Social Studies 8 STAAR - PowerPoint Presentation

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Social Studies 8 STAAR Review

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IMPORTANT DATES1607 – Jamestown, Virginia1620 – Mayflower Compact

1776

– Declaration of Independence

1787

– U. S. Constitution

1803

– Louisiana Purchase

1861

-1865 – U. S. Civil War

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COLONIAL ERA

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Christopher Columbus“In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue”Accidentally discovered the Americas while searching for a new route to the East.As a result of this voyage, a new age of European exploration and conquests of the Americas began!

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Jamestown – 1607!The first permanent English settlement

in North America, founded by the Virginia Company of England.

Capt. John Smith

Pocahontas

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House of Burgesses - VirginiaFirst representative government in the colonies

Dutch ship brings 20 slaves to Jamestown

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1620 – The Pilgrims, on the Mayflower, land in Plymouth, MassachusettsThe

Mayflower Compact

is the first form of self-government in the Americas

The Mayflower

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Puritans land in Massachusetts and start the city of Boston.Massachusetts becomes the 2nd English colony in North America

Famous Events:

Salem Witch Trials

Fundamental Orders

of Connecticut (1

st

written constitution in the colonies!)

Anne Hutchinson

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Maryland is started by Lord Baltimore as a safe place for CatholicsRoger Williams starts Rhode Island

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Dutch New Netherlands colony becomes the English colony of New York.Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn, a Quaker.

Quakers

were a religious group that believed in equal rights for women, religious toleration and non-violence. They were also the first anti-slavery society in America.

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Georgia, started by James Oglethorpe as a refuge for debtors, becomes the last of the 13 original colonies.

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MercantilismThe economic system used by European colonial powers, allowed them to have total control over their colonies.Colonies provide the mother country with raw materials that the mother country can make money from.

Raw goods

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

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People came to America for many different reasons…PUSH FACTORS

Political oppression

Religious persecution

War

Famine (Irish Potato Famine)

Lack of jobs/land

PULL

FACTORS

Religious freedom

Political freedom

Economic opportunity

Abundant land

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Between 1607 and 1775, an estimated 690,000 Europeans and 278,000 Africans come to live in the colonies.

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New England ColoniesMassachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island & ConnecticutMade up of small towns that were well-organized with a church in the center. Religion was primarily Puritan Christianity.

Soil = hard and rocky, long winters

Subsistence farming

= just enough to survive

Primary industries =

fishing, timber, shipbuilding, whaling and merchant trade

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Middle ColoniesNew York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania & DelawareMore fertile soil than New England, milder winters

Main crops = grains (

“Bread Basket”

)

Industries =

carpentry, iron works

Different groups brought diversity to the middle colonies. Different religions existed.

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Southern ColoniesMaryland, Virginia, North Carolina & Georgia

Rich, fertile soil leads to commercial farming.

Cash crops

= tobacco, rice and indigo

Slaves

= necessary (plantations)

Maryland, founded by Lord Baltimore, became a colony where Catholics could settle (Maryland Toleration Act)

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REVOLUTION

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By 1732, there were 13 flourishing English colonies on the east coast of North America.After a century of “laissez-faire” or letting the colonies “do their own thing”, the British government tried to gain control with disastrous results.

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French and Indian WarEngland/Colonists vs. France/IndiansGeorge Washington serves in the British army.

Ben Franklin proposes Albany Plan of Union (

“Join or Die”

) to unite the colonies, it is rejected.

France finally loses and has to give up all of its land in North America to the British.

Treaty of Paris, gave England all land between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi.

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French and Indian War leaves the British with a HUGE debt, so they begin to pass taxes that anger American colonists.Proclamation of 1763 (None shall pass!)

Sugar Act

Stamp Act

Quartering Act

Townshend Acts

Tea Act

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British troops fire on American protesters, killing five (Crispus Attucks = first African American to die for independence).Sons of Liberty and Paul Revere use the incident as propaganda to anger Americans.

The Boston Massacre

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Boston Tea PartySons of Liberty, led by Sam Adams, dump British tea into the Boston Harbor.

As punishment, Britain passes

the Intolerable Acts

(closed the harbor, prohibited town meetings, took away right to jury, new quartering act, etc.)

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“The shot heard ‘round the world.”

1775: Paul Revere rouses the Minute-men to meet the British at

Lexington and Concord

, the first battles of the Revolution.

