MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY Gözde BALABAN - PowerPoint Presentation

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MORPHOLOGICAL TYPOLOGY

Gözde BALABAN

Derya DEMİR

Slide2

Languages are classified along a linear scale of morphological typology.

There are four categories in the linear scale.

Each category has example languages.

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1.

Isolating

2.

Agglutinative

3.

Fusional

4.

Introflexive

Mandarin Turkısh

Latin

Arabic

(has isolated forms) (one form for (one form for

(have root

one function.) more than one pattern system)

function)

The linear scale combines three different parameters. These parameters are fusion,

exponence

and flexion

.

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1.FUSION

Fusion shows the degree to which morphological markers attach to a host stem.

There are three types of fusion;

ISOLATING;

a marker that stands alone.

CONCATENATIVE;

a marker that is bound.

NON-LINEAR;

a marker that includes modifying the host

.

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All languages contain all of the types of fusion. For example;

English Language has;

I

solating

markers ( must )

Concatenative

markers (plural –s)

Non-linear markers ( sing- sang- sung)

Slide6

ISOLATING MARKERS

There are some markers that stand in phonological isolation in most languages.

These markers have function as individual words.

Koyra

Chiini

language has isolating markers.

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All grammatical information are given with isolating markers. The tense of verb is given with imperfect marker ‘o’.

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CONCATENATIVE (LINEAR) MARKERS

The term

concatenative

literally means ‘chaining together’

Although

concatenative

markers are bound, they are

segmentable

. For example Chichewa Language has

concatenative

markers.

Slide9

In the example, the grammatical markers are ‘m/a’ and ‘mi’ and ‘

na

’. The grammatical markers are bound and are

segment into morphemes.

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NON-LINEAR MARKERS

Non-linear markers include some kind of modification to the host stem. Also, they are not segment into chains of morphemes.

In Semitic Languages, ‘root-and-pattern’ strategy is used. This strategy is termed ‘ablaut’.

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SUPRASEGMENTALS

There are a type in non-linear morphological processes. The type is

suprasegmentals

.

Suprasegmentals

contains tone, stress and

lenght

.

For example; ın Arabic, there is not interrogative particle. Question is determined with tone.

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Tone is used in continental South East Asia and in Sub- Saharan Africa. Another example is

Lango

Language.

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Replacement

/

Substitution

A regular marker replaces a part of the stem.

It is

occured

in Nilotic Languages

.

Slide15

SUPPLETION

Replacement has a type. The type is

suppletion

.

A root or stem of a different etymological origin replaces a root or stem. For example; English Language.

Slide16

SUBSTRACTION

Substraction

is a type of non-linear processes.

In

substraction

, long vowel changes short vowel in some plural. For example; ‘

kaat

’(singular), ‘

kat

’(plural)

When the final consonant is removed from perfective form, imperfective form is occurred. For example; ‘

hi:nk

’ (perfective), ‘

hi:n

’(imperfective).

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REDUPLICATION

Reduplication is placed between concatenation and non-linear processes.

Reduplication includes whole base or a part of base.

Reduplication distinguishes as full or partial reduplication.

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Full reduplication

has whole base.

Partial reduplication

has a part of the base.

Reduplication can be simple, complex or discontinuous.

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In the

simple reduplication

, the whole base do not change.

For example;

‘

Sen burada güzel güzel otur

.’

In the

complex reduplication

, a part of form changes.

For example;

‘

Pespembe bir elbise aldı.’

Discontinuous reduplication

involves other morphological material between

reduplicant

and the base.

For example;

‘

Kötü mü kötü bir gün’.

Slide20

Erromangan

language involves full simple reduplication

.

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Persian language involves full complex reduplication.

The initial consonants /b/ and /m/ change /m/ and /p/.

Slide22

Dupflix

reduplication

involves more complex process.

For example:

Thao

language has

dupflix

reduplications.

Firt

consonant is copied and ‘a’ vowel is added.

Thus, Instruments are

occured

.

Slide23

Ilocano language has several types of reduplication.

Slide24

Nakanai

language has partial complex reduplication.

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Automatic reduplication

: an affix triggers reduplication.

For example:

Tagalog Language has automatic reduplication.

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EXPONENCE

-

Languages differ as how many grammatical categories may be

expressed by one and the same morpheme

-

Exponence

indicates how much information each morpheme

conveys

There are two types of morphemes;

-

Seperative

(

monoexponential

) morphemes

encode only one

single category

-

Cumulative(

polyexponential

) morphemes

encode

several

things

at

the

same

time

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-

Exponence

may be related with fusion. There are six logical

combinations

Isolating

Concatenative

Non-linear

Separative

Kasong

Meithei

Dinka

Cumulative

Wari

Spanish

Modern

Hebrew

Slide28

1.ISOLATING SEPARATIVE MARKERS

-

Each of markers stands alone and each of them conveys only one

piece of information

-

Kasong

language is an example of isolating

seperative

markers

- The progressive and future marker both form

seperate

words

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2.

