Definition of Abnormality Behavior that is atypical disturbing maladaptive unjustifiable Medical Model Sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured DSM VR 5 Levels Level 1 Neurosis amp Psychosis ID: 933151
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Slide1
Ch. 16 – 18
Ch. 16
Abnormal Psychology
Slide2Definition of Abnormality
Behavior that is atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, unjustifiable
Medical Model: Sicknesses that need to be diagnosed and cured
DSM V-R: 5 Levels
Level 1 – Neurosis & Psychosis
Level 2 – Personality Disorders
Level 3 – Physical Problems
Level 4 – Social Stressors (1-6)
Level 5 – GAF (1-100)
Slide3DSM V-R
DSM does not explain the causes of disorders
Pro – provides a roadmap for treatment
Con – labels and can create a bias
Neurosis: Depression, Anxiety, Somatoforms, Phobias,
Dissociatives
Psychosis: Delusional Disorder, Schizophrenia
Childhood Disorders:
Autsim
, ADHD, Behavioral Disorders
Personality Disorders: Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Schizoid, Avoidant, Dependent, OCPD, Borderline
Slide4Depression
Depression – 3 Types
-Dysthymia – 2 years of lasting mid to moderate depression
-Major Depression – 2 weeks of severe depression including suicidal thoughts and actions
-Bi-polar Disorder – (Manic Depression): Alternating highs and lows with extremes on each end
Slide5Anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) – Highly stressed and anxious most of the time
Panic Disorder – At least two panic attacks in a month
OCD – Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
-obsessions: repeated thoughts; compulsions: repeated actions
PTSD – Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – Experiencing something out of the norm which causes excessive anxiety and flashbacks
Slide6Somatoforms
Psychological problems which turn physical
-Hypochondriasis – Exaggerating symptoms
-Factitious Disorder – Creating something that does not exist but believing it does
-Malingering – Creating something that does not exist for personal gain and knowing it
Conversion Disorder – Loss of sense due to stress
Slide7Phobias
Claustrophobia – Enclosed spaces
Agoraphobia – Crowds and outdoors
Hydrophobia – Water
Acrophobia – Heights
Phobaphobia
- Everything
Slide8Dissociative Disorders
Amnesia – Forgetting one’s personal information
Fugue – Forgetting one’s identity and traveling to a new location
DID (MPD) – Taking on two or more distinct personalities with histories of their own (alter-egos); protects the weaker personality
Slide9Childhood Disorders
ADHD – Children who cannot control their impulses and attention
-Hyperactivity: cannot sit still, distracted
-Impulsive: making decisions without thinking
-Inattentive: cannot pay attention, unfocused
ODD – Oppositional Defiant Disorder – Children who are misbehaved, angry and hostile
Conduct Disorder – Lack of Conscious, violates the rights of others
Slide10Childhood Disorders Cont’d
Autism,
Aspergers
, PDD: Communication disorders, repetitive behaviors, social deficits; PDD (developmentally behind)
Separation Anxiety – Inability to be apart from primary caregiver
Mental Retardation – Low IQ and other deficits
Slide11Psychosis
Delusional Disorder
Schizophrenia
Slide12Delusional Disorder
Generally functions normal in society with the exception of having delusions
Delusions – Thoughts that are contrary to reality
-
Bizzare
: cannot be possible
-non-bizarre: can be possible but still unlikely
Slide13Schizophrenia
Split Mind
Schizophrenia is characterized by an individual who losses the ability to function in society, has delusions and hallucinations, loose associations, and flat affect.
