272 Bot- Plant Physiology - PowerPoint Presentation

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272 Bot- Plant Physiology

Dr. Abdulrahman Al-hashimi

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Course

Description

The Plant Physiology course involves:

Introduction about plant and cell

architecture.

Plant water relation Mineral nutrition and assimilation

Solute transport

Respiration and photosynthesisGrowth, development and differentiationHormones and phytochromesStress physiology in plantsStress physiology in plants

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Taiz

L. and Zeiger E. (2010). Plant Physiology, 5

th Edition, Sinauer

Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, MA. ISBN: 978-0-87893-866-7.

Required Textbook

:

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Exams & Grading System

Midterm 1:

6

th

or 7

th week.

Midterm 2:

10th or 11th week.Final Exam Lab: 12th week.

Quizzes & Homework:

During the semester.

Final Exam:

15

th

week.

Midterm 1: 15 %

Midterm 2: 15 %

Final Exam: 40 %

Final Lab Exam:30%

Extra credit :Quizzes, Homework, Attendance & Participation: 5 %

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Outlines

Lecture 1

Introduction

Plant and Cell Architecture

1- Plant

Structure 2- The Plant Cell 3- Intercellular Communication

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Introduction

The concept of

Physiology

originated from Greek by joining the words

Physis

, which means “function” and

Logos

—“science”.Physiology is the study of the function of the cells, tissues and organs of living organisms; and the physics & chemistry of these functions.The main objective of Plant Physiology course : Understanding general and advanced physiological processes that occur in most of the plants

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Closely related fields

Plant morphology (structure of the plants)

Plant ecology (interactions with the

environment)

Phytochemistry (biochemistry of the plants

)

Cell biology (cell structure and function)Genetics (genes, genetic variation and heredity)Molecular biology (biology at the molecular level)

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Botany – General Review

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Plants Characteristics

Multicellular

eukaryotes

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Plants Characteristics

Contain Chlorophyll

– green pigment that captures energy from sunlight.

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Plants Characteristics

Perform photosynthesis

(autotrophs)

Photosynthesis

 is a chemical reaction that takes place inside a plant, producing food for the plant to survive

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Plants Characteristics

Contain cuticles

– waxy layer that coat surfaces of the plants – keep from drying out.

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Plants Characteristics

The Cell wall

– supports and protects the plant cell.

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Classifying Plants

Lyman

Lyman

CI 13227

Overley

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Plant and Cell Architecture

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Learning Objectives

Understanding the organization of plants from the level of cells through tissues, tissue systems, and organs.

Describing the functions of major plant organs.

Describing organelles functions at the cellular level.

Explaining the intercellular communication in the plants via

plasmodesmata

.

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1- Plant Structure

Main Plant Organs:

LEAVES:

Photosynthesis

(

to produce carbohydrates 

).

STEMS: Support, water & nutrients transport.ROOTS: Anchorage, water & nutrient absorption from soil, storage, water & nutrient transport.Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds (sexual reproduction)

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FHB evaluation in the field

CI13227

Lak

i

n

LEAVES:

Cuticle

EpidermisVascular tissuesMesophyll layersStomata and guard cells STEMS: Vascular bundlesROOTS:Lateral rootsTaprootsRoot hairs

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Types of

Plant

Tissues

All plant organs (roots, stems, leaves) are composed of the

same

tissue types.

There are three types of tissues:

Dermal – the outermost layer (Epidermis)Vascular – Transports water and organic materials

Ground

– bulk of inner layers

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Dermal tissue

Epidermis

(the outermost layer of the cell):

I

s

t

he first line of defenseLike the “skin” of animalsIn stems and leaves, epidermis has cuticle (a waxy layer prevents water loss).

Root epidermis has

root hairs

,

for

water and nutrients absorption.

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Vascular tissue

Functions :

transports water, nutrients and organic

materials throughout the plant.

Vascular tissue

includes :

Xylem tissue : transports water and dissolved minerals from the root to stem and leaves.Phloem tissue : carries the dissolved sugars produced from the leaves to rest of the plant

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Vascular tissue

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Ground tissue

Functions:

metabolism, storage and support.

Ground tissue

includes:

Paranchyma cells: Photosyntesis

(ALIVE at maturity).

