Chapter 12 AIR What Causes Air Pollution Air Noise Light Pollution Acid Precipitation All information is from andor adapted from Environmental Science Copyright 2013 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company ID: 935512
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Slide1
Unit 4 Water, Air, and Land
Chapter 12AIRWhat Causes Air PollutionAir, Noise, Light PollutionAcid Precipitation
All information is from and/or adapted from :Environmental Science Copyright 2013 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyPictures are cited within the picture and are from the Teacher DVD, unless otherwise noted in the picture’s citation
Slide2“I thought I saw a blue jay this morning.But the smog was so bad that it turned
out to be a cardinal holding its breath.”-- Michael J. CohenUse humor, as Cohen did, to complete the following sentence: You know the air is polluted….
www.allaboutbirds.org-
www.allaboutbirds.org-
Slide3You know the air is polluted….
Slide4www.washington.edu-
When my dolly begs please for her breathing mask.
Slide5www.tumblr.com-
When I can’t tell if I’m supposed to be waking up or going to bed.
Slide6www.cartoonstock.com-
When my BFF is my
dwarf boxleaf
Slide7www.cartoonstock.com-
Because even none is better than some
Slide8OBJECTIVES - Section 1 : What Causes Air Pollution?
Name five primary air pollutants and give sources for each.Name the tow major sources of air pollution ni urban areas.Describe the way in which smog forms.Explain the way in which a thermal inversion traps air pollution.
Slide9Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
Most places in the United States contain clean air, while other areas, the air is so polluted it harms people’s health.When harmful substances build up in the air to unhealthy levels, the result is air pollution.Pollution can come from
natural sources as well as human
activities
.
http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/air-pollution.html
Slide10Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTSPollutants that are put directly into the air by human activity are known as primary pollutantsSoot from smoke
Slide11Sources of Primary Air Pollutants
Slide12Primary Pollutants
Slide13Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTSPollutants that are put directly into the air by human activity are known as primary pollutantsSoot from smokePrimary pollutants that react with other primary pollutants or natural occurring substances are known as
secondary pollutants.Gound-level ozoneUV rays from the sun cause vehicle emissions to react with the oxygen in the atmosphere
Slide14Check for Understanding
QUESTION:EXPLAIN:How is ground-level ozone an example of a secondary pollutant?
Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant because it forms when primary pollutant react with oxygen in the presence of UV radiation. ….in other words, ground-level ozone is formed when the sun’s rays mix with the oxygen …. secondary pollutants are caused from primary pollutants reacting with the sun’s rays.
ANSWER
:
Slide15Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLLUTANTSSOURCES OF PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTSHousehold products, power plants and motor vehicles are sources of primary air pollutioncarbon monoxideExhaust from vehicles
nitrogen oxideExhaust from vehiclesCoal burning power plantssulfur dioxide
Coal and oil
, mixed with sulfur are
burned
Power plants
, refineries
Metal smelters
Slide16Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
SOURCES OF PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTSHousehold products, power plants and motor vehicles are sources of primary air pollutionVOC (volatile organic compounds)Vehicle / gas station spillage (human-made VOC)Many household products (paint)
Particulate matterFine particlesEnter the air from fuel burned by vehicles, coal burning power plantsCoarse particlesCement plants, mining operations, incinerators, wood burning fireplaces, fields and roads.
Slide17Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
HISTORY OF AIR POLLUTIONAir pollution is not new, burning causes pollutants to enter the air.2000 years ago – Roman philosopher complained about the air1273 – King Edward I – banned burning “sea-coal”
Air quality today is much worseModern industrial societies burn large amounts of fossil fuels
Slide18Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS1/3 of air pollution is from gasoline vehiclesControlling Vehicle Emissions
Clean Air Act – 1970 & 1990 gives EPA authority to regulate vehicle emissions in the USA.Reduce lead in gasoline (resulted in 90% reduction in lead pollution)
Catalytic converters
(clean exhaust gases before pollutants exit the tailpipe)
2010 – EPA noted cars and trucks burn fuel
70% more efficiently
& produce
40% fewer CO
2
emissions
when compared to 1975.
