Unit 2 Dr Jaimon Varghese Saturday 03 February 2018 1 Counselling Theory amp Practice Learner Objectives 1 Develop holistic understanding of counselling as a tool for help 2 Acquire knowledge skills and attitudes for counselling ID: 934325
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FCW-4 Counselling: Theory and PracticeUnit 2
Dr. Jaimon Varghese
Saturday, 03 February 2018
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Counselling: Theory & Practice
Slide2Learner Objectives
1. Develop holistic understanding of counselling as a tool for help2. Acquire knowledge, skills and attitudes for counselling
3. Develop insight in need and areas of counselling in different situations4. To develop counselling competencies in students for working in various specialized set ups
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Slide3Unit - 2Theories and approaches in counselling
Theories of personality and their significance for counselling
• Sigmund Freud
• Alfred Adler
• Erikson
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Slide4Unit - 2Theories and approaches in counselling
Approaches in counselling – theoretical base, thrust, goals, key concepts and techniques
• Person Cantered
• Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy
• Transactional analysis
• Egan’s approach
• Eclectic approach
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Slide5Unit - 2Theories in counselling
Theories of personality and their significance for counselling
• Sigmund Freud
• Alfred Adler
• Erikson
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Slide6Theories of personality and their significance for counselling - Sigmund Freud
Freudian theory of personality
topography theory of mind (conscious, sub conscious & unconscious) structure of personality (id, ego & super ego)
theory of psycho sexual development (dynamic development)
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Slide7Role of the Counsellor in psycho analysisEncourage clients to talk about whatever comes to their mind - childhood experiences.
Create an atmosphere in which the client feels free to express difficult thought.Let clients gain insight by relieving and working through the unresolved past experiences
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Slide8Role of the Counsellor in psycho analysisThe development of transference is encouraged to help clients deal realistically with counsellor to interpret for the client.
Psychological test, especially projective tests such as Rorschach inkblots, etc is used
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Slide9Goals of psychoanalytic counsellingTo make unconscious thoughts and memories conscious.
To reconstruct the basic personality of a client.To assist clients in reliving earlier experiences and working through repressed conflicts.
To achieve intellectual and emotional awareness.
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Slide10Techniques of psychoanalytic counsellingFree Association
Analysis of ResistanceAnalysis of transferenceAnalyst’s interpretations
Analysis of Dreams
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Slide11Strengths of psychoanalytic counsellingimportance of sexuality and the unconscious
based on case historiesSupports several diagnostic instruments
reflects the complexity of human natureHelped development of ego psychology
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Slide12Strengths of psychoanalytic counsellingeffective for hysteria, narcissism, obsessive-compulsive reactions, character
disorders, anxiety, phobias, and sexual difficulties
importance of developmental stagesThematic Apperception Test or the Rorschach Ink Blots, are rooted in psychoanalytic theory
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Slide13Limitations of psychoanalytic counsellingTime consuming and expensive.
The approach does not seem to lend itself to working with older clients.Based on many concepts not easily communicated or understood.
These concepts not only are difficult to test but also have inadequate evidence for their existence.
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Slide14Limitations of psychoanalytic counsellingOveremphasis on biology and unconscious forces
SexismLack of Cross-cultural support
The approach is deterministic.Counsellors and psychologists have had a difficult time getting extensive training in psychoanalysis.
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Slide15Theories of personality and their significance for counselling - Alfred Adler
View of Human Nature (
Adlerian Theory)
Rather than being motivated by instinctual drives, humans are motivated by social and interpersonal factors. Conscious aspects of behaviour, rather than the unconscious are central to the development of personality.
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Slide16Theories of personality and their significance for counselling - Alfred Adler
View of Human Nature (
Adlerian Theory)
“Individual Psychology”The important concepts of Adlerian
counselling are family constellation and environment, striving for superiority and social interest and life style.
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Slide17Role of the Adlerian
Counsellors
Adlerian
counsellors function primarily as diagnosticians, teachers, and models in the equalitarian relationships they establish with their clients.
They try to assess why clients are oriented to a certain way of thinking and behaving.
The counsellor makes an assessment by gathering information on the family constellation and a client’s earliest memories.
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Slide18Role of the Adlerian
Counsellors
The counsellor then shares interpretations, impressions, opinions, and feelings with the client and concentrates on promoting the therapeutic relationship.
The client is encouraged to examine and change a faulty life-style by developing social interests.
