How do you think Human organ systems differ from animal organ systems How are many organ systems alike How might they be different What all is defined as a organ system Organ Systems A n organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task ID: 935494
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Slide1
Organ Systems
Human vs. Other Vertebrate Organ Systems
How do you think Human organ systems differ from animal organ systems?
How are many organ systems alike?
How might they be different?
What all is defined as a organ system?
Slide2Organ Systems
A
n organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a particular task
Slide3Types of Organ Systems
Circulatory
Respiratory
Skeletal
DigestiveExcretoryReproductive
Nervous
Endocrine
IntegumentaryMuscular
Slide4What makes up an Organ System?
Living things are made of
cells
Cells
are organized together to make tissues
Tissues
are organized together to make
organs
Organs
are organized together to make
organ systems
Slide5Organ Systems
Select an Organ System to L
earn More!
Slide6Part I: The Circulatory System
Slide7Circulatory System
The Function of the
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
is to:
transport
blood
through the heart, blood vessels and lungs.
Helps
move digested nutrients, oxygen, waste, and other materials around the body
.
Slide8Circulatory System
YOU have about
5 liters
of
blood continually traveling through your body?
The circulatory
system has 3 parts:
1- systemic
2- coronary
3- pulmonary
DID YOU KNOW?
Slide9Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation the movement of blood from the heart to the
lungs
and back to the heart again!
Slide10Pulmonary Circulation
Take a breath in. What did you just inhale into your lungs?
Breathe out. What did you just exhale from your lungs?
The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place in the
lung capillaries
.
Slide11Systemic Circulation
Systemic Circulation supplies blood to all of the tissues located throughout the rest of
the body
.
Blood vessels are responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissue.
Slide12Coronary Circulation
Coronary Circulation
is the movement of blood through the tissues of the
heart
.The heart is constantly sending out nutrients to other parts of the body. The purpose of the coronary system is to supply nutrients back to the heart!
Slide13Pump It Up!
Slide14Amphibians
have two circulatory routes
(double circulation)
.
Blood is pumped from a three-chambered
heart with two atria and a single ventricle
.
Blood is oxygenated through the
lungs
and
skinOxygenated blood is taken to rest of the body.
Circulatory System
Slide15Reptiles
have two circulatory routes
(double circulation)
.
Blood is only oxygenated
through the
lungs
. Three chambered heart with the
ventricles
partially
separated
so some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
occurs.
Circulatory System
Slide16Fish
have a single systemic
circulatory system.
Blood
flows unidirectionally from the two-chambered heart through the
gills
and then to the rest of the body
Circulatory System
Slide17Part II: The Respiratory System
Slide18Respiration Animation
Slide19Respiratory System
The function of the
respiratory system
is to supply your blood with
oxygen
.
You breathe in
oxygen and your
lungs
give that oxygen to your blood.
Slide20Major Components of the Respiratory System:
Mouth CavityNasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea LungsDiaphragm
Slide21Respiratory System
The Pathway
Air enters the
nasal
or
mouth cavity
.
Air passes through the
pharynx
and then the larynx.
Then the air goes through the “wind pipe” called the trachea.Then the air goes into the lungs
.
2
1
3
4
5
Slide22Respiratory System
The
diaphragm
is the muscle that powers the respiratory system; this muscle allows your to breathe.As you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and creates a vacuum. This sucks air and oxygen into your lungs. As you breathe out, the diaphragm expands and pushes the carbon dioxide out.
Slide23Respiratory System
Bronchi
are the two short tubes that carry air to the lungs.
In the lungs, Alveoli are
tiny
, multi lobed
air sacs located at the end of each bronchi. Alveoli
enable air exchange
with the equally thin walled
capillaries of the circulatory system.
Slide24Respiratory System
Lungs
are the internal respiratory organs of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Amphibian Lungs
Mammal Lungs
Bird Lungs
Slide25Gas exchange in
birds happens between air and blood capillaries rather than in alveoli. Birds lack a diaphragm, but have air sacs
.
