with nuclear beta decay Bertram Blank CEN BordeauxGradignan Germanium detector calibration experimental studies 0 0 b decay mirror b decay future ID: 933586
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Slide1
Weak-interaction studieswith nuclear beta decay
Bertram Blank
CEN Bordeaux-Gradignan
Germanium detector calibration
experimental studies: 0+ - 0+ b decay mirror b decay future work
Top Row CKM Unitarity WorkshopJanuary 7- 8, 2019The Mitchell Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
Slide2Experimental ft measurements
T
1/2
Q
EC
BR
0
+0
+
•
•
•
Nuclear beta decay
in general:
for
0
+
0
+
transitions
: only vector current due to
selection
rules
experimental quantities
: precise measurements of
masses of parent and daughter, half-life, branching
ratio
correct for other interactions: for T=1 many transitions: validate corrections, test CVC, determine Vud matrix element, test CKM matrix unitarity, test scalar contributions…
Slide3Germanium detector calibration
Slide4Super-allowed Fermi transitions for
T
z
= -1
many
decay channels open strong non-analog transitions low decay energies high precision of g efficiency needed
0.1%
Slide5Derel = 0.1%, De
abs
= 0.15%
calibration programme of a
HP Ge detector: - x-ray
photography of detector - scan of the
crystal at CSNSM - source measurements - MC simulations: CYLTRAN, GEANT4•
• • Calibration of germanium detector
Scan at
CSNSM:
137
Cs
strongly
collimated
Relative
detection
efficiency
:
24
Na
,
27
Mg
,
48
Cr
,
56
Co
, 60Co, 66Ga, 75Se, 88Y, (109Cd), 133Ba,
134Cs,
137
Ce, 152
Eu,
169Yb
, 180Hf
, 207Bi
Peak/total: 22
Na, 38K
, 41
Ar
,
51
Cr,
54
Mn,
57
Co,
58
Co
,
60
Co,
65
Zn
,
85
Sr,
137
Cs
…ISOLDE, IPNO sources
X-rayphotography
B.
Blank et al., NIMA776 (2015) 34
…trigger by John’s
work
Slide6• • • Additional c
alibration
of germanium detector: preliminary
Newly added:
38
K,
169Yb, 48Cr 24Na, 48Cr(add. meas.), 207Bi (new analysis)Still to come: 109CdHigher-statistics calculations:
75Se, 133Ba, 137Cs, 152Eu, 180Hf 0.15 % precision for E < 100keV
Slide7• • • Peak-to-total
Slide8• • • Escape peaks
and simulation
Slide9• • • Long-term
stability of
germanium detector
Slide100+ - 0+ b
decay
: 38Ca
Slide11Super-allowed Fermi transitions for
T
z
= -1
many
decay channels open strong non-analog transitions high precision of g efficiency needed 0.1%
Slide12Primary Beam: 40
Ca @
50 MeV/A
Production Target :
natNi 90 m
mLISE3 SpectrometerGANIL / LISE3 experimentsDetection
Set-up
•
•
•
38
Ca production at GANIL/LISE3
10
4
38
Ca / s
99.5 %
purity
Contaminants:
37
K: 0.12 %
36Ar (stable): 0.11 %
35Cl (stable): 0.09 % 34S (stable):
0.14 %
Slide13•
•
•
38Ca branching ratios and half-life
Present work and Anderson et al.B. Blank et al., EPJA 51 (2015) 8
(443.6
3 ± 0
.35)
Slide14•
•
•
38Ca: result
half-life: BR (0+ — 0+): present: 77.09(35) % Park et al.: 77.28(16) % Q value: Eronen et al.: 6612.11(7) keV
ft = 3063.3(62) s Ft = 3077.5(67) s
443.70(25) ms
77.25(15) %
B.