1. Loss of Functioning (-)
2. Hallucinations (+)
3. Loose Associations (+)
4. Flat Affect (-)
Slide14Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid (most common) – feel likes others are out to get you
Disorganized (most severe) – makes no sense and generally off
Catatonic – shows no emotion and is basically non-responsive
Residual – someone who is not showing symptoms (usually due to medication)
Slide15Percents
, Likelihoods, Causes
1% of the population is schizophrenic (1/100)
Most likely age to develop schizophrenia is between ages 15 – 25
Cause is strictly genetic; Generally due to a dopamine
overactivity
in the brain
Highest likelihood is: 1) identical twin 2) both parents 3) fraternal twin 4) one parent 5) sibling 6) general population
Slide16Personality Disorders
Psychological Disorders characterized by rigid, inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair relationships and the self, but can still function well in society.
Histrionic – Center of attention, Sexually seductive, Exaggerative
Narcissistic – Egotistical, lacks ability to empathize with others
Antisocial – Lacks a conscience (often CD’s in childhood)
Schizoid – Unable to connect to others, unmotivated to connect, odd, eccentric and some signs of schizophrenia
Slide17Personality Disorders Cont’d
Dependent – Can’t make decisions, let’s others walk on them, co-dependent
Avoidant – Afraid of criticism, being judged and relating to others, but would like to. Particularly afraid of public presentations
OCPD – Perfectionistic, orderly to the point of losing enjoyment in the activity
Borderline – Bipolar, idealize & devalues others, extreme, intense emotion and anger which is inappropriate for the circumstance
Slide18Ch. 17 - Therapy
Therapy – Healing of the soul; A confidential interaction between a trained healer and a “sufferer”
Dual Relationship – A therapist who involves him/herself in the life of the client in a personal way, or takes on a client whom they know
Eclectic Approach – The use of a blend of approaches
Slide19Psychoanalysis - Freud
Psychoanalysis (Freud) – Focus on the subconscious; One of the first famous therapies
-Free Association – Saying whatever comes to
mind
-Resistance – Individual blocks anxiety by refusing to participate
-Interpretation – Creating insight into subconsciously blocked material
-Transference – Experiencing strong positive or negative feelings toward the therapist
Counter-transference – Therapist experiences strong positive or negative feelings toward the client
Slide20Psychodynamic Therapy
Modern psychoanalysis – Face to face and more modern
Includes the past and present
Interpersonal Therapy – Variation of psychodynamic and short-term (12-16 sessions); Somewhat effective for depression
Slide21Humanistic Therapy
Rogers and Maslow
Focuses on present and future, not past
Focuses on taking responsibility rather than uncovering hidden issues
Focuses on the conscious mind, not the unconscious mind
Focuses on promoting growth, not curing illness
AKA Client-Centered Therapy – Focuses on client’s perceptions and giving them unconditional positive regard
Slide22Behavioral Therapy
Focuses on eliminating fears and anxieties
Counterconditioning – Pairs the troubling behavior with something positive
Aversive Counterconditioning – Pairs the troubling behavior with something negative in order to eliminate it
Systematic Desensitization (
Wolpe
) – Form of counterconditioning: Create a list (hierarchy) of anxiety provoking responses and pair with relaxation
Virtual Exposure Reality Therapy – Experiencing anxiety through simulation
Flooding – Imagining high anxiety situations
Implosion – Being placed in high anxiety situations
Slide23Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Combines the effort to alter the way people think and the way they behave. (Alter thoughts & actions).
Family Therapy: Therapy which views the family as a system & attempts to improve relationships and communication within the family.
Group Therapy: Allows others to see that problems are similar
Slide24Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Is Psychotherapy effective: 89% of clients view psychotherapy as beneficial
.
Regression toward the mean: The tendency for unusual events or emotions to return towards their average state.
Slide25Types of Therapists
Counselors (MFT, Pastoral): Focus on marriage & family relations and can focus on the individual’s well-being
LCSW (Social Workers): Focus on relationships as well as abuse situations.
Psychologists (
Ph.D
): Similar to counselors, also focus on testing.
Psychiatrists: MD’s who prescribe medications
Slide26Psychopharmacology
Psychopharmacology: Study of drug effects on the mind and behavior.