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Second Continental CongressMeets in Philadelphia

and selects

George Washington

as the Commander of the

Continental Army

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“The Olive Branch Petition”Written by members of the Second Continental CongressLast attempt at peace between British and the colonistsRejected by King George III

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JULY 4, 1776 – Declaration of Independence!Written by Jefferson and approved by the Second Continental Congress.

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Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence 1776“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain

unalienable rights

, that among these are

Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness

.”

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Battle of TrentonWashington defeats the Hessians (German mercenaries) at Trenton on Christmas DayCrossing the Delaware River

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Battle of SaratogaTurning Point of the War!American victory that convinces France to join the American cause.

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Valley ForgeWinter camp for the Continental Army, joined by Marquis de Lafayette and Baron von Steuben

.

Becomes a symbol of the hardships of war.

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Battle of YorktownFinal Major Battle of the War!The Americans and the French win!

George Washington

Gen. Cornwallis

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Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown“The World Turned Upside Down”

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Treaty of Paris – 1783!British finally recognize the United States as an

independent

nation.

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Articles of ConfederationAmerica’s First “Constitution”

An agreement by the states to work together. Most power belongs to the states, forming a very

weak central government

.

Weaknesses

No judiciary

No executive branch (President)

One legislature with little power

Each state has one vote

No power to tax

No power to regulate trade between the states

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EARLY REPUBLIC ERA

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Successes of the Articles of ConfederationKept the country united during the RevolutionNegotiated the Treaty of Paris of 1783, ending the warPassed the

Northwest Ordinance

, set the rules on how a territory becomes a state, no slaves in the territory, education is a priority

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Shays’ RebellionDaniel Shays, Revolutionary War veteran and farmerOccurred in western MassachusettsSmall farmers angered by crushing state debts and taxes go on a riot – 4 get killed

Made people realize that the Articles needed to be improved!

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Constitutional Convention1787!Delegates from the 13 states meet in Philadelphia to rewrite the Articles of Confederation, but instead

create a whole new constitution

.

Virginia Plan

– proposed by larger populated states (representation in Congress based on population).

New Jersey Plan

– proposed by less populated states (representation in Congress based on equality).

The southern slave states want their slaves counted for

representation purposes

, but not for taxation.

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Compromises of the Constitutional ConventionGreat Compromise – created a House of Representatives based on the population of each state and a Senate with two senators for each state.

Three-Fifths Compromise

– every 3 out of 5 slaves would be counted in terms of representation.

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1787The Constitution of the United States is approved by the delegates.

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Preamble to the Constitution“We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

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7 Principles of the ConstitutionFederalism – SHARING is caring!Popular Sovereignty

– the people rule through their vote.

Republicanism

– People vote for representatives.

Separation of Powers

– Three branches of government.

Checks and Balances

– Each branch checks over one another.

Limited Government

– Everyone, including powerful leaders, must obey laws.

Individual Rights

– Personal freedoms, liberties and privileges are guaranteed by the law.

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Yeah! The Constitution is ready for approval! Or is it?FEDERALISTS (J. Adams, A. Hamilton, J. Madison) – supported a stronger federal government, wanted the Constitution ratified without a Bill of Rights.

ANTI-FEDERALISTS

(G. Mason, A. Burr, P. Henry) – feared a strong central government, wanted stronger states and a Bill of Rights added before they would support it.

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Federalist PapersEssays written by the Federalists to convince people that a stronger federal government was needed and to ratify the Constitution without a Bill of Rights.

James Madison

Alexander Hamilton

John Jay

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Bill of RightsFirst 10 Amendments to the Constitution

1

st

– Freedom of speech, press, religion, petition and right to assemble

2

nd

– Right to own guns

3

rd

– No quartering of soldiers

4th – Protection against unreasonable search and seizure5

th – Right to due process, right to remain silent, no double-jeopardy

6

th

– Right to jury in criminal trial, speedy trial, lawyer

7

th

– Right to jury in civil suits

8

th

– No cruel and unusual punishments

9

th

– These aren’t your only rights

10

th

– Powers not given to the national government go to the state governments

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Separation of Powers

LEGISLATIVE

EXECUTIVE

JUDICIAL

Congress

Writes

the laws

President

Carries out laws

Supreme

Court

Interprets the laws

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Checks and Balances

LEGISLATIVE

EXECUTIVE

JUDICIAL

Controls money

Overrides

vetoes

Power of impeachment

Approve appointments

Veto power

Make appointments

Power

to pardon

Issues executive orders

Judicial

Review

Serve for life

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Federalism

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George Washington1st President

Main Events:

Whiskey Rebellion

Wars with Indians

Farewell Address

Stay neutral (don’t get involved in other nation’s affairs)

Stay away from political parties

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John Adams2nd President

Main Events:

XYZ Affair

Alien and Sedition Acts

Jefferson and Madison respond with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, introduce states’ rights.