Blank
et al., EPJA 51 (2015) 8
Slide15•
•
•
38
Ca: result…. 14 nucleiBR for all Tz = -1nuclei largest error
Slide160+ - 0+ b
decay
: 30S
Slide17Super-allowed Fermi transitions for
T
z
= -1
Slide18Primary Beam: 32
S @
50 MeV/A
Production Target :
natNi 90
mmLISE3 SpectrometerGANIL / LISE3 experiments
DetectionSet-up• • •
30
S production at GANIL/LISE3
10
4
30
S / s
T
1/2
= 1176.2(16) ms
99.0 %
purity
Contaminants:
29
P: T
1/2
= 4.142(15) s
28Si: stable 27
Al: stable 26Mg: stable
Slide19• • • 30S: very preliminary result
analysis
in
progress
Slide200+ - 0+ b
decay
: 22Mg
Slide21Super-allowed Fermi transitions for
T
z
= -1
Slide22•
•
•
22Mg measurement at ISOLDE
ISOL: lots of
22
Na LIST technique no measurable
22Natrigger - less DAQProton
beam at 1.4 GeV and 2
mATarget: SiC
Source: LIST
Slide23• • • 22Mg: very preliminary result
…
also
data on
branching
ratios
…to be analysed
Slide240+ - 0+ b
decay
: 58Zn
Z
Slide25Implantation set-up
WAS3ABI DSSSD set-up
EURICA
g
-ray array
78Kr at 345 MeV/u with 250 pnA•
•
•
Two
-proton
radioactivity
of
67
Kr at
BigRIPS
/RIKEN
Slide26• • •
Two-proton
radioactivity of 67
Kr at BigRIPS
/RIKEN
A/Z
58ZnZ
Slide27T1/2 = 86(8) ms↓T
1/2
= 84.79(20)
ms
8
(2)
%
72(7)%
58
Zn
58
Cu
<20
%
1
+
848
0
+
1051
203
3257
3460
3474
1
+
0
+
1
+
1
+
T
1/2
= 3.204(7)
s
S
p
=
2873
keV
5.7(1)%
73.10%*
14.4(2)%
0.76(6)%
0.86(7)%
Time (
ms
)
Counts / 1
ms
Data Plot
Fitting Curve
58
Zn Decay Curve
58
Cu Decay Curve
Background
Counts / 2
keV
Gamma Energy (
keV
)
203
848
1051
3257
3473
3460
2747
Branching Ratio
Q
EC
=9364(50)
keV
* This value is assumed
by using the
average
ft
value of
0
+
→
0
+
decays.
Preliminary
511
Previous
Present
•
•
•
Decay
of
58
Zn
at
BigRIPS
/RIKEN
D.
Nishimura
, RCNP Osaka
Slide280+ - 0+ b
decay
: 10C at ISOLDE
Slide29• • • 0+
0
+ decays
: 10
C error budget
BR by far largest error
two precise measurements: Savard et al.: 1.4625(25)% (PRL 74 (1995) 1521) Fujikawa et al.: 1.4665(38)%
(PLB 449 (1999) 6)
measurements with Ge
multi-detector array
our approach:
re-doing the
Fujikawa
/
Savard
experiment by improving
on the systematic errors
Slide30• • •
0
+
0+
decays
: limits on exotic
currents
standard model assumption: only vector current limit on scalar current from term in f function:
(1+bf * g
1 / <E>)
from
b
decay:
b
F
= - 0.0028 ± 0.0026
improve on low-Z nuclei
limit on scalar currents:
b
F
= Re( (C
s
+ C’
s
) /
C
v
) = 0.0026(42) (90% CL)
Severijns
et al.
Hardy &
Towner, 2015
Slide31• • • 0+
0
+ decays
: limits
on exotic
currents
32
Ar:
Adelberger
et
al
., PRL 83 (1999) 1299
B. R. Holstein, J.
Phys
.
