The Family: Basic Influences - PowerPoint Presentation

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The Family: Basic Influences

Chapter 6

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Definition of Family

Small social system

Made up of two or more persons living together

Members

Related by blood

Related by marriage

Related by adoption

Agree to live together

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Characteristics of Family Unit

Face to Face contact

Bonds of affection

Love

Loyalty

Emotional and financial commitmentHarmonySimultaneous competition and mutual concern

A continuity of past, present, and future

Shared

goals and identity

Behaviors and rituals common only to the specific unit

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Families in the US

Nuclear family

Extended family

Single-parent family

Stepparent family

Blended familyAdoptive familyGrandparent familyGay/lesbian familySingle statePatrifocal/patriarchal familyMatrifocal/matriarchal family

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Theoretical approaches

Developmental theory

Structural/functional theory

Interactional theory

Role theory

Family system theoryCrisis theory

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Role Theory

Definition of Family

Family is structured according to roles that are ascribed or assumed by the person in interaction with others

View of Person

Person is seen in terms of roles, which are specialized or shared and depend on sex, age, social norms, status

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Family System Theory

Definition of Family

Integral unit in society, made up of parts or members, with individual and family characteristics that are interacting and interdependent

View of Person

Person is member of system

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Family tasks

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Family Tasks

Control reproductive function and ensure continuation of species

Release members into larger society

Maintain ties with community

Provide physical, emotional, cognitive, social, and spiritual development of children and adults

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Family Meeting of Tasks

May have difficulty meeting tasks

Maturity of adult members

Support given by the social system

May need support from external resources

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Functions of the family

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Roles

Patterns of behavior assigned to each member to fulfill family needs and functions

Person may play more than one role

Types of roles

Instrumental: meet physical needs

Affective: meet social needsFamily is the primary unit in which the child test emotional reactions

Should be clear, flexible, and fair

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Structure and Function

Structure

How family is legally constructed or genetically connected

Can be external (religion, culture) or internal (rank order, family composition)

Function

Examples: physical, affection, social, spiritual, cognitive, or educational

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Social Functions

Provide social togetherness

Foster self-esteem and a personal identity tied to family identity

Provide opportunities for observing and learning social and sexual roles

Teach responsibility for behavior

Support individual creativity and initiative

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Physical Functions

Met by the parents

Include:

Providing food, clothing, and shelter

Protection against danger

Provision for bodily repairs after fatigue or illnessReproduction

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Adaptive Responses

Important to maintain equilibrium

May include problem solving, flexibility, shared work, or external sources such as support groups

May include adaptive mechanisms

Examples: scapegoating, coalitions, compromise, withdrawal, designation of family healer

Cannot be used exclusively

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Destructive Families

Lack of understanding and communication

Lack of family decision making

Harassment or ignoring

Pattern of scapegoating

Pattern of immature behaviorLack of boundaries between generations

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Stages of families

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First Stage (Adult leaving home)

Leaves home

Establishes financial independence

Begins job or career

Establishes intimate relationships

May “come out” if gay or lesbian

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Establishment Stage

Become a couple through marriage or commitment

Tie no longer with family of origin

Must work out balance with families of origin

Establish life patterns and family philosophy

Workout differences in expectations

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Expectant Stage (Pregnancy)

Developmental crisis

Learn new roles and gain new status

Incorporate idea of baby into thinking and planning

Resolve difference of opinion in childrearing

Work through feelings related to pregnancy and childbirth

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Parenthood Stage

May have difficulty with reality of new responsibilities and submersion of personal desires

Active in development, socialization, and education of children

Nontraditional families may differ in behavior from heterosexual parents

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Adolescent Stage

Life may include changes, conflicts, and upheavals

Must allow more independence to maturing children

Must increase flexibility of family boundaries

May rework self-concepts or begins to care for aging relatives

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Disengagement Stage (Contraction)

Extends through midlife and the elder years

Occurs when children leave home

Parents

Assume new roles, responsibilities and leisure activities

Prepare for retirementDeal with death of family members or spouse

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Family interaction and parenting practices

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Self-Esteem

Evolves through interaction with parents from time of birth

Affects how a person interacts later in life

Intervention

Demonstrate support and acceptance to person

Provide support and encouragement to family

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Socialization

Gender differences influence interaction

Traditional female qualities

Examples: nurturance, emotionality, dependence, selflessness

Traditional male qualities

Examples: independence, aggressiveness, stoicismEncourage parents to be flexible in expectations of their children and themselves

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Parental Maturity

Challenged by each period in child’s development

Helps a parent embrace child at different developmental levels

Intervention

Reinforce parent’s mature behavior

Encourage parents to discuss feelings or seek assistance

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Birth Order

Important to development

First born

Greater parent expectations; self disciplined

Middle child

Receives less of parents’ time; learns to compromiseLast bornWorks well with others; persistent; relaxed

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Small Family System

Benefits

Group actions democratic

Have greater freedom

Enjoy advantages beyond those in larger families

ConsequencesMay retain emotional dependenceMay grow up with pressure for performance

May retain exaggerated notion of self

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Large Family System

Require conformity, cooperation, and organization

Qualities children learn

Thrift and conservation

Sharing

ResponsibilityCooperation and compromiseTolerance

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Multiple Births

Affect health of mothers and babies

May cause financial strain or strain on family relationships

Multiple birth children

Closer than ordinary siblings

Learn to act as teamMay have slower developmentProvide support and suggestions to parents