Slide19Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONSCalifornia Zero-Emission Vehicle Program
Vehicles account for more than half of the ozone and particulate matter that pollutes the air.ZEV – Zero- Emission Vehicle
Created in 1990
– continues to update
Encourages the
development of less-polluting vehicles
Adopted in Maine, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont.
No emissions from tailpipes or gasoline
TYPES of ZEV
vehicles
Battery-powered
(only true ZEV)
Hybrid cars
(partial ZEV, battery and gasoline)
Hydrogen powered
(partial ZEV, mostly still prototype stage)
Slide20Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTIONIndustries burn fossil fuels for electricity, releasing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.Responsible for
2/3 sulfur dioxides and more than 1/3 nitrogen oxides that pollute the air.Some produce VOC, which form toxic fumes.Dry cleaners
Oil refineries
Chemical manufacturing plants
Furniture refinishers
Automobile repair shops
Slide21Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTIONREGULATING AIR POLLUTION - INDUSTRYClean Air Act requires pollution-control devices ScrubbersRemove some of the more harmful
substances Gases move through a spray of water that dissolves the pollutants that would have otherwise gone into the airElectromagnetic precipitatorsCement factories and coal burning power plants
Removes dust particles
so that the
clean gas is released
and the concentrated
dust is collected
and removed.
Removed
more than 20 million tons of ash generated by coal-burning power plants each year.
Slide22Regulating Air Pollution From Industry
Slide23Check for Understanding
QUESTION:DESCRIBE:Name two pollution-control devices. State how they help to limit the amount of pollutants in the air.
Sample of an acceptable answer:A scrubber reduces pollution by moving gases through a spray of water that dissolved many pollutants.An
electrostatic precipitator
reduces pollution by removing dust particles from smokestacks.
ANSWER
:
Slide24February 12, 2016 – in response to Feb 10 article: Supreme Court Puts Obama’s Emission Plan On Hold
Slide25Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTIONSMOGPollution that hangs over urban areas and reduces visibility.
Chemical reactions that involve sunlight, air, automobile exhaust and ozone.Vehicle and industry pollutants are the main cause
Slide26Formation of Smog
Slide27Section 1: What Causes Air Pollution?
INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTIONTEMPERATURE INVERSIONSWarm air rises (carrying pollutants) Air is usually cooler as it rises
in altitude and removes the pollutants.Sometimes a layer of warmer air is above the cooler air and
traps the pollutants
.
Problematic when cities are in valleys, such as Los Angeles (3sides are mountains and temperature inversions trap the smog)
Slide28Temperature Inversions
Slide29OBJECTIVES: TO BE COMPLETED – SECTION 1
Name five primary air pollutants and give sources for each.1) _______________________________________________________________________________2) ______________________________________________________________________________ 3) _______________________________________________________________________________4) _______________________________________________________________________________
5) _______________________________________________________________________________Name the two major sources of air pollution
in
urban areas
.
1)
_____________________________________________________________
2)
_____________________________________________________________
Slide30OBJECTIVES: TO BE COMPLETED
Section 1 (continued)Describe the way in which smog forms._____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explain
the way in which a thermal inversion traps air pollution._____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________
Slide31Unit 4 Water, Air, and Land
Chapter 12AIRWhat Causes Air PollutionAir, Noise, Light PollutionAcid Precipitation
All information is from and/or adapted from :Environmental Science Copyright 2013 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyPictures are cited within the picture and are from the Teacher DVD, unless otherwise noted in the picture’s citation
Slide32OBJECTIVES - Section 2 : Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
Describe three short-term effects and three long-term effects of air pollution on human health.Explain what causes indoor air pollution and how it can be prevented.Describe three human health problems caused by noise pollution.Describe solution to energy waste caused by light pollution.
Slide33Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
Young , old, heart or lung patients are most affected by air pollution.Decades of research have linked air pollution to diseaseAmerican Lung Association estimates that tens of billions of dollars are spent to treat respiratory diseases caused by air pollution
Slide34Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
SHORT TERM EFFECTS ON HEATHMany health effects from air pollution are short term and reversibleHeadacheNauseaEye, nose, and throat irritationCoughingChest tightnessUpper respiratory infection (bronchitis/pneumonia)
Pollution can make conditions such as asthma and emphysema worse
www.cartoonstock.com
Slide35Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
LONG TERM EFFECTS ON HEATHAir pollution has been linked to health issues such asEmphysemaLung cancerHeart diseaseLong term exposure may worsen the existing conditions of elderly people and may damage young children’s lungs.