G 41
(
2014) 114001
Hardy &
Towner,
Phys. Rev. C 91 (2015) 025501
38m
K: Gorelov, Behr et al
., PRL
94 (2005) 142501
with:
Slide32Super-allowed Fermi transitions for
T
z
= -1
Slide33•
•
•
10C
measurement at ISOLDE
catcher
profiler
Proton beam at 1.4 GeV
and 2mA
Target: CaOSource: VADIS
Slide34• • • 10C/
19
Ne decay
scheme
to
determine the BR
10Cto evaluate pile-up
19
Ne
Slide35• • •
10C experimental
set-up
and analysis
procedure
19
Ne: similar T1/2 similar QECno 1022 keV
peak, only 511-511
pile-up
10
C
:
1022
keV
line + 511+511 pile-up
p
ile-up
shape
and
intensity
adjusted
with
511keV
peak
, 19Ne +
sim.
Slide36• • • 10C and
19
Ne release
Release time
much longer for 10C160Contaminants: 13N2, 14O12C
use 19Ne to study pile-up conditionsuse MC simulations for 19Ne and
10C to
determine pile-up contribution
Run
= 94
Run
= 118
10
C
19
Ne
Slide37• • • 19Ne simulation
results
+ time
d
istribution
sim
.
spectrum
Slide38• • • 10C
: very preliminary result
…to
be
fully
analysedglobal correction, not yet run by run
Slide390+ - 0+ b
decay
: 10C at ALTO/Orsay
Slide40• • • 10C
measurement at ALTO/
Orsay
Scientific Manager:
M.
Lebois
Technical Manager: B. Genolini
100 Ge
crystals
: 5.5% @ 1 MeV
18 LaBr
3
: 1.5% @ 1 MeV
Slide41• • • 10C
measurement at ALTO/
Orsay
Multi-detector
array
Ge detectors versus
scintilators
Basically no pile-up with plastics…. lets see once the analysis
is done
Slide42• • • 10C
decay
scheme
Decay of interest Calibration reaction
…
additional
measurement of 19Ne decay
Slide43• • • 10C
decay
data
Measurements
:10
C (11B [300-400 mg/cm2] on 4 mg Au backing
): 511 keV: 1.4 e9 718 keV: 1.2 e81022 keV: 1.6 e610B (11B [300-400 mg/cm2] on 4 mg Au backing):
414 keV: 8.5 e7 718 keV: 4.5 e61022 keV: 3.5 e619Ne (CaF
[400-500 mg/cm2] &
PbF on 4 mg Au backing)
):
511
keV
: 4.6 e8
expected
overall
statistical
precision
:
< 0.1 %
Slide44Future measurements at GANIL
Slide45• • • Heavy T
z
= 0 nuclei
test CVC on a
much
larger basis
Slide46• • • Heavy T
z
= 0 nuclei: production at S3-LEB
T
z
= 0
isotopehalf-life (ms)production rate (
pps)66As95.77(23)5000070
Br79 .1(8)
35000
74
Rb
64.776(30)
30000
78
Y
54(5)
1500
82
Nb
50(5)
300
86
Tc
55(6)
250
90
Rh
15(7)
200
94
Ag
37(18)40098In37(5)0.3 test CVC over a larger range of Z
Slide47• •
•
S3-LEB + DESIR
S3
beams
into DESIRneed of fast gas cellpurification with HRS + MR-TOF-MS or PIPERADEbest place world-wide
to do this
Slide48Mirror b decays
Slide49Experimental ft measurements•
• •
Nuclear
mirror beta decay
in general:
for
mirror transitions: vector and axial-vector currents experimental quantities: precise measurements of masses of parent and daughter, half-life, branching ratio, mixing ratio correct for other interactions:
many transitions: validate corrections, test
CVC
, determine
V
ud
matrix
element, test
CKM
matrix unitarity…
T
1/2
Q
EC
BR
1/2
+
1/2
+
Slide50Mirror b decays: 23Mg,
27
Si, 37
K
Slide5151 / 25
•
•
•
Experiment JYFL2013: 23Mg & 27Si
Slide52temps (s)coups
•
•
• Results of 23
Mg and 27Si
C. Magron et al., EPJA 53 (2017) 55T1/2 = 11.303(3) s
coups
440 keV
511 keV
40
K
1461 keV
canaux
23
Mg:
T
1/2
= 11.303(3)
s Lit. = 11.330(8)
s
BR = 7.81(8) % Lit. = 8.13(12) %
BR
sa
= 92.07(14) %
27
Si:T1/2 =
4.112(2) s Lit. = 4.135(15)
s
BR = 0.164(28) % Lit. = 0.151(9) %
BRsa
=
99.74(2) %BR = 7.81(8) %
23
Mg23
Mg
23Mg
Slide53• • • 37
K decay
at ISOLDE
Proton
beam
at 1.4
GeV
and 2mATarget: CaOSource: VADIS
Slide54• • • Nuclear mirror beta decay:
37
K at ISOLDE
T
1/2
= 1.23635(88) s
BR = 97.96(14) %…to be published
T. Kurtukian Nieto et al.
37
K
37
K
Slide55• • • Nuclear mirror beta decay: improvements
Recent
measurements
at GANIL:
T
1/2: 17F, 19Ne, 21Na, 33Clr: 19Ne, 35Ar
Slide56High-precision Germanium detector is availableTz = -1 nuclei have be addressed:
10
C,
22Mg,
30
S Multi-detector array: 140 Ge and LaBr3 detector
Branching ratio measurement of 10C Potential for nuclear mirror decays:
23Mg, 27Si, 37K
need for high-precision GT-F mixing ratio measurements
SPIRAL2/S3-LEB/DESIR
: heaviest N=Z odd-odd nuclei
CVC tests over much broader
range
Theoretical
corrections
…. work on-going at CENBG
(N.
Smirnova
et al.)
•
•
•
Conclusions
Slide57N. Smirnova, Y. Lam, L. Xayavong et al.
•
•
•
Theoretical corrections (sd shell)
Slide58High-precision Germanium detector is availableTz = -1 nuclei have be addressed:
10
C,
22Mg,
30
S Multi-detector array: 140 Ge and LaBr3 detector
Branching ratio measurement of 10C Potential for nuclear mirror decays:
23Mg, 27Si, 37K
need for high-precision GT-F mixing ratio measurements
SPIRAL2/S3-LEB/DESIR
: heaviest N=Z odd-odd nuclei
CVC tests over much broader
range
Theoretical
corrections
…. work on-going at CENBG
(N.
Smirnova
et al.)
•
•
•
Conclusions
Slide59Thanks for your attention
Collaborations: CENBG, GANIL, IPNO, LPC Caen,
TRIUMF, Univ. of Guelph, JYFL
Slide60Slide61• • • 42Ti
heaviest
T
z
= -1 nucleus accessible
with high statisticsup to factor of 3 difference in dC
only feasible at GANIL
Slide62• • • 18Ne
Light nucleus important for
physics
beyond
the standard model
up to factor of 3 difference in dC
easily feasible at SPIRAL1
Slide63Calibration
Procedure
X-ray
radiography
g
-ray detector scans source measurements MC simulations (GEANT4 or CYLTRAN) develop a model of the detector to calculate efficiencies
at any energy at a fixed
distance of 15 cm
Slide64X-ray
photography
of detector
rough size of
crystal
tilt of
crystal with respect to detector housing of 1° according
to GEANT4 simulations no influence on results
Slide65AGATA scan table at CSNSM: strongly collaminated 137
Cs source
HPGe
X-Y table
137
Cs (477MBq)
A.
Korichi
et al.