Concatenative

separative

markers

- They are linearly

segmentable

and each of segments is

seperative

.

It conveys only one piece of information

- Meithei language is an example of

concatenative

separative

markers

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3.

Nonlinear

separative

markers

- The marker conveys only the information but it is not possible

to segment from the host Word

- Cases are distinguished according to phonological length

-

Dinka

language is an example of nonlinear

separative

markers

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4.

Isolating

cumulative

markers

-

Morphemes

are

seperate

words

but

they

contain

more

than

one

piece

of

grammatical

information

.

This

information

can not be

segmentable

-

Wari

language

is an

example

of

isolating

cumulative

markers

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5.

Concatenative

cumulative markers

- A marker is bound and it conveys a host of information all at the

same time

-

Spanish is an example of this markers

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6.

Nonlinear cumulative markers

- The stem is modified and ıt conveys more than one piece of

information as the tense, the voice and the mood

-

The grammatical information is not linearly

segmentable

-

Hebrew is an example of nonlinear cumulative markers

Slide37

FLEXIVITY

-

Languages differ in how much

allomorphy

they have.

-

Flexivity

indicates how much

allomorphy

a language has.

- If grammatical marker has different allomorphs, this language is

flexive

.

For example; German is

flexive

-

If grammatical marker is the same , does not vary according to

classes of verbs or nouns, this language is

nonflexive

.

For

example;

Pichi

is

nonflexive

Slide38

The four logical combinations of flexion and

exponence

with

the languages

Flexive

Nonflexive

Cumulative

German

Hawai’i

Creole

English

Separative

Warlpiri

Pichi

Slide39

1.

Flexive

cumulative marker

-

If grammatical marker is variant and this marker has

different functions in a

laguage

, it is example of

flexive

cumulative

marker. For example; German

2.

Nonflexive

cumulative marker

- If grammatical marker has different functions and is invariant in a

language, is an example of

nonflexive

cumulative marker. For

example; Hawai’i Creole English.

‘wen’

expresses both tense (past) and aspect (perfective) at the same time but it is invariant

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3.

Nonflexive

seperative

marker

-

Plural marker in

Pichi

is an example of

nonflexive

separative

marker

- Grammatical marker is invariant but it means only plural and nothing else

4.

Flexive

separative

marker

-

Walpri

is an example of

flexive

separative

marker.

- Grammatical marker is variant but it has one function

For example;

ergative case is marked with

–

ngku

and

–

rlu

.

Slide41

The

six

logical

combinations

of

flexicon

and

fusion

with

the

languages

Isolating

Concatenative

Non-linear

Flexive

Sierra

Otomi

German

Hebrew

Nonflexive

Pichi

Turkish

Kisi

Slide42

1

.

Flexive

concatenative

markers

German is an example of

flexive

concatenative

markers

2.

Flexive

nonlinear markers

Hebrew is an example of

flexive

nonlinear markers.

3.Flexive isolating markers

It can be in Sierra

Otomi

. Person and tense is marked free morpheme which looks different depending on the class the verb belongs to

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4.Nonflexive isolating marker

-

Pichi

plural marking is an example of it

5.Nonflexive

concatenative

marker

Turkish plural marking

‘

lar

’

is example of it. It attaches to a host

but is

segmentable

and is invariable

6.Nonflexive nonlinear marker

-

The perfective marker in Kisi is an example of this marker

Slide45

Synthesis

- Synthesis denotes how much information, both grammatical

and lexemic, a word may carry

There are three basic types of synthesis;

1.

Analytic words

do not take any affixation to their lexical

roots or stems. For example; it is found in English future as

He will walk home

2.

Synthetic words

allow

affi

x

ation

. For example; synthetic

tense in English is the past. It ıs expressed with

–

ed

affixation as in

He walked home

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Synthetic word is very long and involves a great deal of

segments but there is only one lexeme.

Turkish

is an example of

this word.

- It can end up being very long. For example;

tanıştırılamadıklarındandır

.

It contains one lexeme as

‘tan’

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3.

Polysynthetic words

contain more than one lexeme

-

Aluthor

is an example of language with polysynthetic words

- It contains there different lexemes as

‘

akka

,

nalge

,

kuww

’

Slide48

Sign

language

morphology

Sign

language

is

morphologically

and

linguistically

complex

as

spoken

language

h

as minimal

meaningful

units

as

morphemes

uses

different

mode

of

communication

as visual instead of audiotends to be less concatenative than in spoken

languages

h

as

compounding

and

derivation

h

as

non-linear

processes

.

For

example

;

verbs

are

modified

non-linearly

for

agreement

with

the

subject

and

object

Slide49

There are two

types

o

classifiers

as;

Entity

classifiers

encode

the

referentHanding classfiers

encode

how

the

referent

is

manoeuvred

Sign

languages

vary

in

the

amount

of

classifiers

they

have

.

For

example; Indo-Pakistani Sign Language only has two ‘legs’ and ‘person’ - Many sign languages use reduplication to

express

general

concept

of ‘

more

of

the

same

’