Slide36Data and images courtesy of
http://www.cdc.gov/asthma/
Slide37Data and images courtesy
of http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/airpollution/airquality/pdfs/Air_Quality_and_Outdoor_Activity_Guidance.pdf
Slide38http://www.phila.gov/aqi/
Slide39Beijing Air Pollution Hits Orange Alert Level
By Douglas CobbFebruary 23, 2014
http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/beijing-air-pollution-hits-orange-alert-level/
http
://
ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201302010087
Air
pollution from China reaches Japan, other parts of Asia
February 01,
2013
Slide40Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONSometimes indoor air quality is worse than outside air quality due to chemicals to make carpet, paints, building materials, etc. found in the home.Cleaning solution containing bleach, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acidNitrogen oxides from unvented gas stoves, wood stoves and kerosene heatersFungi and bacteria from dirty heating and air condition ducts
Carbon monoxide from faulty furnace or running carsMethylene chloride from paint thinners
Slide41Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONRadon 222 from the uranium rocks under the houseGasoline from cars and lawn mowersFormaldehyde from furniture, carpet, particleboard and foam insulationTobacco smoke from cigarettes and pipesParadichlorobenzene from moth ball/flakes and air freshners
Tetrachloroethylene from dry cleaning fluid
Slide42www.precisionnutrition.com
Slide43Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONSick Building Syndrome – buildings that have poor air qualityCommon in hot places where the buildings are sealed to keep out heat, such as in FloridaIdentifying and removing the indoor pollution is the most effective way to maintain good indoor air quality.Ventilation, mixing indoor and outdoor air, is good for maintaining good air qualityRenovations that produce indoor air pollution should be done in well ventilated areas.
Slide44www.air-care.com
Slide45Check for Understanding
QUESTION:APPLY:Why is sick-building syndrome most common in hot places?Sample of an acceptable answer:Sick-building syndrome is most common in hot places because buildings are tightly sealed against the heat. This type of environment encourages the growth of fungi that can cause allergic reactions.
ANSWER
:
Slide46Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONRADONThe decay of uranium, a natural rock in the earth’s soilRadioactiveA colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that attaches to dust particlesWhen inhaled it damages
a person’s lungs and can lead to cancer2nd leading cause of lung cancer
www.surethinghomeinspections.com
Slide47American Lung Association in Pennsylvania to provide free radon
testing kits. www.heraldstandard.com Posted: Saturday, October 5, 2013 2:00 am | Updated: 12:05 am, Thu Oct 10, 2013.
Slide48http://www.lunnyenvironmental.com/what-is-radon/epa-radon-info
/
Slide49Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONASBESTOS Used as an insulator and fire retardant, mostly in building materialBanned in the US around 1970 .Inhaled fibers can cut and scar the lungs, causing asbestosisDifficulty breathingMay die of heart failureAsbestos removal from buildings and schools is a serious situation
Slide50Data, information and images from
: http://www.nps.gov/vafo/learn/management/asbestos.htmValley Forge Asbestos Release Site
Slide51Valley Forge Asbestos Release
Site (continued)
Slide52http://
extoxnet.orst.edu/faqs/indoorair/air.htm
Slide53Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
NOISE POLLUTIONUnwanted sound is the price we pay for today’s modern living Noise pollution Has resulted in hearing loss almost doubling since 1970Damages our hearingDestroys ear cellsTeens – about 14.9 % have permanent hearing lossPortable listening devicesAfrica – people live in
quiet environmentsPeople at age 80 have better hearing than people at age 30 in the US
Slide54Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
NOISE POLLUTIONNoise impacts land and water organismsExcessive noise has caused whales and dolphins to strand on beachesInterferes with water animals ability to navigate and communicate
www.marineinsight.com
Slide55Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
NOISE POLLUTIONMeasured in units known as decibelsThere various impacts of how sound affects individualsThresholds are at 0 dB and 140 dB