Bird Respiration
Slide26Amphibian Respiration
Amphibians’
lungs, lining of mouth, and skin all serve as respiratory organs
Slide27Fish Respiration
Fish have
gills
instead of lungs
Oxygen is removed from the water
Slide28Other Unique Respiratory Actions
Reptiles
lack a diaphragm, but gas exchange still happens in the alveoli.
Horses
can only breathe through their noses!Elephants can remain underwater for a long time while using their trunk as a snorkel!
Part III: The Skeletal System
Slide30The Skeletal System
The functions of the
skeletal system
are: support, protection, movement, storage, and blood production
.
The
skeletal system
consists of
bones, cartilage, ligaments,
and
tendons
.
Slide31The Skeletal System
Bone
- hard, rigid
connective
tissue making up most of the skeleton, composed chiefly of calcium Provide the
framework
for muscles to attach to allow
movement.
Protect
internal organs
Slide32Outer layer is
compact (hard
)
bone
Very dense and
strong
Inside is
spongy
bone which is like a honeycomb.
Contains
bone marrow
which produces blood cells (red) or fat (yellow).
What’s in a bone?
Slide33The Skeletal System
Cartilage- tough, elastic connective tissue cushioning
and supporting bones
Much
converted to bone as an organism matures
Slide34The Skeletal System
Ligaments- tissue that connects bone to boneTendons
- tissue that connects bone to muscle
Slide35The Skeletal System
Joints - area where two bones are attached
and allow body
parts to move
Slide36Skeleton Rap!
Slide37Other Types of Skeletal Systems
Slide38Differences in Vertebrates
Bird bones are typically lighter in weight than human bones.
Type of locomotion accounts for many differences in long bone anatomy between species
The tibia and fibula are separated in humans, but are often fused in other species.
Carnivores have larger canine teeth
Slide39Part IV: The Digestive System
Slide40Digestive
SystemThe functions of the
digestive
system
are to breakdown food into nutrients,
absorb
nutrients, and
eliminate waste.There’s about 30 feet of pipework that starts with the mouth and ends with the anus.
Slide41Digestion Animation
Slide42Major Components of the Digestive System:
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
LiverPancreasSmall intestineLarge intestineRectum & Anus
Slide43Digestive System
The Pathway
Food enters the
mouth
where it broken down via chewing and saliva.
Food is pushed through the
esophagus
by
peristalsis
.
The
stomach continues to break down food through muscular contractions and production of acid.
Food (now called
chyme
) then enters the
small intestine
where nutrients are absorbed into the blood by villi.Next, the food goes into the
large intestine where water is absorbed.Lastly, the food exits the body through the anus
.2
13
45
6
Slide44Digestive System
Types of Digestion
Mechanical digestion
-
physical breakdown of food
Chewing and muscular contractions
Chemical
digestion
- chemical
breakdown of food into nutrients small enough to be
absorbed into the blood via
enzymes
Saliva, stomach acid, bile
Slide45Digestive System
Accessory Organs
Liver
Produces bile
, which breaks down fats
Removes
wastes and toxins from the body
Breaks down nutrients and stores some vitamins and minerals
Slide46Digestive System
Accessory Organs
Gallbladder
Stores bile
Releases as needed into the small intestine
Slide47Digestive System
Accessory Organs
Pancreas
Produces
a mix of enzymes
called
pancreatic juice
. Helps neutralize the
acidic
chyme
when it enters the small intestine. Helps to
digest protiens, fats,
and carbohydrates.
Slide48Digestive System
Absorption of Nutrients
Occurs primarily in the
small intestine
Inner wall
is covered in
folds with
microscopic finger-like projections called villi Increases surface area and absorption capabilityContain capillaries and lymph vessels (lacteals)
Nutrients enter the capillaries/lacteals by diffusion
Slide49Absorption of Nutrients
Slide50Differences in digestive systems
Humans have
monogastric (simple stomach)
digestive systems.Other monogastrics include:CatsDogs
Pigs
Slide51Differences in digestive
systems
Ruminants
acquire
nutrients from plants by fermenting (via bacteria) them in a specialized stomach (
rumen
)
prior to digestionRequires the fermented ingesta (
cud
)
to be regurgitated and chewed again (
rumination). The ruminant stomach has 4 chambers!