Collenchyma cells: Support young growing stems and organs (ALIVE at maturity).Sclerenchyma cells: Support stems and organs that have stopped growing (DEAD at maturity).

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Ground tissue

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2- The Plant Cell

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The cell wall & plasma membrane

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Different proteins attached to the membrane

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The nuclear envelope

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The nucleus

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

is a

Network of Internal Membranes

Smooth ER is the major site of lipid synthesis and membrane assembly.

Rough ER is site of synthesis of membrane proteins and proteins to be secreted outside the cell or into the vacuoles.

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The Golgi apparatus

(Golgi complex) is a dynamic structure consisting of three to ten flattened membrane sacs, or cisternae, and an irregular network of tubules and vesicles called the trans Golgi network (TGN).

Golgi apparatus

plays a key role in the synthesis and secretion of complex polysaccharides and assembly of the oligosaccharide side chains of glycoproteins

.

The Golgi apparatus

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Mitochondria (a site of Energy Conversion)

The

Mitochondria (singular

mitochondrion) are the

cellular sites of cellular respiration, a process in which the energy released from sugar metabolism is used for the synthesis of ATP.

Diagrammatic representation of a mitochondrion, including the location of the

H+-ATPases (Proton ATPases) involved in ATP synthesis on the inner membrane.(B) An electron micrograph of mitochondria from a leaf cell.

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Plastids

The

Plastids

 are major organelles found in the plants cells.

Site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds.

Types of Plastids

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Chloroplasts (a site of Energy Conversion)

Chloroplasts

are rich in

glycosyl

glycerides, contain chlorophyll and associated proteins and are the sites of photosynthesis.Chromoplasts contain high concentrations of

carotenoid

pigments and are one of the causes of colors of fruits and flowers. Grana stacks and stroma lamellae, showing the complexity of the organization. (B) A chloroplast showing location of the H+-ATPases on the thylakoid membranes.

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Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

Semiautonomous Organelles

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery (ribosomes,

tRNAs

, and other components).

Both plastids and mitochondria divide by fission, and mitochondria can also undergo extensive fusion to form elongated structures or networks.

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The cytosol & The cytoskeleton

The 

cytosol

, also known as 

intracellular fluid or cytoplasmic matrix

, is the liquid found inside cells, organized into a three-dimensional network of filamentous proteins called the cytoskeleton

.

The cytoskeleton provides spatial organization for the organelles and serves as a scaffolding for the movements of organelles.

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The Cytoskeleton

The

cytoskeleton plays fundamental roles in mitosis, meiosis, cytokinesis, maintenance of cell shape and cell differentiation.

Three types of cytoskeletal elements in the plant cells: Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments

(A) Microtubule, composed of 13 proto filaments. (B) Microfilament, with two strands of G-

actin subunits.

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Chromatin Structure & DNA Packaging

Levels of organization:

Nucleosome

Chromatin fiber (Solenoid)

Radial loops

Metaphase chromosome

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Chromatin Structure & DNA Packaging

Solenoid Structure

Nucleosome Structure

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Chromatin Structure & DNA Packaging

Radial Loops

Metaphase

Chromosome

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Chromatin Structure & DNA Packaging

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Basic steps in gene expression

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Basic steps in gene expression

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3- Intercellular Communication

Plasmodesmata

(singular

plasmodesma) are tubular extensions of the plasma membrane that connect cytoplasms

of adjacent cells and form an intercellular communication (cell-to-cell communication).

(A) Electron micrograph of a wall separating two adjacent cells, showing

plasmodesmata. (B) a cell wall with two plasmodesmata with different shapes.

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3- Intercellular Communication

Intercellular transport of solutes through

plasmodesmata

is called symplastic transport. Water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell.

Unlike plants, animal cells contain gap junctions to  communicate in a process called cell–

cell recognition. 

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3- Intercellular Communication

Types of

Plasmodesmata

:

Primary:

during cytokinesis when Golgi-derived vesicles containing cell wall precursors fuse to form the cell plate. Primary

plasmodesmata

provides direct continuity and communication between cells that are clonally related (i.e., derived from the same mother cell).Secondary: between cells after their cell walls have been deposited. They arise either by evagination of the plasma membrane at the cell surface, or by branching from a primary plasmodesma. Secondary plasmodesmata allow symplastic continuity between cells that are not clonally related.

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Thank you

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