Defining Learners with special needsVI By Ranita Banerjee Assistant Professor Economics Method Impairment A condition in which a part of your body or mind is damaged and does not work well ID: 933657
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Course 1.4.10, sem IV, Unit IIIDefining Learners with special needs-VI
By
Ranita
Banerjee
Assistant Professor
Economics Method
Slide2ImpairmentA condition in which a part of your body or mind is damaged and does not work well Types
VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
HEARING IMPAIRMENT
SPEECH OR LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT
Slide3Slide4Definition of Visual Impairment
Those children who suffer from impaired conditions of their visual organs which have deficiencies due to different causes and thus it becomes difficult for them to pursue education as those children with normal vision , hence they require special method of education.
Slide5The Individuals with Disabilities Impairment Act ( IDEA ) officially defines the category as an impairment in vision that, even with correction adversely affects a child’s educational performanceIt can range from no vision – blindness- or very low vision to not being able to see particular colors
Can occur at any age; duration of defect might remain the same , stay for a short time or become worse even leading to blindness
Slide6Characteristics of Vision
Normal Vision is 6/6
Partial Vision – < 6/6, i.e. denominator can be 60, 36, 24, 18, 12, or 9
Legal Definition :-
only reads first Letter with both eyes
Tunnel vision (< 20 degrees )
Slide7Causes of Visual Impairments
Genetic transfer from parents
Carelessness of pregnant mothers
Mishaps and accidents
Unfavourable conditions like starvation , malnutrition
Eye infections and diseases
Adverse effects of certain diseases and medications
Improper postures adopted at workplace
Reading, writing or working in low illumination
Slide8Types of visual impairment
1. Depending on refraction :-
a) Short sightedness (Myopia )- can see near objects ; size of eyeball
too long ; requires spherical minus power
b) Far sightedness ( Hypermetropia) :- can see far away objects, size of
eyeball too short ; requires spherical plus power
c) Cylindrical defects :- Improper, Irregular or rather oblique length of
eyeball , requires cylindrical power at a particular axial
2.Depending on colour vision defects :–
All leading to blurring of vision
Slide9OTHER DEFECTS
Color
blindness :-
Genetic Causes – Natal, prenatal, postnatal
Defect in the cone cells of the retina
Disability to differentiate the proper
color
Retinopathies :-
Prematurity – preterm babies who required high concentration of oxygen at the time of birth can have resultant scarring and retinal detachment
Diabetes – Congenital and childhood diabetes may lead to several changes in retina due to deficient blood supply and other complication
Miscellaneous
Slide10Mascular Degeneration leads to diminished acuity of vision, blurringGlaucoma ( or Buphthalmos ) :- Increased ocular tension due to defective anatomy of eye – drainage of aqueous and vitreous humor hampered
Cataract :- degeneration of or injury to the Lens may or may not be associated with neurological problems
Amblyopia
:- loss of vision due to improper nutrition, drug misuse, eye muscle imbalance causing squint , hence double vision
Crossed Eye:- Inability to focus the same object with both eyes simultaneously
Coloboma
:- the central area of a newborn is incompletely formed
Slide11Identification of Visual Impairments
Complain of Headache
Frequent Blinking of eyes
Hold objects close to the eyes
Excessive rubbing of eyes
Different size of the pupils of the two eyes
Photosensitivity to light and photophobia
Inattentiveness during reading sessions
Watering of eyes
Takes false steps while walking
Slide12Problems of Visual Impairment in Classroom
Less chance of acquiring information visually ( like maps, charts, etc )
Learning Difficulties :- May read very slowly – fall behind thereby difficulties in meeting the general educational demands
Social Difficulties :- inability to understand non-verbal cues from
others ,
inability to judge distance ( i.e. stand too close
while socializing )
Slide13Educational Provisions for Visual Impairments
Decision concerning educational placement :-
a) Regular Classroom
b) Itinerant teacher program
c) Resource room program
d) Full time special class
Slide14Educational Provisions
Decision concerning Curriculum
a) Personal competence, self adjustments and daily living skills
b) Orientation and Mobility
c) Communication Skills
d) Vocational guidance and career advancement
e) Use of special aids and equipments like :-
- tape and cassette recorders
-talking books
- personal computers and typewriters
- Braille
- Large type materials
Slide15Educational Provisions
Decision concerning curriculum implementation
a) Development of essential skills for gaining information and
knowledge
Training in the use of Braille system
Provision of necessary aids necessary training
b) Development of listening skills
c) Orientation and mobility training
d) Development of independent living skills
Slide16Tools and Technology for the Visual Impairments
Special software programs and close circuits televisions enlarge the text on a screen until it is large enough to read, E.g.
kyan
Computerised speech system read text directly from the screen to the user. The text can be converted into Braille that is displayed directly on a specially modified keyboard and read by touch.
Audio description that helps people with sight problems enjoy television , DVD or theatre.
Slide17Thank you