Emotion AP Psychology – Chapter 10 - PowerPoint Presentation

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Emotion

AP Psychology – Chapter 10

Motivation and Emotion

Alice F. Short

Hilliard Davidson High School

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Chapter Preview

Theories of Motivation

Hunger, Obesity, and Eating Disorders

Motivation in Everyday Life

Emotion

Pursuit of Happiness

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Motivation

motivation

- the force that moves people to behave, think, and feel as they do

energizes, directs, and sustains behavior

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Theories of Motivation

Evolutionary Approach

ethology

– the study of animal behavior

instincts

sign stimulus – something in the environment that turns on a fixed pattern of behavior

explains motivations for sex, aggression and achievement

Drive Reduction Theory

drive reduction theory

– as a drive becomes stronger, we are motivated to reduce it (drives, needs, and homeostasis)

drive

– is an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need (itch to scratch)

need

– a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation

homeostasis

– the body’s tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or steady state

examples: temperature, blood sugar, potassium and sodium levels and oxygenation

DISCUSSION

: Why is drive reduction theory not a comprehensive explanation of motivation?

Optimum Arousal Theory

Yerkes-Dodson law

– performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal

overlearning

– learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic

DISCUSSION

: How can overlearning help your academic performance in AP Psychology and other courses? When might it be really important to have overlearning?

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Biology of Hunger

Gastric signals

Walter Cannon

and

A.L. Washburn

RESEARCH: connection b/w stomach contractions and hunger

cholecystokinin

(CCK) – hormone that starts the digestion of food , travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals us to stop eating

Blood chemistry

glucose

(blood sugar)

insulin

(hormone, helps control blood sugar levels)

leptin

(chemical substance released by fat cells, decreases food intake and increases energy expenditure or metabolism)

ob mice

–

obsese

mice, genetic mutation, cannot produce

leptin

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Hunger and the Brain

Hypothalamus

lateral hypothalamus

initiation of hunger and eating

damage: starving animal won’t eat

ventromedial

hypothalamus

cessation of hunger and eating

damage: eating too much and quick onset of obesity

Neurotransmitters

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Obesity and Eating Behavior

Obesity is widespread

60% of Americans are overweight

33% of Americans are obese

Biology of Overeating

genetics

set point

– weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight

fat (adipose) cells

normal weight: 10-20 billion

obese person: up to 100 billion

Psychological Factors

In the past, the focus was on

emotional state

external food cues

Current research is focusing on

time and place cues

sugar and fat content

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Disordered Eating: Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa

relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation

more common among females, non-Latino, and middle- and upper- classes

associated with high-achieving perfectionists

associated with obsessive thinking about with and compulsive exercise

typically begins in teenage years

main characteristics

less than 85% of normal weight

unsupported fear of gaining weight

distorted body image

amenorrhea

medical dangers and mortality

highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder – 5.6% die within 10 years of diagnosis

growth of tine hair all over the body, thinning of bones and hair, severe constipation, low blood pressure

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Disordered Eating: Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa

binge-and-purge

vomiting, laxatives

more common among females (1-4 percent)

typically in a person of a normal weight

difficult to detect – why?

preoccupied with food

fearful, depressed, anxious, shame

low self-efficacy (high standards, low confidence)

associated with impulsivity, negative emotions and childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder

medical dangers

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Disordered Eating: Causes

Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia

sociocultural

media images

family interactions

TRAILER:

Miss

Representation

biological

genetics

serotonin regulation

neurological effects of dieting, binging, purging

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Disordered Eating:

Binge Eating Disorder

Binge Eating Disorder

recurrent episodes of compulsively eating large amounts of food

despite not being hungry, eat quickly to point of discomfort

lack of control over eating

2-5% of Americans will experience at some point in life

8% of the obese have BED

causes include biological factors (genetics, dopamine, stress)

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

sequence of needs

basic needs must be met before higher needs can be satisfied

self-actualization (motivation to develop to our fullest potential)

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Self-Determination Theory

self-determination theory

– Edward Deci and Richard Ryan’s theory asserting that all humans have three basic, innate organismic (psychological needs are innate and exist in every person) needs

Three Basic Organismic Needs

:

competence

self-efficacy, mastery, expectations for success

self-efficacy – belief that you have the competence to accomplish a given goal or task

mastery – the sense that you can gain skills and overcome obstacles

relatedness

warm relations with others, need to belong

even unintentional exclusion can cause stress and poor life choices

autonomy

independence and self-reliance

Kennon

Sheldon (2005) – older Americans feel more autonomous when engaging in same behaviors (voting, etc.)