Gamma-ray scan of detector
Slide66Longitudinal scan: 662
keV
excellent full-
energy
peak spectrum
good total-energy spectrum
Slide67Front
scan: 662
keV
effect
of detector tilt
clearly visible reasonable overall agreementtotalfull energy
Slide68Perpendicular
scan: 662
keV
effect
of detector tilt clearly visible reasonable overall agreementfull energytotal
Slide69Calibration sources
peak
-to-total sources:
close to « one single g ray with
100% branching ratio » standard sources: 22Na, 51Cr, 54Mn, 57Co, 60Co, 65Zn, 85Sr, 137Cs short-lived online sources
at ISOLDE: 38K, 41Ar, 58Co relative efficiency sources: a few well-known branches (BR error <1%)
at largely different
energies standard sources
:
60
Co,
88
Y
, (
109
Cd),
133
Ba,
134
Cs,
137
Cs,
152
Eu, 207Bi short-lived online sources at
ISOLDE and IPN Orsay: 24
Na, 27Mg, 48Cr, 56Co,
66Ga, 75Se, 169
Yb, 180mHf
absolute efficiency:
60
Co with activity precision of 0.7‰ g-g coincidences
Slide70• • •
Calibration of germanium detector: peak-to-total
T/P (
exp
)
sim
: no backscatter materialsim: with backscatter material
Slide71•
•
•
Calibration of germanium detector: absolute efficiency
relative measurement: all sourcesabsolute measurement:
60Co
Slide72Fit 1: P
0 =
-0.016 ± 0.061;
2 = 0.85
<
0.6 ‰
precisionFit 2: P0 = -0.09 ± 0.48 P1 = 0.02 ± 0.16; 2 = 0.86
• • • Calibration of germanium detector: absolute efficiency
60
Co
De
< 5
‰
De
< 1.5
‰
B.
Blank
et al., NIMA 776 (2015) 34
Slide73sourceXGe
E
g
1
, Br1 = 99.85 %
I1
Eg2, BR2 = 99.99826 % I2 three unknowns: A0, e1, e
2 three equations e1, e
2
Condition:
g-g
cascade with large BR
no « cross-over » transition
60
Co (et
24
Na)
standard pile-up is same for all peaks
but: necessity to correct pile-up between
two events (1173
1
+ 1332
2
et vice-versa)
I1 = A0 *
e
1
* BR1 * (1.-
e
t2
* w12()) I2 = A0 * e2 * BR2 * (1.-et1 * w12()) I12 = A0 * e1 * e2 * BR12 * w12() I12 = I12’ – I12_11 – I12_22 I12_11 = I11 * e
2 / e
1 * BR2 / BR1
I12_22 = I22 * e1
/ e
2 * BR1 / BR2
e
t2 : from other measurements
w12(): from calculations
E
g1 + Eg2 , BR12
I12
•
•
•
Absolute efficiency calibration with
g-g
coincidences
X
4+
2+
0+
Slide74e1 (g-g) = (
0.
2186 ±
0.0007) %
e1
(source act.) = (
0.2175 ± 0.0003) % e2 (g-g) = (0.1996
± 0.0007) % e2 (source act.) =
(0.1996 ± 0.0003) %
•
•
•
Absolute efficiency with
g-g
coincidences:
60
Co
1173 + 1173
1332 + 1332
1173 1332
1173+1332
1173+1332
… do
24
Na at
ISOLDE?
