Accident of gestation Developmental - PowerPoint Presentation

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Accident of gestation

Developmental

Anomalies of Conceptus

Embryopathy

- Suffering of

conceptus

from various diseases.

The harmful effect on developing

conceptus

occurs during 0-14, 14-35 &

fetal

stage from 35 days onward

Zona-pellucida

–effective

barier

to protect early embryo or up to 9 days post fertilization from viral infection

Embryo- growth & differentiation of cells are maximum.

Germs cells –arranges into layer

Organogenesis- start in orderly sequences under control of gene.

Cont

.

Genetic defect-Heredity or mutation or some extraneous

teratogens

including viruses may interfere the biochemical reaction in the developing fetus----------lead to an aberration in the development in the intrauterine life

Placental

Blastostatin

A

sustance

from endometrial secretion of Pig inhibits the synthesis of DNA in 16 day old

trophoblast

and cause embryonic death

Viral Diseases

The

myxovirus

, herpes virus,

picorna virus and rubella infection -------------teratogenic

in mammal

In farm animals- viruses of BT in sheep, swine

fever,IBR,BVD

, Equine

rhinopneumonitis

, equine

arteritis

Viral infection ------changes in chromosome of

fetus

BVD ---------------

Occular

defect,

cerebellar

dysplacia

, hydrocephalus, impairment in immunological competence

BT in pregnant cows ---------------- abortion, still birth

prognathia

,

hydroencephaly

dummy calf syndrome etc.

Adverse effect of

teratogens on organogenesis

Improper differentiation of

Palate

CerebellumUrogenital system Death of

fetus

followed

resorption

and mummification

When aberration is of less severe Structural deformity in fetus lead to dystocia, still birth and birth of stunted offspring

Placental development fatal growth ; Nutrition

Unequal placental contact with endometrium-------- un equal size of equine twins , Sow and bitch

Role of hormone on development of

conceptusP4 & E2 in early pregnancyPlacental weight- estrogens production

Insulin &

cortsone

influence the metabolic activityDeffiency of Insulin and cortisone in early phase of fetal development --------adversely affect the growth and development of conceptusConclusion – common genital malformation are influenced by a variety of etiological factors and are primarily dependant on genetic make-up of fetus and the dam

Chromosomal abnormality

Karyotype

- Numerical and morphological feature of chromosomes

Ovarian

aplasia or dygenesis

--- Turners syndrome (absence of sex chromosomes)

eg

Ovarian

hypoplasia

Extra Sex chromosome (XXY)-----Testicular

aplasia & absence of secondary sexual character. Very rare in

bull,ram

, boar and dogs

Chromosomal Translocation---------reduced fertility & embryonic death

Irradiation of pregnant

cows,ewes,sows

and goat between 15-34 of pregnancy causes skeletal defects in their

progenny

.

Inherited defects

Atresia

ani

Scrotal and

umblical

hernia

C left palate

Malformation of skeleton and internal organ

Cryptorchidism

Testicular

hypoplasia

Hermaphroditism

Segmental uterine

hypoplasia

in pig

Cont

Bull dog calve

Mummification

Congenital Dropsy in

ayrshiresAnchylosed

or muscle contracture monsters

Prolonged gestation

Hydrocephalus in all breed

Cryptorchidisim

Ovarian and testicular

hypoplasiaSegmental

aplasia

of

wolffian

duct and

Mularian

duct called white heifer diseases

Scrotal and inguinal hernia

Sperm defect in Friesian

Common developmental abnormality in bovine

Schistoma

reflexus

: Ruminant and Swine Visible sign of abnormality : Angulation

of vertebral Column of

fetus

; Incomplete chest and abdominal cavity

Cause: Genetic transmission from bull to offspring

Persomus

elumbis

: Ruminant and Swine

Visible signs of abnormality :

Hypoplasia

or

aplasia

of spinal chord of

fetus

in thoracic region ; loss of joint movement ; rigidity of posterior limb ; atrophy of

musscles

Double monster: Ruminant and Swine

Visible sign of abnormality; Anterior duplication is very common

Rectovaginal

constriction

Abortion and causes of infertility in farm animals

Abortion: expulsion of living

fetus

prior to attainment of viable age/dead

fetus of recognisable size at any stage of gestation from the gravid uterus of the dam

Premature birth of immature viable

fetuses

is called premature birth

Dead

fetus expelled at term are called still birth

Causes

Non- Infectious

Infectious

Physical

Genetic

Environmental

Bacterial

Mycotic

Protozoal

Viral

Mineral and Vitamin

difficiency

toxic

Hormonal

Bacterial-

Brucellla; Leptospira; mycobacterium; V.fetus; Streptococcus; Diplococcus; E coli;

Alkaligenes

;

Pseudomonus; C. PyogenesViral- IBR; IVP; Epizootic bovine abotion (Chlamydia)Mycotic- Aspergillus; yeast

Protozoa-

Trichomonus

fetus

; Toxoplasmosis; Trypnosomiasis; Anaplasmosis and Babesia

Infectious

Non-Infectious

Nutritional- Starvations; malnutrition; Vit A difficiency; Iodine deficiencyPhysical causes-Accidental insemination in

preg

uterus; rupture of amniotic

vessicles; Trauma to embryo; removal of CL and torsionGenetic causes

Brucellosis in cattle

The diseases brucellosis in cattle also called Contagious or infectious abortion or Bang disease

Etilogy

- Br.

Abortus; The organisms grow intracellular

B.

abortus

is mainly infective for cattle. The other animal also get infected are Sheep; goat; dog; Swine and horse

Site

Founded in

chorion of placenta in the pregnant animal and produces severe pathologic changes like necrosis and edema

and also in the digestive tract and lungs of

fetus

It remains as persistent infections in

udder,suprsmammary

gland, retropharyngeal,

limph

nodes of adult cattle

Joint and Bursa

In testes,

Epididymis,V

.

differenia

, and seminal Vesicle

Transmission

By purchase of infected cow

Infected material from one farm to other

Contact of infected animal

Ingestation of the feeds and water contaminated by genital discharge of infected animalAI with infected semen

Sign and Symptoms of diseases

Abortion usually takes place from 6th

to 9

th

month of pregnancyUdder development and oedema of vulvaeFetal membrane is found to be edematus, haemorrhagic, leathery and even necroticRFM and metritis are common symptoms