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Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation

motivation based on internal factors

organismic needs (competence, relatedness, and autonomy) + enjoyability (curiosity, challenge and fun)

key to achievement

Extrinsic Motivation

motivation that involves external incentives

incentives (rewards, punishments)

associated with lowered well-being and health

both individualist and collectivist cultures support self-determination theory

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A SHORT

Time to Ponder

CRITICAL CONTROVERSY

: Does extrinsic motivation undermine intrinsic motivation? (p. 327)

What are some instances in your own life in which your intrinsic motivation was

reduced

by external rewards? What are some instances in which your intrinsic motivation was

increased

by external rewards?

What other factors might determine whether extrinsic motivation influences intrinsic motivation?

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Self-Regulation

self-regulation

- the process by which an organism controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives

feedback = important component (example: daily mood)

cannot be happy all the time – require negative feedback

goals

, a.k.a. projects, best possible selves, life tasks, personal strivings

purpose

– an intention to accomplish a goal that is meaningful to oneself and t o contribute something to the world

Goal Setting

specific

moderately challenging

long term purpose

short term accomplishment

high-achieving individuals

: monitor learning and systematically evaluate their progress toward their goals

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A

SHORT

Activity

Create some goals, and write them in your spiral. Be sure to use the techniques for successful goal-setting! It might be nice if they contained some “purpose” as well.



purpose

– an intention to accomplish a goal that is meaningful to oneself and to contribute something to the world

goal setting

specific

moderately challenging

long term purpose

short term accomplishment

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INTERSECTION

: Resisting Temptation

p. 328

Delay of Gratification

Walter

Mischel

– kids and cookies

putting off pleasurable experience knowing there will be future payoff

distraction helps us resist temptation

DISCUSSION

: What are some of the “cookies” in your life? How do you avoid being sidetracked by temptation?

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Emotion

emotion

- a feeling, or affect, that can involve

physiological arousal

(such as a fast heartbeat), conscious experience (thinking about being in love with someone), and behavioral expression (a smile or a grimace)

physiological arousal

Autonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

→ arouses

Parasympathetic Nervous System

→ calms

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Nervous System

: Divisions

The Two Main Divisions of the Nervous System:

1.

Central Nervous System

(CNS)

brain and spinal cord

2.

Peripheral Nervous System

(PNS)

somatic nervous system

– sensory nerves

muscular activity

autonomic nervous system

– internal organs

sympathetic nervous system

– arouses

parasympathetic nervous system

– calms

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Autonomic Nervous System

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A SHORT

Assignment

Look back at the table on the previous slide. Write a short narrative that includes as much of the vocabulary as possible, referencing specifically if it relates to the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system.

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Measuring Arousal

skin conductance level

(SCL) – a rise in the skin’s electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases

sweaty palms

 conduct electricity better

polygraph

– a machine, commonly called a lie

detector

, that monitors changes in the body used to try to determine whether someone is lying

heart rate, breathing, SCL

neutral

v

. target questions

results do not reliably detect deception

Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1988)

fMRI

may better detect deception

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Theories of Emotion

James-Lange Theory

- the theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment

William James and Carl Lange (“Long-uh”)

physiological arousal



emotion

perception of physiological changes

bull example

: you do not run away because you are afraid—you are afraid because you are running way