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Slide19Goals of the Adlerian
Counselling
The goals of
Adlerian counselling revolve around helping people develop healthy life styles as well as helping them overcome feelings of inferiority.
One of the major goals of
Adlerian
counselling is to encourage clients to cultivate social interests.
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Slide20Goals of the Adlerian
Counselling
Adlerian
counsellors stress three goals of the therapeutic process:
Establishment and maintenance of an egalitarian counselling relationship.
Interpretation of client’s life style in a way that promotes insight.
Reorientation and re-education of the client with accompanying behaviour change.
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Slide21Techniques of the Adlerian
Counselling
Confrontation: examine own private logic
Asking the question:
“What would be different if you were well?”
Encouragement for making productive life-style choices
Acting “as if”
they are the persons they want to be – for instance, the ideal persons they see in their dreams.
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Slide22Techniques of the Adlerian
Counselling
Task setting:
initially set short range, attainable goals and eventually work up to long-term, realistic
objectives.
Push Button:
have choices about what stimuli in their lives they pay attention to; can choose to remember negative or positive experiences.
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Slide23Strengths of the Adlerian
Counselling
equalitarian atmosphere
Versatile counselling models for working with children, adolescents, parents, entire families, teacher groups, etc
.
useful to treat conduct disorders, antisocial disorders, anxiety disorders, affective and personality disorders
contributes to public’s knowledge such as inferiority complex
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Slide24Limitations of the Adlerian
Counselling
lacks firm, supportive research base
vague in regard to some concepts like social interest, fictional finalism, etc.
too optimistic about human nature
It does not consider other important life dimensions like power and unconscious
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Slide25Theories of personality and their significance for counselling - Erikson
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8 Stage theory on psycho social development
Modified psychoanalytic theory
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Slide27Erikson’s counselling theory
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Role of counsellors:
facilitator for normal development
Goals of counselling
: resolve development crisis
Techniques
: psychoanalysis
Strength
: emphasis on psychosocial dev.
Limitations
: undue stress on childhood exp. & determinism
Slide28Approaches in counselling – theoretical base, thrust, goals, key concepts and techniques
Person Cantered
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy
Transactional analysis
Egan’s approach
Eclectic approach
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Slide29Approaches in counselling – Person Cantered
Carl Rogers in 1940s and 1950s in reaction to the traditional, highly diagnostic, probing, and interpretive methods of psychoanalysis
Client Centred Therapy
(1951)
On Becoming a Person (1961)
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Slide30Person
Centred Approach
– theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
A belief in the dignity and worth of each individual
A phenomenological world of the client
A belief that people are good and trustworthy. deceit, hate, and cruelty arise out of a defensiveness that alienate individuals from their
inherent nature
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Slide31Person
Centred Approach
– theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
A tendency toward self actualization: growth, health, adjustment,
socialization, self-realization and autonomy
importance of the quality of the relationship between client &
therapist.
therapist as the creator of a facilitative environment that would allow the client to move toward self-growth
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Slide32Person Centred Approach
– goals
"as if” approach to counselling: If certain conditions exist, then a definable process is set in motion, leading to certain changes in the client's personality and behaviour.
once the proper conditions for growth is established, the client will be able to gain insight and take positive steps toward solving personal difficulties.
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Slide33Person Centred Approach
–
Conditions for Growth
Unconditional positive regard without danger of rejection or condemnation
Empathic understanding of client’s thoughts, feelings, and meanings from the client’s
own perspective
Congruence:
counsellor is authentic, genuine,
present and transparent to the client
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Slide34Person Centred Approach
– Techniques
The "techniques" are simply ways of expressing and communicating an attitude; self is used as an instrument
ways of expressing and communicating genuineness, unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding in such a way that the client knows that the therapist is attempting to fully understand the client's internal frame of reference
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Slide35Person Centred Approach
– Strengths
Revolutionized the counselling profession demystifying it
Provision of facilitative environmentEmpowering clients: leaving responsibility; recognizes their own power over themselves
Applicable to mal
adjustment, inter personal issues, mild to moderate anxiety, frustration, tolerance, uncomplicated bereavement, and defensiveness
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Slide36Person Centred Approach
– Weaknesses
Approach without clearly defined terms and techniques
Clients often fail to understand what the counsellor is trying to accomplishIgnores diagnosis and unconsciously generated impulses.
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Slide37Person Centred Approach
– Weaknesses
Deals only with surface issues.