www.thepollutionfacts.com
Slide56Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
NOISE POLLUTIONProtecting individuals: Sounds can be muffled Placing Regulations on dB levelsNational Institute of Health recommends, as a safe threshold level, that MP3 players produce no more than 85 dB for 8 hours
Europe – max 100 dBUS – has no regulation
www.osha.gov
Slide57Section 2: Air, Noise, and Light Pollution
LIGHT POLLUTIONHEALTH ISSUESIncreases headaches, fatigue, stress and anxiety in humansDiminishes our view of the night skyNegative impacts on the environmentHatching sea turtles instinctively move toward the light and may move toward street lights, reducing the survival rateNight-time bird migration is impacted by city lightsChicago dims its light during migration seasonEnergy waste
Shielding lights to aim them downwardSensors to be sure they are one only when neededUsing low –pressure sodium sources (most energy efficient source)
Slide58International Dark Sky Association (IDA)
www.mro.nmt.edu
Slide59http://www.space.com/29347-skyglow-team-s-night-sky-time-lapses-amaze-and-educate-video.html
VIDEO about 4:00
http://twistedsifter.com/2015/04/the-night-sky-with-no-light-pollution
/
VIDEO: 2:20
Slide60https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ip2ZGND1I9Q Video @ 5:00
Slide61Check for Understanding
QUESTION:IDENTIFY:What are some effects of light pollution?Sample of an acceptable answer:Effects of light pollution include health problems, disruption of the view of the nigh sky, environmental problems and energy waste.
ANSWER
:
Slide62OBJECTIVES: TO BE COMPLETED – SECTION 2
Describe three short-term effects and three long-term effects of air pollution on human health.Short-term:1) __________________________________________2) __________________________________________3) __________________________________________Long-term:1) __________________________________________
2) __________________________________________3) __________________________________________
Slide63OBJECTIVES: TO BE COMPLETED – Section 2 (continued)
Explain what causes indoor air pollution and how it can be prevented._____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Describe three human health problems caused by noise pollution.1) __________________________________________
2) __________________________________________3) __________________________________________
Slide64OBJECTIVES: TO BE COMPLETED – Section 2 (continued)
Describe solution to energy waste caused by light pollution._____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Slide65Unit 4 Water, Air, and Land
Chapter 12AIRWhat Causes Air PollutionAir, Noise, Light PollutionAcid Precipitation
All information is from and/or adapted from :Environmental Science Copyright 2013 Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyPictures are cited within the picture and are from the Teacher DVD, unless otherwise noted in the picture’s citation
Slide66OBJECTIVES - Section 3 : Acid Precipitation
Explain the causes of acid precipitation.Explain how acid precipitation affects plants, soils and aquatic ecosystems.Describe three ways that acid precipitation affects humans.Describe ways that countries are working together to solve the problem of acid precipitation.
Slide67Section 3: Acid Precipitation
What Causes Acid Precipitation ? What if you were sitting at a lake and saw how clear it was, how would you feel?What if you later notice that the lake had no fish, or the trees were bare, now how would you feel? Well this is what can happen when lakes are victims of acid precipitation; there are thousands across the world that fall into this category.
Photo: David
Woodfall
/Getty Images
isbscienceg9.blogspot.com
www.dec.ny.gov
Slide68Section 3: Acid Precipitation
What Causes Acid Precipitation ? Acid Precipitation is precipitation, rain, sleet, snow that contains high concentration of acids.When fossil fuels burn, sulfur and
nitrogen oxides are releasedOxides mix with water (in the atmosphere)
Form
sulfuric acid
and
nitric acid
The highly concentrated
precipitation
enters the soil
,
lakes
,
rivers
,
streams
and
can kill the things that already
live there.
aaronqbecrafts.blogspot.com
Slide69acidrain130.wikispaces.com
Slide70A measure of the hydronium ion concentration.
(H3O+) (H+ from acid + H2O from water)It test how acidic a solution is.
A series of numbers from 0 to 14 0 is a strong acid,
14
a
strong base
7
is
neutral
, it is neither an acid or a base
SO WHAT’s
pH
?
