Ecology Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment; - PowerPoint Presentation

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Ecology

Ecology

is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment; focus is on energy transfer – It is a science of relationships!

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Why does ecology matter?

Ecologists complete investigations on the environment, climate change, farming, energy, food, health, green living, and eco friendly products, etc..

Example problems that ecology handles

:

How do humans affect the atmosphere and contribute to global warming?

How does the population of wolves in an area affect the population of rabbits?

Do clownfish and anemone benefit each other?

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Why does ecology matter?

Scenario:

Imagine that there is an insect that lives on peanut plants growing on farms in Effingham County. Is there a way that we can limit insect damage to the peanut crops in order to decrease the price of peanuts at the store by 20 cents per pound?

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Ecology

A. There are two parts of an environment :

____________- all of the organisms that live together and interact with one another.-

Living

factors

Examples: ___________, ______________, _____________, ________________, _____________

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Ecology

A. There are two parts of an environment :

Biotic

- all of the organisms that live together and interact with one another.-

Living

factors

Examples: ___________, ______________, _____________, ________________, _____________

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Examples of Biotic Factors in the Environment

Biotic means having to do with life or living organisms.

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_________________- part of the environment that includes all of the physical,

nonliving

, factors.

Examples: _____________, _____________, _______________

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Abiotic

- part of the environment that includes all of the physical,

nonliving

, factors.

Examples: _____________, _____________, _______________

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Examles of Abiotic Factors in the Environment

Abiotic factors are characterized by the absence of life or living organisms.

Sunlight, soil, temperature, and precipitation are examples of abiotic factors in the environment

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Biotic Factors

ECOSYSTEM

Abiotic Factors

Section 4-2

Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Go to Section:

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Abiotic or Biotic?

Biotic (plant)

Abiotic (rainwater)

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Abiotic or Biotic?

The air

temperature

is 45 degrees F =

The

soil

is made of rocks and minerals =

A

bird

lays eggs =

Bacteria

break down dead organisms =

The pH or the water is 2 (acidic) =

abiotic

abiotic

abiotic

biotic

biotic

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Abiotic or Biotic?

Biotic

Biotic

Biotic

Abiotic

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Which of the following is a relationship between abiotic and biotic factors?

A) The rain on an open field washes away soil

B) A hawk hunts a mouse and swoops down into the forest for the kill

C) A lake has very acidic water which causes many fish populations to die

D) A deer grazes in a field of grasses

Abiotic

Biotic

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Ecosystems

Ecosystem

: An area containing an interaction of living and non-living factors in an area/region

Example ecosystems

:

South Georgia forests (pine forests)

Coastal Plains of Georgia

Okefenokee Swamp ecosystem

Clark’s Hill Lake Ecosystem

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The organization of our world!

The earth is a biosphere

Ecosystems are the living and nonliving things in an area

Populations are a group of one type of organism living in an area

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Ecosystem

- a community of organisms and its

abiotic

environment.

Abiotic + Biotic = Ecosystem

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Hierarchy of Biology

Molecules

Organelles

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organ systems

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

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II. Organization in the Environment

_______________

- the individual.

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II. Organization in the Environment

Organism

- the individual.

__________________- group of individuals of the same species that live together in the same area at the same time.

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II. Organization in the Environment

Organism

- the individual.

Population

- group of individuals of the same species that live together in the same area at the same time.

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3. ________________- all of the populations of different species that live and interact in an area.

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3. Community

- all of the populations of different species that live and interact in an area.

Animals found on the ocean floor

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4. Biomes are areas on earth that can be characterized by the climate, vegetation, and organisms that live in a specific environment.

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5. ______________

The part of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist.

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5. Biosphere

The part of the earth and its atmosphere in which living organisms exist.

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Ecological Levels of Organization

Go to Section:

Levels of Organization

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1.

Tropical Rainforest

– hot, humid, heavy rainfall, tall trees, occur around the equator, many different species; most live in the canopy, birds, frogs, snakes, monkeys

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2.

Taiga

– coniferous forest; long cold winters; Canada; usually only one or two types of conifers- evergreen trees like pines, bear, caribou, deer, elk, beaver

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3.

Temperate Deciduous Forest

– Eastern U.S. ; leaves of trees change color, warm summers and mild winters; maple, oak, and elm trees, squirrel, deer, fox

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4.

Desert

– hot in the daytime, cold at night; dry; Africa; U.S.; Australia, plants and animals exhibit adaptations and behaviors that

help them conserve water; cactus, short shrubs, scorpions, rodents, and snakes.

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Tundra

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5.

Tundra

– Cold; permafrost- soil is permanently frozen; little rainfall; soggy soil, Arctic; lichen and moss grow, caribou, arctic fox, arctic hare, owl.

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6.

Savanna

- tropical

grassland

with a few scattered trees; Africa; wet & dry season, have large grazing animals like zebra, elephants, giraffes

Prairie

– North American Grassland; U.S- very fertile soils

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Water

Marine and Freshwater

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7.

Water Biomes

- controlled by abiotic factors like temperature, salt content, amount of sunlight that travels thru the water, distance from the land, and depth of the water.

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A. Three types – marine, estuary, and freshwater

1.

Marine

– Base of the food chain is phytoplankton (producers) and zooplankton (consumers); ocean and sea biomes are divided into different zones

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2.

Estuary

– occur where freshwater flows into salt water; tidal changes cause salt concentration changes; nutrient rich due to run-off from land; large numbers of plankton

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3.

Freshwater

– 3 types depending on speed of water

A.

Fast moving

– rivers; producers and consumers cling to rocks

B.

Slow moving-

river grows wider as it approaches the ocean; deltas form due to sediment build up

C.

Still water

– lakes and ponds, divided into different zones; shore, open water, and deep water

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Ecology is also about the interactions among the organisms and how they rely on one another.

The long term relationship between two or more organisms is called ______________.

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3. Symbiosis

A long-term relationship between two or more species.

Three Types of long term relationships!

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Mutualism

A relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other.

Cleaner shrimp cleaning a zebra moray eel.

Bacteria found in human large intestines.

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2. Commensalism

A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.

Remoras attach themselves to sharks and feed of the scraps of food that the shark leaves behind.

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3. Parasitism

One organism benefits while the other is harmed.

The

parasite

is the organism that benefits in the relationship.

The

host

is harmed

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