Deals only with bright, insightful and hard working clientsless effective with these clients: resistant, limited contact with reality, or who have difficulty communicating.
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Slide38Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy -theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so
how people think largely determines how they feel and behave
every bad feeling you have is the result of your distorted negative
thinking
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Slide39Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy -theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
people are both “inherently rational and irrational, sensible and crazy”
this duality is biologically inherent and is perpetuated unless a new way of thinking is learned
Ellis (1962) lists 11 common irrational beliefs that can be quite disturbing
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Slide40Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy -theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
11 common irrational beliefs
“I must be perfect or no one will love me”!
“I must be thoroughly competent, adequate, and successful in all possible respects if I am to be worthwhile”.
“It is horrible when things do not turn out the way I want them to”.
“Some people are bad, wicked or villainous, and they should be punished”.
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Slide41Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy -theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
11 common irrational beliefs
“Unhappiness is a function of events and outside the control of the individual”.
“If something may be dangerous or harmful, an individual should constantly concerned and think about it”.
“It is easier to run away from difficulties and self-responsibility than it is to face them”.
“Individuals need to be dependent on others and have someone stronger than themselves to lean on”.
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Slide42Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy -theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
11 common irrational beliefs
“Past events in an individual’s life determine present behaviour and cannot be changed”.
“An individual should be very concerned and upset by other’s problems”.
“There is always a correct and precise answer to every problem and it is catastrophic if not found”.
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Slide43Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy -theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
Role of counsellors:
instructors who teach and correct the client’s cognition
Bright
Knowledgeable
Empathetic
Persistent
Scientific
Interested in helping others
themselves users of RET
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Slide44Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy - goals
helping people realize that they can live more rational and productive lives.
help people change self-defeating habits of thoughts or behaviour.
teaching clients ABCs of human behaviour.
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Slide45Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy - goals
ABCs of human behaviour
'A’ refers to whatever started things off: a circumstance, event or experience - or just thinking about something which has happened.
This triggers off thoughts ('B’), which in turn create a reaction - feelings and behaviours ('C’).
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Slide46Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy -Techniques
Teaching: feelings are a result of thoughts, not events;
self-talk influences emotions
Cognitive disputation:
challenge the client to prove that his or her response
is logical
Imaginal disputation
Behavioural Disputation
Confrontation and Encouragement
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Slide47Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy - Strengths
clear, easily learned, and effective.
can easily be combined with behavioural techniques to help clients more fully experience what they are learning.
relatively short term, usually lasting.
a great deal of literature and research
continued to evolve
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Slide48Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy -Weaknesses
cannot be used effectively with individuals who have mental problems or limitations, such as schizophrenics and those with severe thought disorders
limited if its practitioners do not combine its cognitive base with more behavioural and emotive techniques
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Slide49Transactional analysis - theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
Eric Berne’s Games People Play (1964)
Thomas Harris’s I’m OK – You’re OK
(1947)
optimistic theory: people can change despite any unfortunate events of the past.
anti-deterministic: people have choices in their lives, that what was decided can be redefined at a later date
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Slide50Transactional analysis - theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
Structured analysis
: Understanding what is happening within the individual.
Transactional analysis
: describing what happens between two or more people.
Game analysis
: understanding transactions between individuals that lead to bad feelings.
Script analysis
: understanding the life plan that an individual is following
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Slide51Transactional analysis - theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
Structured analysis
: Analysis of personality in terms of ego states .
ego state is a consistent pattern of feeling
Each person has three ego states which are separate and distinct sources of behavior: the Parent ego state, the Adult ego state, and the Child ego state
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Slide52Transactional analysis - theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
Transactional analysis
: Analysis of interpersonal communication or what people do and say.
A transaction is a basic unit of social interaction - three types.
Complementary transactions.
Crossed transactions.
Ulterior transactions
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Slide53Transactional analysis - theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
Game analysis
: Analysis of ulterior transactions leading to a pay off or psychological games people play.
a recurring set of transactions, often repetitive, superficially rational, with a concealed motivation
play psychological games to strengthen their psychological life positions, to get positive strokes, and to avoid openness
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Slide54Transactional analysis - theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
Psychological Life Positions
: positions taken about oneself and about others fit into four basic patterns.
I am OK – you are OK.
I am OK – you are not OK.
I am not OK – you are OK.
I am not OK – you are not OK
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Slide55Transactional analysis - theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
Strokes
: A stroke is a unit of recognition which may be positive or negative.