Slide71dwb4.unl.edu
oneillseaodyssey.org
Slide72www.globalchange.umich.edu
Slide73Section 3: Acid Precipitation
What Causes Acid Precipitation ? The pH of rain varies around the worldSome areas the pH is as low as 4.2The EPA has been working with
industries to cut emissionsMuch work remains, but some conditions are improving
China and India
, emissions are increasing,
causing concern
to the potential rise of acid rain
Slide74Check for Understanding
Pure water has a pH of 7.0 .Acid precipitation has a pH of less than 5.0
ANSWER:
QUESTION
:
COMPARE:
How does the pH of pure water compare with that of acid precipitation?
Slide75Section 3: Acid Precipitation
How Acid Precipitation Affects Soils and Plants Acid Precipitation can lower the pH of soil and waterAcidification – the increasing of acid concentrationIncreased acidity causes –some nutrients to be dissolved
and washed awaysome toxic metals (aluminum) to be
released
, absorbed by
roots, causing root damage
Sulfur dioxide
clogs
the
pore
openings of
plants
Slide76Section 3: Acid Precipitation
Acid Precipitation and Humans Acid precipitation can impact humansToxic metals (aluminum /mercury) can be released into the environment when soil acidity increases.Toxic metals can be absorbed into crops, water, fish
Can be absorbed (consumed) by humansCorrelations found between acid precipitation
and
respiratory problems
Impacts
commercial fishers
, sport fishing and even forestry activities
Damages
calcium carbonate, a common
building material
Slide77www.filtersfast.com
www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu
1908
1969
Slide78Section 3: Acid Precipitation
International Conflict and CooperationPollutants released from one area of the world can fall to the ground, as acid rain, hundreds
of kilometers away.Pollutants in northeastern United States can fall as acid rain in southeastern CanadaAcid precipitation is an international problem
Canada and the US
signed the Canada-U.S.
Air Quality Agreement
in 1991 , agreeing to reduce emissions that flow across the borders
Sulfur dioxide
emissions has been
greatly reduced
Europe
has had
similar agreements
and reduced emissions, however there has been an increase of nitrogen oxides due to increased vehicle usage.
China
burns large amount of
high-sulfur coal
without
pollution
controls
, this polluted air
produces acid precipitation
in other parts of Asia,
far from
the
plants
in China.
Slide79en.citizendium.org-
Slide80Slide81Check for Understanding
Sample of an acceptable answer:Pollutants from the United States can cause acid precipitation in Canada because pollutants may be released in one area and reach the ground hundreds of kilometers away.
ANSWER: QUESTION
:
EXPLAIN:
How can pollutants from the United States produce acid precipitation in Canada?
Slide82OBJECTIVES - Section 3 : Acid Precipitation
Explain the causes of acid precipitation._____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Explain how acid precipitation affects plants, soils and aquatic ecosystems.
_____________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Slide83OBJECTIVES - TO BE COMPLETED
–Section 3 (continued)Describe three ways that acid precipitation affects humans.1) __________________________________________2) __________________________________________3) __________________________________________Describe ways that countries are working together to solve the problem of acid precipitation.
_____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Slide84Vocabulary to Know: Chapter : AIR
Section 1 – What Causes Air Pollution ? Air Pollution– the contamination of the atmosphere by the introduction of pollutants from human and natural resources.Primary pollutant – a pollutant that is put directly into the atmosphere by human or natural activity. Secondary pollutant – a pollutant that forms in the atmosphere by chemical reaction with primary air pollutants, natural components in the air, or both.Smog – urban air pollution composed of a mixture of smoke and fog produced from industrial pollutants and burning fuels.
Temperature inversion – the atmospheric condition in which warm air traps cooler air near Earth’s surface.Section 2 – Air, Noise, and Light PollutionSick-building syndrome
– a set of symptoms, such as headache, fatigue, eye irritation, and dizziness, that may affect workers in modern, airtight office buildings; believed to be caused by indoor pollutants.
Asbestos
– any of six silicate minerals that form bundles of minute fibers that are heat resistant, flexible and durable
***cancer causing
Decibel (dB)
– the most common unit used to measure loudness
Section 3 – Acid Precipitation
Acid precipitation
– precipitation, such as rain, sleet, or snow, that contains a high concentration of acids, often because of the pollution of the atmosphere.
pH
– a value that is used to express the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a system; a pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic and greater than 7 is basic (alkaline)
Acid shock
-
the sudden runoff of large amounts of highly acidic water into lakes and streams when snow melts in the spring or when heavy rains follow a drought.