Cannon-Bard Theory

Walter Cannon (1927) Philip Bard (1934) – objected to James-Lange Theory

bull example: first, it stimulates your autonomic nervous system to produce physiological changes in emotion (increased heart rate; rapid breathing)… second, it sends messages to your cerebral cortex, where the experience of emotion is perceived

emotional and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

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Theories of Emotion

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Emotion and the Brain

Limbic System: Amygdala

fear system: two pathways

thalamus



amygdala



sensory cortex



persistence of emotional memories

Cerebral Hemispheres

left hemisphere: approach-related emotions

right hemisphere: withdrawal-related emotions

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Brain Pathways of Fear

(Fig. 10.6)

direct pathway

(

broken arrow

) – conveys information rapidly from the thalamus to the amygdala

indirect pathway

(

solid arrows

) – transmits information more slowly from the thalamus to the sensory cortex (here the visual cortex) and then to the amygdala

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Emotion: Cognitive Factors

Two-Factor Theory (

Schachter

/Singer

)

physiological arousal

cognitive labeling

arousal



interpret external cues



label emotion

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Research,

Schachter

and Singer (1962):

injected with epinephrine (heightens arousal)

associate behavior with others emotions

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

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Donald Dutton and Arthur

Aron

(1974)

Capilano River Bridge Experiment

: Misinterpreted Arousal Intensifies Emotional Experiences (Fig. 10.8,

p

. 334)

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A SHORT

Time to Ponder

Do you think you can choose to interpret arousal in more productive and positive ways? Explain.

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Emotion: Factors

Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.

The Primacy

Debate: Cognition or Emotion

Which comes first - feeling or thinking?

Lazarus: appraisal determines

feelings (thinking is primary)

Zajonc

: preferences need no

inferences (emotions are primary)

Behavioral Factors

verbal or nonverbal

nonverbal - facial expression, posture, gestures

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A SHORT

Time to Ponder?

Which whom do you agree on the primacy debate, Lazarus or

Zajonc

?

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Emotion: Behavioral Factors

Identifying Facial Expressions

happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

facial expression can influence emotions

supports the James-Lange theory of emotions

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Identifying Emotions

Can you correctly identify the emotions?

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Emotion: Sociocultural Factors

Comparative Perspectives

expression of emotions similar across cultures

display rules

– sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed

anger… ok, not ok to express?

no universal gestures

Computer Communication

Scott

Fahlman

(1982) –

emoticons

compensation for loss of other expressive channels

(tone, facial expression, etc.)

vary between cultures

Gender Influences

stereotypes

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Classifying Emotions

Valence

(direction)

positive

v

. negative affect

Arousal

Level

(degree)

active and engaged

v

. passive and calm

Positive Negative

High Ecstasy Fury

Low Contentment Boredom

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Circumplex Model of Mood

Psychological Inquiry,

p

. 339

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Adaptive Function of Emotions

Negative Emotions

take immediate corrective action

Positive Emotions

broaden-and-build

model

– Fredrickson’s model of positive emotion, stating that the function of positive emotions lies in their effects on an individual’s attention and ability to build resources

broadens attention focus

more likely to think outside-the-box, to exercise, to make friends, to “branch out”

encourages “approach” behavior

Resilience

positive outlook

emotional

wisdom

better response to stress

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Pursuit of Happiness

Biological Factors

genetics

set point

Obstacles

hedonic

treadmill

-

direct pursuit can backfire

Happiness Activities & Goal Striving

altruism, physical activity, positive self-reflection

personally meaningful goal investment

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A SHORT

Time to Ponder

Do you lack resources or resourcefulness?

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Chapter Summary

Describe the evolutionary, drive reduction, and optimum arousal theories of motivation.

Explain the physiological basis of hunger and the nature of eating behavior.

Distinguish the competing theories of emotion.

Characterize the range of factors affecting emotions.

Classify emotions.

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Chapter Summary

Theories of Motivation

drive reduction and optimum arousal theories

Hunger

biological and psychological influences

obesity and eating disorders

Non-Biological Theories of Motivation

Maslow’s hierarchy

self-determination and self regulation

intrinsic

v

. extrinsic motivations

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Chapter Summary

Emotion

physiological arousal

James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and two-factor theory

nonverbal expression

sociocultural

factors

classifying emotion

Pursuit of Happiness