Ruminant Stomach
2
1
3
4
Slide52Ruminant Animation
Slide53Part V: The Excretory System
Slide54Excretory System
The function of the
excretory system
is to
remove
excess, unnecessary, and harmful materials from the body
.
The excretory system helps maintain
homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment.
Slide55Major organ
Kidney
– bean shaped, fist-sized, paired organ that filters blood removing waste products and excess water
Filtering unit is the
nephron
Kidneys filter
120
to 150 quarts of blood
producing
1
to 2 quarts of urine
People can live with one kidney
Slide56Excretory System
Blood travels through the
arteries to the
kidneys
to be filtered
The product of filtration is
urine
Urine
travels through
the
ureters
to the bladder. The bladder
expands as more liquid is stored. Urine exits the body through the urethra
.
Slide57Excretory System Explained
Slide58Accessory Organs
Skin
– secrete some fluids and salts, but role in excretory system is minimal
Lungs
–
excretes carbon dioxide waste
Liver
- detoxifies
and breaks down chemicals,
poisons,
and other
toxins which are then filtered by the kidneys
Slide59Other Excretory Systems
Insects
have Malpighian tubules,
which are attached to the
gut.
Wastes are removed with feces and water is conserved
Fish
– remove some wastes through
gills
Produce large amounts of dilute urine to prevent continuous uptake of water from the environment
Marine animals
– have specialized eye glands that remove salt
Extremely efficient kidneys prevent excess water loss
Slide60Part VI: The Reproductive System
Slide61Reproductive System
All living things reproduce.
Reproduction is the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process.
Reproduction is essential to keeping species alive.
Slide62Reproduction
Both the female and male reproductive systems are needed. The female needs a male to fertilize her egg or nothing would happen!
In the human reproduction process we have two kinds of sex cells that are involved:
The
male gamete or
sperm
The
female gamete or
egg
Humans, like other organisms, pass certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation
Slide63Male Reproductive System
Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the body, the male has reproductive organs that are
both inside and outside of the body
.
The male genitals include:The Testes The Duct System
The Accessory Glands
The Penis
Genitals
:
external organs of reproduction
Slide64So, what does the male reproductive system do?
Males cannot reproduce until they have reached puberty
When puberty begins, around the ages of 10-16, the pituitary gland secretes hormones to stimulate testosterone.
the endocrine System produces the hormones!
Slide65Male Reproduction
Once a male does reach puberty, he will produce millions of sperm cells every day.Each sperm is about 1/600 of an inch
The head of the sperm is what contains the genetic materials.
Slide66Female Reproductive System
Female sex organs are located
entirely within the body
.
The female genitals include:
Vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes
Ovaries
Slide67Female Reproductive System
The
vagina
serves three main purposes
:
The vagina is used for
sexual intercourse
It is the pathway that a infant takes when coming out of a woman's body, called the birth canal
It provides a route for
menstrual blood to leave
the body
Slide68Female Reproductive Cycle
When a girl is born, her ovaries contain
hundreds of thousands of eggs
which remain inactive until puberty begins. At puberty, the body starts making hormones that stimulate the ovaries to produce female sex hormones, including
estrogen
.
Near the end of puberty, girls begin to release eggs as part of the
monthly menstrual cycle.
Slide69What is Fertilization?
When the
egg
and
sperm meet, fertilization can occur. It only takes one sperm to fertilize the
egg
.
Did you know??
about after 8 weeks of fertilization the embryo (YOU!) is about the size of a thumb.
Fertilization is the union of a egg and a sperm
Slide70Fertilization
External
Fertilization is used by many aquatic vertebrates.
This is where eggs and sperms are shed into the water and the sperm swims through the water to fertilize the egg
Internal
Fertilization is where eggs are fertilized within the reproductive tract of the female.
Slide71Part VII: The Nervous System
Slide72Nervous System
The function of the
nervous system
is to
coordinate the actions of an animal.
