III sends 10,000 troops to put down the radical rebellion
Pius IX renounces liberalism and returnsSlide72
The Frankfurt FlounderFrederick William IV rejected the constitution because …
There was nothing legal or binding about the actions
Junker support was not interested in Germany unity
He feared opposition from Austria
He did not want “a crown picked up from the gutter.” Slide73
Frederick William IV
By April 1849, a conservative ministry replaced the liberal one in the Assembly
Frederick William IV dissolved the Assembly and proclaimed its own constitution. Slide74
Questions ???
Why did the revolutions of 1848 fail throughout Europe?
What roles did liberals and nationalists play in the revolutions?
Why did they sometimes clash?
Idealism vs. Realism -> Flaubert Slide75
What Happened?
Internal divisions among the middle-class liberals, radicals, socialists, artisans, and workers.
Holding power: Liberalism vs. Nationalism
Power of the Conservatives - Ruling Class
People have a difficult time accepting ‘change’ Slide76
Next Week
Compare and contrast the movements of unification in Italy and Germany. Be sure to look at the leadership as well as the methods that these countries used to reach unification.