Slide75Primary Beam:28Si,
32S,
46Ti @ 50
MeV/A
Production Target :
natNi
90 mmLISE3 SpectrometerGANIL / LISE3 experiments
DetectionSet-up
•
•
•
Super-allowed emitter production at GANIL/LISE3
26
Si
30
S
42
Ti
…
30
S
Slide76Phase 1
Phase 2
NFS and S3 experiments
for DESIR:
SPIRAL1
(light nuclei from beam/target fragmentation)
SPIRAL2 (n-rich fission fragments, transfer and fusion-evaporation products) at earliest 2020
S3 (fusion-evaporation, refractory elements) SPIRAL2 beam accelerated by CIME
•
•
•
SPIRAL2 facility
Phase 1+
Slide77T
1/2
Q
EC
BR
0
+
0+
•
•
•
Nuclear beta decay
0
+
→
0
+
:
Ft = ft (1 +
d
R
’
) (1 –
d
c
+
dNS ) = = cnstK2
F
2
V
M
g
(1 +
D
R)
T
1/2
Q
EC
BR
1/2
+
1/2
+
Ft = ft (1 +
d
R
’
) (1 –
d
c
+
d
NS
) =
K
2
F
2
V
M
g
(1 +
D
R
)
x
1
(1 + f
a
/f
v
)
r
2
Precision measurements required: 10
-3
Q
EC
→
mass measurements:
f ~ Q
EC
5
T
1/2
, BR
→
b
-decay studies:
t = T
1/2
/ BR
r
2
→
b
-decay angular correlation studies
f(weak interaction) ~ 2.4%
f(nucl. structure)
~ 0.3-1.5%
f(Z, Q
EC
)
~ 1.5%
additional measurement
needed
mirror decays:
= cnst
Slide78Double Penning trap for high-resolution separation
at
DESIR facility of SPIRAL2
Requirements
Purify large samples (>104
ions) Mass resolution > 105 Fast separation methods•
• • PIPERADE at DESIR
Test
set-up
at
CENBG
Bordeaux
P.
Ascher
et al., EPJ Web of
Conf
. 66, 11002 (2014)
Collaboration:
CEN Bordeaux-Gradignan
MPIK Heidelberg
CSNSM Orsay
GANIL Caen
LPC Caen
Slide79• • • 0+
0
+ decays
: d
c corrections
large discrepancy between different models
particular effects around shell closure: 18Ne, 30S, 42Ti
Courtesy G.F.
Grinyer
for
18
Ne (N=8), for
30
S (N=14), and for
42
Ti (N=20): closed neutron shell
daughters
18
F (
17
F+n),
30
P (
29
P+n) , and
42
Sc (41Sc+n):
neutron added by the decay populates a neutron orbital that was empty at the N=8 and N=20 "magic numbers" maybe not too surprising
but even stronger effect at the sub-shell closure N=14
needs experimental confirmation
Slide80
V
ud
= 0.9717(17
)
(10 times
less
precise
than
0
+
-0
+
)
•
•
•
Results: mirror beta decay world data
N. Sewerjins, O. Naviliat Cuncic
Slide81Super-allowed Fermi transitions for
T
z
=
0
close to 100% g.s. to g.s. transition low precision needed for non-analog transitions
Slide82• • • 19Ne simulation
results
Slide83• • • 19Ne simulation
results
Slide84• • • 19Ne simulation
results
Slide85• • • 10C and
19
Ne release
Release time
much longer for 10C160Contaminants: 13N2, 14O12C
use 19Ne to study pile-up conditionsuse MC simulations for 19Ne and
10C to
determine pile-up contribution
Slide86• • • 19Ne simulation
results
+ time
d
istribution
sim
. spectrum
Slide87• • • 19Ne simulation
results
Slide88• • • 19Ne simulation
results
Slide89• • • 19Ne simulation
results
Slide902p
known cases
BigRIPS (+ZDS)
78
Kr at 345 MeV/
u
– 250 pnA
setting on
51
Ni (10.5 h)
setting on
65
Br (115 h)
setting on
64
Se (50 h)
setting on
62
Se (48 h)
BigRIPS
ZDS
WAS3AB
i
3 DSSSD
β
veto
+ EURICA (Ge array)
BigRIPS experiment May-June 2015
Slide91Particle Identificationregion of2p and new
isotopes
Z
A/Q
Ni
Zn
GeSe
Tz = -5/2 -2 -3/2 -1 -1/2 063Se
59Ge
58Zn
60Ge
64Se
Kr
Br
As
Ga
Cu
67Kr
78Kr