Overview of the Psychosocial Survey - PowerPoint Presentation

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Overview of the Psychosocial Survey

Sam MasonResearcher on WP4s.j.mason@hud.ac.uk

Kathryn Sharratt

WP4

Workpackage

Leader

k.Sharratt@hud.ac.uk

Two Key Components

Large Scale Survey Assessing children and young people’s (aged between 9 – 18 years old) experiences of violence and abuse in India, Jamaica, Uganda & the UK

– the focus of today.

Game TrialsTesting the effectiveness of context-specific serious gaming interventions designed to educate young people about particular types of violence and abuse – more on this tomorrow.

Overview of WP4

Connection between

WorkpackagesWP4

Survey & game trials

WP2

Semi-structured interviews

WP3

Game development

Child maltreatment

“Child maltreatment is the abuse and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years of age… which results in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power” (WHO, 2020).

Definition typically includes

physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect

.

Increasingly, research has included

exposure to domestic violence

as a form of maltreatment (Henry, 2017).

Also a strong argument to include

sibling violence in

definition as there is often considerable overlap between maltreatment, exposure to domestic violence and sibling abuse

(Button &

Gealt

, 2010).

Worldwide,

1 in 2 children experience violence each year (WHO, 2020).Globally, rates of victimisation range from 10 to 93%

(Turner et al., 2010; Margolin et al., 2010;

Mrug et al., 2008; Ellonen & Salmi, 2011; Pereda et al., 2014). Between

one-quarter and one-third

of children will be exposed to domestic violence at some point during childhood (Lawson, 2019).

More than one quarter

of children in the UK experienced sibling bullying in the past six months (

Dantchev

& Wolke, 2019).The rate and type of violence children are subjected to varies significantly across continents (Moody et al., 2018)

 need for population specific data.

Prevalence of maltreatment

Single types of maltreatment do not occur in isolation.

Around one-third of maltreated children report experiencing at least two forms of abuse (Edwards et al., 2003).Children exposed to domestic violence are

2.5 times more likely

to be physically abused, 9.5 times more likely to be psychologically abused and between 1.5 times and twice

as likely to be neglected (

Zolotor

et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2009).

Around

30-60% of maltreated children are also exposed to domestic violence in the home (Appel & Holden, 1998; Hamby et al., 2010; Smith-

Slep & O’Leary, 2005).

Co-occurrence of maltreatment

Children subjected to any type of maltreatment (physical, sexual and emotional abuse, neglect and exposure to domestic violence)

2.5 times more likely to experience a depressive disorder and 1.7 times more likely to develop an anxiety disorder (Gardner et al., 2019).

Exposure to 3 types of maltreatment

almost doubles the risk of developing depressive and anxiety disorders (Moore et al., 2005)Maltreatment (physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect) associated with increased risk of suicide attempt (Liu et al., 2017).

Psychological implications

International Objectives

A critical element of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

(United Nations, 2015),

is that

every child is protected from violence, exploitation and harmful practices.

Progress towards meeting SDG goal reviewed by

World Health Organisation in 2020

.

Development of national legislation and policy to protect children from violence has gained momentum globally – but there still remains much to be done.

88% of countries have laws in place for preventing violence against children.

Only 47% of countries thought these were being enforced strongly enough.

Only 25% thought prevention and response approaches from agencies were sufficient, or nearly sufficient, to reach all children who need them.

“Countries should

prioritize collection of data on key violence-related indicators...” (p.64; WHO, 2020) - data required to: Highlight the prevalence and extent of abuse that children are subjected to.

Inform the development and implementation of laws and policies to prevent violence.

Allocate planning and budgeting for effective interventions and services Currently only about one in five countries have sufficient data to make progress towards addressing the SDG targets.

Rationale for country data

Just some reasons for missing data

Absence of laws prohibiting certain forms of violence against children - meaning this violence is never captured by official statistics.

e.g. India has no laws against non-sexual abuse in the family.

