Bronx Zoo by Friday 111 Answer Steves question 1 Steve and Nikki are fraternal twins in high school They recently learned that their mother has been diagnosed with cancer They have no idea what this really means for their mom and for them ID: 935357
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Slide1
Slide2HW: Castle Learning due tonight 11:59
Bronx Zoo $$$ by Friday 1/11
Answer Steve’s question
1
Slide3Steve and Nikki are fraternal twins in high school. They recently learned that their
mother has been diagnosed with cancer. They have no idea what this really means for their mom and for them.
2
Slide4Mom has a doctor’s appointment so she can’t make my game. Dad said he would leave work early to make the game. I’m glad he’s coming but I wish mom could make it and I wonder if we should just stay home.
I still don’t know what cancer really is and Nikki and I don’t want to bug mom and dad. Can someone just tell me what exactly is cancer?
3
Slide54
Slide6Question 1:
The risk of dying from cancer in the United States is increasing.
FALSE.
5
The risk of dying from cancer in the United States has decreased from 1975 to 2012
.
Slide7US Mortality Files, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rates are per 100,000 and are age-adjusted to the 2000 US
Std
Population (19 age groups - Census P25-1130). Source: National Cancer Institute. SEER Statistics Review 1975-2006.
6
Year of Death
Total
Males
Females
1975
17.8
0.4
31.5
1980
18.0
0.3
31.7
198518.80.333.0199018.90.333.1199517.40.430.6200015.20.426.6200513.50.324.0201012.20.321.9201211.830.321.11975-201216.00.328.2
Slide8Question 2:
Cancer can be spread from person to person.
FALSE.
Cancer cannot be
passed from one person
to another. Though cancer
itself isn’t contagious, sometimes viruses, which are contagious, can lead to the development of cancer.
7
Slide9Question 3:
What someone does as a young adult has little effect on their chance of getting cancer later in life.
8FALSE.
Most cases of cancer are the consequence of many years of exposure to several risk factors.
Slide10Question 4:
There is currently a cure for cancer but the medical industry won’t tell the public about it because they make too much money treating cancer patients.
FALSE.
Plenty of doctors and their loved
ones die of cancer each year. Why would
anyone hide such an important discovery?
Think about the speed with which other medical breakthroughs in vaccines and antibiotics have been announced and applied. 9
Slide11Question 5:
Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body.
FALSE.
Specialists in cancer surgery know how to safely take biopsy samples and to remove tumors without causing the cancer to spread. In many cases, surgery is an essential part of the cancer treatment plan.
10
Slide12Question 6:
Cancer can be effectively treated.
TRUE.
The five major types of treatment for cancer are surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biologic therapies, and therapies that boost the patient’s immune system.
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Slide1312
Question 7:
Cancer is a group of over 100 diseases.
TRUE.
The main categories of cancer include:
Carcinoma
Sarcoma Leukemia Lymphoma and myelomaCentral nervous system cancers
Slide14Question 8:
Cancer cells can be distinguished from normal cells because of their abnormal growth.
TRUE
.
Normally, cells grow and divide to produce more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should.
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Slide15Question 9:
Cancer can only occur in specific cells in the body.
FALSE.
The body is made up of many types of cells, and all cancer begins in cells. Cancer can develop in any cell in the body, which is why there are so many different types.
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Slide16Question 10:
Cancer develops because of abnormal gene function.
15
TRUE.
Scientists have learned that cancer is caused by changes in genes that normally control the growth and death of cells. Certain lifestyle and environmental factors can change some normal genes into genes that allow the growth of cancer.
Slide17Concept Map
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Slide18Based on what you learned today,
write a response to Steve’s question:
What is cancer?
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Slide19Slide20Do
Now 1/4
HW: Bronx Zoo $$$ by Friday 1/11
Quiz Tuesday Mitosis/Checkpoints
*Take out your answer to Steve’s
question and continue working on your concept map. 19
Slide21Nikki has a lot of questions and Steve is not sure how to help answer them. What would you want to know if you were in their shoes?
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Slide22I remember learning about the phases of the cell cycle, but don’t understand the deal with cancer. I wonder what mom
went through before now!
I really want to help but I just
keep wondering about what’s
going to happen.
Also, will I get cancer, too?
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Slide2322
How do healthy and cancerous cells differ?
Cancerous
Healthy
Slide2423
Cancerous
Healthy
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Slide2524
Large Cytoplasm
Single NucleusSingle NucleolusFine Chromatin
Small Cytoplasm
Multiple Nuclei
Multiple & Large Nucleoli
Coarse Chromatin
Cancerous
Healthy
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Slide2625
Normal
Cancerous
Number of Cells
Shape of Cells
Number of Nuclei
Amount of Cytoplasm
Characteristics of Normal & Cancerous Cells
Less
Less
Less
Less
Even
More
More
More
Irregular
Slide2726
Phases of Cell
CycleGap 0 (G0): Resting Stage
Gap 1 (G1): Growth
Synthesis (S): DNA Replication
Gap 2 (G2): Growth
Mitosis (M): Nuclear Division and Cytokinesis
Slide28The cell has several systems for interrupting the cell cycle if something goes wrong.
Checkpoints in G1 and G2 look for DNA damage and try to repair it.
Damage that is so severe that it cannot be repaired will lead a cell to self-destruct by apoptosis.Mitosis checkpoint detects failure of spindle fibers to attach to kinetochores and will arrest cell in metaphase until corrected.
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Slide29All checkpoints require the function of a complex of proteins. Mutations in the genes encoding some of these proteins have been associated with cancer.
Checkpoint failures due to gene mutations allow the cell to continue dividing despite damage to its integrity.
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Slide3029
Slide3130
When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated, there is loss of function resulting in cell cycle checkpoint failure and uncontrolled division of abnormal cells.
Slide3231
Tumor suppressor genes are like the brakes of a car.
When the brakes lose function, the car moves out of control.
Similarly, when tumor suppressor genes lose function, the cells grow out of control.
Slide33Tumor suppressor genes are like the brakes of a car.
When the brakes lose function, the car moves out of control.
Similarly, when tumor suppressor genes lose function, the cells grow out of control.
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Slide3433
When a
proto-oncogene is mutated (now called oncogene), there is gain of function resulting in a cell cycle checkpoint failure and uncontrolled division of abnormal cells.
Slide3534
Proto-oncogenes are like the gas pedal of a car.
If the gas pedal gets stuck in the “on” position, a car keeps moving whether the pedal is pushed or not.
Similarly, when a proto-oncogene mutates into an oncogene, a cell will keep dividing even when there are no messages to divide
Slide3635
Proto-oncogenes are like the gas pedal of a car.
If the gas pedal gets stuck in the “on” position, a car keeps moving whether the pedal is pushed or not.
Similarly, when a proto-oncogene mutates into an oncogene, a cell will keep dividing even when there are no messages to divide.
Gene function is activated
Slide3736
Normal Cell Division
The cell proceeds with normal cell division. At least one error is detected at one or more cell cycle checkpoints. Once the errors are repaired and checkpoints are cleared, the cell divides normally.Tumor Suppressor Gene MutationTumor suppressor gene loses function.
cells will continue to divide.
Proto-oncogene Mutation
Proto-oncogene mutates into an oncogene. The cells will continue to divide.