-antipsychotics (
thorazine
, chlorpromazine) used for Schizophrenia create side effects of tremors, twitches and Tardive Dyskinesia (similar to
Tourrettes
Syndrome); -modern antipsychotics (Risperdal,
Zyprexia
): less side effects but slightly less effective
Antidepressants: (SSRI-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors): Zoloft, Paxil, Prozac; -These medications lift people from depression and protect them from falling back into deep depressions because they block the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from the synapses.
Mood Stabilizing Medications (Lithium): Medications used for Bi-Polar Disorders
Slide27Radical Therapies
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Shock Therapy; Rarely used today. Primarily used in the 60’s, 70’s & 80’s as a treatment for depression. Side Effects: Seizures, Memory loss.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (
rTMS
): Sends a magnetic field through the skull to stimulate or dampen activity. Also good for depression & not as many side effects.
Lobotomy (Psychosurgery): Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue. Surgery cuts the nerves to the frontal lobe. Procedure was once used on uncontrollably violent patients.
Slide28Ch. 18 –Social Psychology
Social Psychologists study how we influence and relate to each other.
Based on Disposition (personality) & Situation (outside influences)
Slide29Attribution Theory
Attribution Theory: Explaining one’s behavior by disposition (personality) or situation.
Fundamental Attribution Error: The tendency to underestimate situation and overestimate disposition
Attitudes: Feelings based on our beliefs that predispose our reactions to others
Slide30Social Concepts
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon: The tendency for people who agree with a small action to comply with a larger one.
Cognitive Dissonance (
Festinger
): In order to reduce discomfort, we
bring
our attitudes in line with our actions
Conformity: Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward a group standard.
Slide31Conformity
Conditions that strengthen conformity:
-one is made to feel inferior
-group has at least 3 people
-group is unanimous
-one admires the group
-one has not made a response yet
-one’s culture encourages respect for standards
Slide32Influence
Normative Social Influence: Sensitivity to social norms to gain approval or avoid rejection
Informational
Social Influence: The willingness to listen to others
Slide33Conformity Experiments
Conformity Experiment (Solomon Asch) showed people 3 lines and asked which one was same as the original. Most experienced discomfort when five others agreed with the wrong line.
Milgram Experiment: 65% of adult male “teachers” fully obeyed commands to continue despite the “learners” mention of heart condition and cries of protest.
Obeyed most when:
-close at hand and legitimate authority
-prestigious institute
-learner was depersonalized or distanced
-no role models for defiance
Social Behaviors
Social Facilitation: The phenomenon of stronger performance in the presence of others
Social Loafing: The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards a common goal
Deindividuation
: The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Group Behaviors
Group Polarization: The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion.
Groupthink: The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony overrides a realistic alternative or choice
Prejudice: Unjustifiable and negative attitude towards a group and its members.
Stereotype: A generalized belief about a group of people.
Discrimination: Unjustifiable behavior towards a group of people.
Social Behaviors
Aggression: The physical, emotional, or verbal behavior intended to hurt another.
Frustration-Aggression Principle: Frustration creates anger which in turn creates aggression
Conflict: A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas
Social Trap: A situation in which the conflicting parties by pursuit of their own goals end up in a mutually destructive behavior
Attraction
Mere Exposure Effect: The phenomenon that repeated exposure to new stimuli increases the chances of liking it.
Similarity & Proximity: Two most important determinants in attraction. A 3rd is those who are attracted to us especially when self-esteem is low.
Passionate Love: Beginning more intense stages of attraction
Companionate Love: Deeper and truer attachment to another.
Altruism: The unselfish regard for others.
Slide38Bystander Effect
Bystander Effect: The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present. (Kitty Genovese
)
AKA Diffusion of Responsibility
Slide39Final Social Terms
Social Exchange Theory: Our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.
Social Responsibility Norm: Expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
Superordinate Goals: Shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation.
GRIT: Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction – A strategy designed to decrease international tensions.