Even where violence is criminalised, there is vast under-reporting:e.g. in India only 3.4% of sexually abused children reported their abuse to the police (Kacker et al., 2007)

Figures for physical and psychological violence in Jamaica (UNICEF, 2019), but not for specific forms of violence

Many reasons for under-reporting inc. stigma, shame and fear of not being believed (Felson and Pare, 2005; Wager, 2015).

Also, tolerance and normalisation of certain forms of violence against children means abuse it not recognised as such.

e.g. corporal punishment routinely regarded as an acceptable means to disciplining children in India, Jamaica and Uganda (

Kacker

et al., 2007;

Naker

, 2005; UNICEF, 2019).

Just some reasons for missing data

National victimisation surveys (where they exist) capture abuse not reported to the authorities but often far from adequate.

e.g. Crime Survey for England and Wales does not capture abuse experienced by 16-17 year olds (despite international definition of ‘child’ being 18) so is

under-estimate of true extent

of the phenomena.

Based on retrospective recall from 18-74 year olds, so figures are

not a reflection of current situation

.

Other surveys such as the International Crime Victims Survey, though it has been conducted in 80 countries, the last round of surveys appears to have been

over 10 years ago

.

Only as specific as violence by relative.

Uganda Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development provides information on violence against children (2015).

Survey objectives

Examining the

occurrence and co-occurrence

of physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, exposure to domestic violence and sibling violence in 4 partner countries.Investigating the setting of abuse (inside or outside the home).

Inspecting

patterns of abuse

among different genders, ages, ethnicities and locations (rural/urban).

Examining

associations between maltreatment and mental health

(symptoms of anxiety, depression, non-suicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts).

Support the development and implementation of targeted country-specific policies and programmes for the prevention of maltreatment by:

Survey overview

Sociodemographic data:

Gender

AgeEthnicityLiving situation

Maltreatment (Choo et al., 2011)

Physical abuse

Sexual abuse

Emotional abuse

Physical neglect

Emotional neglect

Sibling abuse

Exposure to domestic violence:Physical domestic violence

Verbal domestic violence

Drug-related threat

Mental health outcomes:

Symptoms of anxiety and depression (PROMIS, 2012ab)

Non-suicidal self-injury

Suicide ideation (thoughts)

Suicide attempt

Maltreatment Indicators

e.g. embarrassed or shamed, name calling, being made to feel guilty, threatened (kicked out of home, hurt, killed).

Physical abuse

Sexual abuse

Emotional abuse

Neglect

Corporal punishment

(e.g. slapped or beaten with object).

Other physical abuse

(e.g. punched, kicked, locked up, tied up, choked, burned).

Contact

(e.g. sex, touching private parts).

Non-contac

t (e.g. sexual comments, shown pornography, exposed to or made to expose self, photographed naked).

Physical

(e.g. not given enough food, made to wear dirty clothes).

Medical

(e.g. not taken to doctor when sick).

Emotional

(e.g. made to feel unloved, not offered enough support or encouragement).

Appel, A. E., & Holden, G. W. (1998). The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse: A review and appraisal. 

Journal of Family Psychology, 12(4), 578–599.Brown, S. M., Rienks, S., McCrae, J. S., &

Watamura

, S. E. (2019). The co-occurrence of adverse childhood experiences among children investigated for child maltreatment: A latent class analysis. Child abuse & neglect, 87, 18–27.

Button, D. M., &

Gealt

, R. (2010). High risk

behaviors

among victims of sibling violence. Journal of Family Violence, 25(2), 131-140.Choo, W.Y., Dunne, M.P.,

Marret, M.J., Fleming, M., & Wong, Y.L. (2011). Victimization experiences of adolescents in Malaysia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49

(6), 627-634.Dantchev, S., & Wolke, D. (2019). Trouble in the nest: Antecedents of sibling bullying victimization and perpetration. 

Developmental Psychology, 55(5), 1059.

Edwards, V. J., Holden, G. W.,

Felitti

, V. J., &

Anda

, R. F. (2003). Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the adverse childhood experiences study. 

American Journal of Psychiatry

, 

160

(8), 1453-1460.

Ellonen

, N., &

Salmi

, V. (2011). Poly-victimization as a life condition: Correlates of poly-victimization among Finnish children. 

Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 12

(1), 20–44.

Felson, R. B., &

Paré, P.-P. (2005). The Reporting of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault by Nonstrangers to the Police. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(3), 597–610.

Gardner, M. J., Thomas, H. J., & Erskine, H. E. (2019). The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Child Abuse & Neglect, 96

, 104082.

Hamby, S., Finkelhor

, D., Turner, H., &

Ormrod

, R. (2010). The overlap of witnessing partner violence with child maltreatment and other victimizations in a nationally representative survey of youth. 

Child abuse & neglect

, 

34

(10), 734–741.

Henry, C. (2017). Expanding the Legal Framework for Child Protection: Recognition of and Response to Child Exposure to Domestic Violence in California Law. Social Service Review, 91, 203 - 232.

Kacker

, L., Mohsin, N., Dixit. A., et al. (2007) Study on Child Abuse: India . New Delhi, India: Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India.

Liu, J., Fang, Y., Gong, J., Cui, X.,

Meng

, T., Xiao, B., ... & Luo, X. (2017). Associations between suicidal

behavior

and childhood abuse and neglect: A meta-analysis. 

Journal of Affective Disorders, 

220

, 147-155.

References

Margolin, G., Vickerman, K. A., Oliver, P. H., &

Gordis, E. B. (2010). Violence exposure in multiple interpersonal domains: cumulative and differential effects. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 47

(2), 198–205.

Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development (MGLSD)(2018).Violence against Children in Uganda: Findingsfrom a National Survey.UNICEF.

Mrug

, S.,

Loosier

, P.,

Windle, S. (2008). Violence exposure across multiple contexts: Individual and joint effects on adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 70-84.

Naker. (2005). Violence Against Children: The Voices of Ugandan Children and Adults. Raising Voices & Save the Children.

Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2020). Child abuse in England and Wales: March 2020. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/bulletins/childabuseinenglandandwales/march2020.

Pereda, N., Guilera, G., & Abad, J. (2014). Victimization and

polyvictimization

of Spanish children and youth: results from a community sample. Child abuse & neglect, 38(4), 640–649.

Petruccelli

, K., Davis, J., & Berman, T. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Child Abuse & Neglect, 97

, 104-127.

PROMIS Health Organization and PROMIS Cooperative Group (2012a). LEVEL 2 - Anxiety - Child Age 11-17 (PROMIS Emotional Distress – Anxiety - Paediatric Item Bank). Retrieved from

http://www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm/dsm5/online-assessment-measures

.

PROMIS Health Organization and PROMIS Cooperative Group (2012b). LEVEL 2 – Depression - Child Age 11 - 17 (PROMIS Emotional Distress – Depression - Paediatric Item Bank). Retrieved from

http://www.psychiatry.org/practice/dsm/dsm5/online-assessment-measures

.

Slep

, A. M. S., & O'Leary, S. G. (2005). Parent and Partner Violence in Families With Young Children: Rates, Patterns, and Connections. 

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73

(3), 435–444.

Taylor, C. A.,

Guterman

, N. B., Lee, S. J., &

Rathouz

, P. J. (2009). Intimate partner violence, maternal stress, nativity, and risk for maternal maltreatment of young children. American journal of public health

, 

99

(1), 175–183.

https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.126722

Turner, H. A.,

Finkelhor

, D., &

Ormrod

, R. (2010). Poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. 

American journal of preventive medicine

, 

38

(3), 323–330.

Zolotor

, A. J., Theodore, A. D., Coyne-Beasley, T., &

Runyan

, D. K. (2007). Intimate partner violence and child maltreatment: Overlapping risk. 

Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 7(4), 305–321.UNICEF. (2019). Children in Jamaica: An overview. UNICEF JAMAICA 2019.pdf.

Wager, N.M. (2015), Understanding children’s non-disclosure of child sexual assault: implications for assisting parents and teachers to become effective guardians. Safer Communities, 14(1), 16-26.

WHO (2020). Child maltreatment factsheet. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatmentWHO (2020). Global status report on preventing violence against children 2020.

References