History, Scope and Significance - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

History, Scope and SignificanceofBiotechnology

Dr. Habibur Rahman

Associate Professor

J. N. College, Boko

Introduction to Biotechnology:

The root words of biotechnology are ancient Greek:• Bios: "life"•

Technikos

: “Skillfully made "tool"• Logos: "Study of," "word," "essence"

Biotechnology- “The study of living tools"- is used in agriculture, food processing, industrial

production, environmental cleanup and medicine.

A set of modern tools that utilize living organisms or parts of it cell or tissue or genes/DNA to make or modify or improve plants or animals or develop microorganisms for specific use or their large scale production.

"Utilization of organisms or its organelles or biological process to make product or to solve problems for the welfare of mankind."

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, 2000) biotechnology means "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use".

Biotechnology - production of goods and services using biological organisms, systems and process.

Biotechnology, the use of biology to solve problems and make useful products. The most prominent area of biotechnology is the production of therapeutic proteins and other drugs through genetic engineering.

Basic Techniques of Biotechnology:The two basic techniques used in biotechnology are

1. Tissue culture(Soft Biotechnology)

2. Genetic engineering (Hard Biotechnology)

Biotechnology is "the application of biological organisms, system or processes to manufacturing and service industries"( British Biotechnologist).

Biotechnology is the use of living organisms and their components in agriculture, food and other industrial processes.

Biotechnology is "the application of scientific and engineering principles of the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services''(Holt and Lilley,1982).

CONCEPT:The origin of biotechnology is as old as human civilization. As a science it is little more than 100 years old.

Fermentation is the oldest biotechnological process discovered by the people by prolonged soaking of grains or by sorting juices of fruits or palms.

Other early processes practiced by man included leavening of bread, production of alcoholic beverages, production of vinegar, production of curd, etc.

Nowadays biotechnology has achieved greatest advancement in the filed of Recombinant DNA technology, PCR, Cell-culture and fusion, gene cloning, DNA fingerprinting, environmental engineering, Immunology etc.

HISTORY: 6000 B.C.,

Sumarians

and Babylonians Knew the technique of preparing beer.

2500

B.C.,Aryans

started preparing curd.

2000 B.C., Greeks were probably first to prepare cheese from milk ( cheese one of the first fermented food).

1822-1895 Louis Pasteur, "The father of Microbiology and father of Industrial Biotechnology'‘ discovered that yeast produced alcohol in wine and rod-shaped bacteria produced acetic acid, cause souring of wine.

1929, Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotic penicillin.

1973, First successful genetic engineering experiments were carried out in famous world laboratories.

History of biotechnologyPeople have been harnessing biological processes to improve their quality of life for some 10,000 years, beginning with the first agricultural communities. Approximately 6,000 years ago, humans began to tap the biological processes of microorganisms in order to make bread, alcoholic beverages, and cheese and to preserve dairy products. But such processes are not what is meant today by biotechnology, a term first widely applied to the molecular and cellular technologies that began to emerge in the 1960s and ’70s. A fledgling “biotech” industry began to coalesce in the mid- to late 1970s, led by Genentech, a pharmaceutical company established in 1976 by Robert A. Swanson and Herbert W. Boyer to commercialize the recombinant DNA technology pioneered by Boyer, Paul Berg, and Stanley N. Cohen. Early companies such as Genentech, Amgen, Biogen, Cetus, and

Genex

began by manufacturing genetically engineered substances primarily for medical and environmental uses.

For more than a decade, the biotechnology industry was dominated by recombinant DNA technology, or genetic engineering. This technique consists of splicing the gene for a useful protein (often a human protein) into production cells—such as yeast, bacteria, or mammalian cells in culture—which then begin to produce the protein in volume. In the process of splicing a gene into a production cell, a new organism is created. At first, biotechnology investors and researchers were uncertain about whether the courts would permit them to acquire patents on organisms; after all, patents were not allowed on new organisms that happened to be discovered and identified in nature.

But, in 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court, in the case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty, resolved the matter by ruling that “a live human-made microorganism is patentable subject matter.” This decision spawned a

wave of new biotechnology firms and the infant industry’s first investment boom. In 1982 recombinant 

insulin

 became the first product made through genetic engineering to secure approval from the U.S. 

Food and Drug Administration

 (FDA). Since then, dozens of genetically engineered protein medications have been commercialized around the world, including recombinant versions of 

growth hormone

, clotting factors, proteins for stimulating the production of red and white blood cells, 

interferon

s, and clot-dissolving agents.

Biotechnology at the beginning of the twentieth century began to bring industry and agriculture together. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium

. In 1940, penicillin became available for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in humans.

The biotechnical focus moved to pharmaceuticals. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick's were discovered the structure of DNA. The field of modern biotechnology is generally thought of as having been born in 1971 when Paul Berg's experiments in gene splicing had early success.

Herbert W. Boyer and Stanley N. Cohen significantly advanced the new technology in 1972 by transferring genetic material into a bacterium, such that the imported material would be reproduced. In 1978, Boyer was able to take pieces of human DNA and isolate a gene for insulin using biotechnology. In the 1980s, testing of biotechnology-derived foods began, and after its FDA approval in 1994, the

FlavrSavr

® tomato gave consumers a more flavorful tomato that stays fresh longer. Today's biotechnology has its "roots" in chemistry, physics, and biology.

Significance of Biotechnology : The amalgamation of Biology with Technology is termed as “Biotechnology”.

This field utilizes cellular and

biomolecular

processes to create new technologies and processes that facilitate the development of new products as well as bringing improvement in existing products.

Example – Bread, preserved dairy products like cheese, etc. Biotechnology positively impacts several fields such as Agriculture, Food processing, Energy and the Environment amongst others.

The field of biotechnology also plays an extremely crucial role in the development of medicines and vaccines.

Areas such

as 

Biopharmaceutical,

Pharmaco

-Genomics, Genetics

 extensively use biotech enabled methods to discover and cure life-threatening diseases. Example – Human insulin which is used to treat diabetes is made in genetically engineered bacteria (a biotech process).

The COVID19 pandemic has presented a severe crisis for humanity and Biotechnology seems to be the only hope to save lives. Researchers across the countries are utilizing biotechnology tools to develop an effective vaccine against infectious disease.

In the past Biotechnology has helped to eradicate viruses like SARS, Influenza,

Zika

amongst others and that’s the reason why biotech companies and research organizations are optimistic for the COVID19 vaccine as well.

Apart from its challenges, COVID19 has simultaneously brought several opportunities. Now, the entire Biotech industry is going through a wave of evolution.

This

evolution will definitely bring new job and research opportunities for the students hence redefining the scope of biotechnology

SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY:

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary pursuit that has emerged as a demanding industry during the recent past.

Besides being a branch of advance biological sciences, it has attracted many multinational companies including those are concerned with:

• The production of pharmaceutical products for the cure or control of many human diseases. These products include antibiotics, vaccines, life saving drugs and gene therapy.

• Improvement of clinical testing and diagnostic tools.

• Production of novel varieties of crop plants and animals.

CONCLUSIONBiotechnology is the production of interaction between biological science and modern technology.

During last two decades biotechnology has achieved greatest advancements in the fields of recombinant DNA technology, Polymerase chain reaction(PCR), gene cloning, DNA finger-printing etc.

Being a branch of advance biological sciences, it has also attracted many multinational companies.

Insulin production and production of growth

harmones

is one of the greatest blessing of Biotechnology.