This organ system contains a
network
of specialized cells called neurons
In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts, the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Slide73Central Nervous System
Contains the brain
and
spinal cord Body’s control center Processes sensory inputMaintains homeostasisHigher functions: language, emotions, memories, creativity, personality
Slide74Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of
cranial
and
spinal nerves Divided into Somatic and Autonomic
Somatic – voluntary actions (skeletal muscles)
Autonomic – involuntary actions (respiration, digestion, circulation, etc…)
Slide75
Dendrites bring information to
the cell body
Axons
take information
away from the cell body
Information from one neuron flows to another neuron
across
a synapse
Neurons
NEURON
Slide76Neuron Types
Sensory
receives and sends signals to central nervous system (CNS)
Motor
sends signals to effectors (muscles & glands) causes reactionInterneuron within the CNS, relays messages between sensory and motor neurons
Slide77Reflex Arc
Stimulus
received by sensory
neurons
Decision by the interneurons (relay neurons)
Response
by the motor neurons (resulting action
)
Reflex Arc Animation and Quiz
Slide78Species Differences
Sponges have no nervous system.
Organisms with radial symmetry (jellyfish, starfish, sea urchins, corals)
have a nerve
net and no brainFlatworms have two spinal cords
Slide79Part VIII: The Endocrine System
Slide80Endocrine System
Regulates body functions
through a collection of glands which produce hormones.
Metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, sleep, mood, etc…
Slide81Glands of the Endocrine System
Gland
-
group of cells that produce and
secrete chemicals called hormonesHypothalamusPituitary glandThyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal Glands
Pineal BodyReproductive Glands
Slide82Hormones
Chemical messengers
Travel from glands into the blood stream to
target cells
Have receptors for specific hormones so each communicates only with those hormones
Slide83Negative Feedback
A
process in which a system is turned off by the condition it
produces
Slide84Negative Feedback
Slide85Part IX: The Integumentary System
Slide86Integumentary System
The largest organ system in your body!
Functions:
Protect
internal
organs
Regulate
body temperatureRid the body of
waste
Maintain
water
balanceSense the environment
Slide87Layers of the Integumentary System
Slide88Epidermis
Tough
, protective
outer
layerMade of 4 layers of cellsCompletely replaced every 28 days
Melanocytes
- produce melanin
Produces
skin
color; the more melanin, the darker the
skinSunlight increases melanin productionTanning & freckles
Slide89Dermis
Made
up of
blood vessels
, nerve endings, and connective tissueCollagen
&
elastin
– allows skin to stretch & repositionSebaceous glands – near hair follicles &
pores, produce
oil
to lubricate skin & hair
Acne
Slide90Subcutaneous/hypodermis
Made
up of
connective tissue
, sweat glands, blood vessels, and fat (adipose tissue)
Protects from injury
Maintains temperature
Slide91Hair and Nails
Made
up of
keratin
Hair provides warmth &
protection
Nails
reinforce
and
protect
digits
Used for scraping
and manipulating objects
Slide92Species Differences
Epidermal extensions include: feathers,
scales
, claws, antlers/horns, and hooves
Glands may produce: mucus (lubrication for aquatic animals), toxins, odors, LIGHT (deep-sea fish)Pigment:
chromatophores
in fish, amphibians, and reptiles allow for rapid color change to adapt to various backgrounds
Slide93Part X: The Muscular System
Slide94Muscular System
Provides
movement
,
balance, posture
, and
heat
700
muscles in the body & make up ½ a person’s weight
The only tissue that can
contract
Slide95How Muscles work
Muscles
contract
or
relaxMust work in pairs
to move the body
Muscle Animation
Types of Muscle
Slide97Smooth
Found in
digestive system
,
blood vessels, bladder,
respiratory organs
and
uterusPropels substances through the body
Involuntary
-
works
automatically; controlled by the nervous systemTires slowly
Slide98Cardiac Muscle
Found
in
the
heartPumps bloodStriated
cells – light and dark stripes
Indicator of muscle
strengthInvoluntary
Never tires
Slide99Skeletal Muscle
Attached
to
bones Hold skeleton together, provide
movement
, give body
shapeStriated
Voluntary
– we control
Tire easily
Slide100Species Differences
Speed
of action
Trap jaw
ants snap their jaws 2300 times faster
than the
blink
of an eyeRange of length
Chameleons’ tongues can shorten to 1/6 of it’s extended length