Positive strokes make one person feel good and contribute to a person’s sense of being OK.
Negative strokes hurt physically or emotionally and make one feel less/not OK
A person who is ignored, teased, diminished, humiliated, physically degraded, laughed at, called names, or ridiculed is in some way being treated as insignificant
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Slide56Transactional analysis - theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
Script analysis
:
A script is a complete plan of living, offering structure of injunctions, prescriptions and permissions and structure which makes one winner or loser in life.
A person’s psychological script is a life plan, a drama which he writes and then feels compelled to live out.
Script analysis is an examination of transactions and interactions to determine the nature of one’s life script
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Slide57Transactional analysis - theoretical base, thrust & key concepts
Role of counsellor
:
Teacher to explain to the client the language and concepts of TA, a new way of thinking about self.
contracts with the client for specific changes and helps the person achieve them.
Diagnosis based on DSM categories is not stressed
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Slide58Transactional analysis - goals
restore distorted or damaged ego statesDecontamination of client’s Adult ego state by identifying the parental prejudices and childhood fantasies that they have used to distort reality and reinforce their life script
De-confusing the Child ego state and developing an internal nurturing parent
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Slide59Transactional analysis - Techniques
Treatment contract
Interrogation: speaking to a client’s adult state until the counsellor receives an adult response
Explanation on TA
Illustration by client
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Slide60Transactional analysis - Techniques
Confirmation
Interpretation of client’s ego state
Crystallization:
an adult-to-adult transaction in which the client comes to an awareness that individual game playing may be given up
Confrontation & dialogue
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Slide61Transactional analysis - Strengths
easily understood and clearly defined.easily and collectively combined with other more action-oriented approaches.
puts the responsibility of change on the client.goal-directed approach .
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Slide62Transactional analysis - Weaknesses
The approach has been criticized for its primary cognitive orientation
The approach is criticized for its simplicity
The research behind the approach is relatively weak
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Slide63Approaches in counselling – Egan’s approach
(Pathare, 2010:209-10)
According to G. Egan, G. (1986) successful counselling can be seen as a three-stage process
1. Exploration
2. Planning
3. Action:
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Slide64Approaches in counselling – Egan’s approach
1. Exploration:
the client clarifies his/her understanding of the problems that have brought him/her to counselling.
The client explores and clarifies problems.
The counselor helps the client tell his or her story, focusing and clarifying as well as pointing out blind spots and helping to generate new perspective.
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Slide65Approaches in counselling – Egan’s approach
2. Planning:
he develops strategies to improve his situation.
The client develops a plan for change.
The client imagines a new scenario and develops goals to achieve it.
The counselor encourages a commitment to change.
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Slide66Approaches in counselling – Egan’s approach
3. Action:
he takes concrete steps to achieve measurable change.
The client moves toward the preferred scenario.
The counsellor helps the client develop strategies for action and encourages him or her to implement plans and achieve goals.
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Slide67Approaches in counselling – Eclectic approach
essentially a common sense approach to helping people by tailoring the therapy to the needs of the individual client
there is probably a primary therapeutic orientation that is simply not strictly adhered to by the therapist
Take elements of several different models and combine them when working with clients
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Slide68Recommended Reading:
1. Gracious Thomas (Ed.) (2010) Case Work and Counselling: Working with Individuals
, New Delhi: School of Social Work, IGNOU 2. Colin,
Feltham (1995) What is Counselling
, New Delhi : Sage Publication
3. Gibson Robert, Mitchell Marianne (2005)
Introduction to Counselling and Guidance
(6th Edition), New Delhi : Person Education Pvt. Ltd.
4. Hackney Harold,
Sherilyn
Cormier (1979)
Counselling Strategies and Objectives
, New Jersey : Prentice – Hall Inc.
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Slide69Recommended Reading:
5. Madhukar
Indira (2000) Guidance and Counselling,
New Delhi : Authors Press6. Miller Ewan (2007)
Person Centered Counselling Psychology,
New Delhi : Sage Publication
7.
Patri
Vasantha
(2001)
Counselling Psychology
, New Delhi : Authors Press
8.
Rao
,
Narayan
(1995)
Counselling and Guidance
, New Delhi : Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing Co, Ltd.
9.
Barki
, B. G.
Mukhopadyay
, B. (1991)
Guidance and counseling,
New Delhi : Sterling Publishers, Pvt. Ltd.
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Slide70Thank You03-02-2018 09:59:46
Method 1: Social Casework
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