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Gender

More value placed on males in some cultures

May be difficult for a boy to develop masculine identify in family of mostly girls

May be difficult for a girl to develop feminine identify in family of mostly boys

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Adoption

Child may have to work through feelings of rejection and abandonment

Determinants of child’s adjustment

Pre-adoption circumstances

Age of child

Child’s ability to make friendsAdoptive parents’ qualifications, acceptance, and ability to communicate

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Stepchildren

Issues for stepchildren include loss, loyalty, and lack of control

Feelings for stepsiblings may be jealousy, conflict, or hate

Responses vary by age and gender

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Single Parent Families

One parent due to divorce, death, or choice of parent

Each person assumes more responsibilities

Single parent children may be more adaptable, responsible, and mature

Help single parents discuss lifestyle and refer to professional or community services

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Step Parent Families

Formed when divorced, single, or widowed parent remarries

Blended family combines two sets of single parents with children

Stages of development: fantasy, immersion, awareness, mobilization, action, contract, and resolution

Educate families about resources

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Single Person Family

Allows for creativity, extended emotional and social ties, and freedom

May also cause feelings of depression and loneliness

Person may find support in friends, family, and relevant organizations

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Step Generational Families

Develops when grandparents raise grandchildren or great-grandchildren because parents are unable or don’t want to.

May have negative effects on grandparent: anxiety, financial strains, lost relationships

May also have positive effects: experience closer bond with parent, pride in accomplishments, or ability to provide love and affection

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Family Cultural Patterns

Ways of living and thinking that constitute aspects of family life

Cultural pattern transmitted to child

Ethnic background

Social class

Parents’ attitude toward others

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Societal Changes

Life in urban and metropolitan areas

Homeless or risk of homelessness

Role of fathers (more active has positive effects on children, wife,

marraige

)Studies that show love, attention, and security can help students deal with change and stressors

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Focus on Family

Families may need to make economic sacrifices to make time for each other and children

Businesses can help promote family values

Flex-time

Using home as workplace

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Family assessments

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Assessments

Analyze how family carries out purposes, tasks, roles, stages of development, effective and ineffective patterns, and parenting practices

Analyze family’s internal and external structures by developing genogram

Determine family health and access to care

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Family Genogram

Figure 6-1: Genogram

A diagram of family members, their characteristics, and their interrelationships

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Family Assessment Tool

Figure 6-2 Family Assessment Tool

To assess family lifestyle and needs

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What to Assess

Internal structures

Family composition, rank order, gender, boundaries

External structures

Social class, ethnicity, environment, religion

Developmental levelFunctional levelInstrumental (how routine ADL’s are handledExpressive (nonverbal, verbal communication patterns)

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Criteria for Healthy Families

Provide physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs

Use crises for growth

Use effective communication

Show respect, sensitivity, and unity

Perform roles flexibly Maintain community relationships

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Nursing Diagnoses

Caregiver role strain

Parental role conflict

Ineffective coping

Readiness for enhanced family coping

Readiness for enhanced self-conceptChronic low self-esteem

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Family Interventions

Explain processes and dynamics underlying interaction

Validate forces pulling family apart

Encourage conflict to be dealt with openly

Help families resolve ethical dilemmas and cope with crises

Refer families to counseling services, community resource, or self-help groups

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Well Baby Care

Assessment

Growth and development patterns

Feeding patterns

Neurological development

ImmunizationsTesting for abnormalitiesHearingVision

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Prenatal Assessments

Assessments

Uterine growth

Weight

Blood pressure

Screening for STDsGive information about healthy choices Give special attention to single couples and teen parents

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Childbirth Education Classes

Include opportunities for both men and women to talk about feelings or problems

Provide anticipatory guidance about couvade syndrome

Focus on known benefits to baby and parents

Educate about family planning

Refer to counseling or services if necessary

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Labor and Delivery

Give physical care

Act as coach and supporter

Make hospital or clinic homelike for parents

Involve parents in planning

Respect cultural beliefsFollow up with phone calls, visits, or references to community agencies

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Postpartum Period

Some cultures have traditional rituals

Educate family members who will care for baby

Focus on mother’s needs and recovery

Support maternal and paternal attachment behaviors

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Postpartum Blues and Depression

Postpartum Blues

Feels overwhelmed

May cry frequently

May last up to two weeks

Can care for herself and babyPostpartum DepressionPersistent feeling of depression, helplessness, or hopelessnessMore than 2 weeks

Cannot care for herself or baby

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Care of Chronically Ill or Special Needs Child

Families experience continued stressors:

Physical, emotional, social, and financial burdens

May cause extra marital stress

Share information about social support systems and groups

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Adolescent Mothers

Some hospitals have specialized prenatal and postnatal services

Goal to avoid cycle of repeated pregnancies, child neglect and abuse, or economic dependency

Educate parents about community resources

Initiate nontraditional programs in community

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Adoption

Educate adults about opportunities and stresses

Help parents understand attachment process and plan for child’s questions and struggles

Refer parents to resources

Review intervention guidelines for therapy

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Intervention Programs

Educate about impact of divorce and remarriage

Educate about pubic assistance programs

Listen to each family’s unique problems

Acknowledge family’s strengths

Help family formulate solutions

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Developmental Crises

Goals to promote health and prevent disease

Advocate for families in relation to state or federal legislation

Educate

Societal trends

Respectful and affectionate family atmosphereCareful attention to topic of sexualityValidate healthy decisions