Thomas Jefferson

3

rd

President and Main Author of the Declaration of Independence

Main Events:

Louisiana Purchase (1803!)

Marbury v. Madison establishes Judicial Review

Lewis and Clark ExpeditionEmbargo Act

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James Madison4th President and Father of the Constitution

Main Events:

War of 1812 vs. Great Britain

Star Spangled Banner, written by Francis Scott Key

Battle of New Orleans makes Andrew Jackson a war hero

Stoppage of manufactured imports leads to Industrial Revolution

James Monroe

5h President

Main Events:

Era of Good Feelings

Adams-

Onis

Treaty (U. S. gets Florida)Missouri Compromise of 1820The American System

Monroe Doctrine (warning to European nations)

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Andrew Jackson7th President

War hero from

War of 1812

(Battle of New Orleans)

First President from the deep South

Created the modern Democratic Party

Introduced

Jacksonian

Democracy

(increased voting to more citizens)

Represented the

common manJackson vs. Bank of the U. S.

– vetoed charter for the Bank of the U. S. to continue operatingJackson vs. Native Americans – Indian Removal Act passed, ignored Worcester v. Georgia ruling, led to the Trail of TearsJackson vs. John C. Calhoun – Nullification Crisis

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“The Big Three”John C. Calhoun: Former Vice President and Senator from S. Carolina; became the voice for the South regarding issues such as states’ rights and slavery; Jackson’s political enemy during the Nullification Crisis.

Henry Clay

: Known as the “Great Compromiser”; wrote the Missouri Compromise, the American System, Compromise of 1833 and the Compromise of 1850.

Daniel Webster

: Firmly against secession by any state, supported industrial economy and became Calhoun’s political enemy.

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The Industrial Revolution

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Era of Reform

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Steps to the Civil WarDeclaration of IndependenceConstitutional Convention (3/5 Compromise)

Missouri Compromise

Difference in economies and growth of Northern cities and industry

Tariff of Abominations

Nullification Crisis

Wilmot Proviso

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Steps to the Civil War8. Compromise of 18509. Fugitive Slave Act10. Uncle Tom’s Cabin

11. Kansas-Nebraska Act

12. Dred Scott v. Sanford

13. John Brown’s Attack on Harpers Ferry

14. Election of Lincoln as President in 1860

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THE CIVIL WAR1861-1865

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Civil War (1861-1865)1861: Southern states secede and form the

Confederate States of America

. They elect

Jefferson Davis

as their President.

President Lincoln called for 75,000 men to “put down the insurrection”.

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Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The Civil War begins!

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Famous Civil War Generals

CONFEDERACY

UNION

Robert E. Lee

“Stonewall”

Jackson

Ulysses S. Grant

William T. S

herman

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Important Civil War BattlesFort Sumter – 1st battle of the Civil War

Battle of Antietam – Single bloodiest day in the war (23,000 casualties combined)

Siege of Vicksburg

– Union forces led by Grant capture Vicksburg, Mississippi, giving the North control of the Mississippi River

Battle of Gettysburg

– Robert E. Lee’s army invades the north and meets Union forces in Gettysburg, PA. Lee’s forces lose, making the battle the

turning point of the Civil War

.

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The Emancipation ProclamationIssued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863This proclamation announced that all slaves in the rebelling states were to be free

.

Yet, because the war was still being fought, not a single slave was freed. Still, many slaves knew about the Proclamation and began to do their part to see that the Confederacy was defeated.

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Gettysburg AddressPresident Lincoln gives a speech to dedicate a cemetery to the men who died and to encourage Americans to finish the war.

“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.”

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Civil War is Over!General Robert E. Lee surrenders

to Ulysses S. Grant at

Appomattox Court House

, Virginia.

Lincoln is assassinated in a theater shortly after by John Wilkes Booth.

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13th – Ended slavery in the U. S. 14th

– Gave citizenship and due process to anyone born in the U. S.

15

th

– Gave black men the right to vote

19

th

– Women have the right to vote

Reconstruction Amendments