CHAPTER 13: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING - PowerPoint Presentation

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CHAPTER 13: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

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SECTION 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

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TEST RELIABILITY

Reliability

: ability of a test to give the same results under similar conditions

3 ways to determine:

1) Retesting: approx. score must be maintained

2) test yields same results from various people3) Split-half: divide test items in half and score each separately

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TEST VALIDITY

Validity

: ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure

Best way to measure validity:

predictive validity

(finding out afterwards)

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STANDARDIZATION

Tests that are administered and graded in the same way

Must est. a norm (

avg

score) made by a large group

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ESTABLISHING NORMS

Percentile system

: ranking of test scores that indicates the ratio of scores lower and higher than a given score

Norms

: standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to a large, well-defined group of people

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SECTION 2: INTELLIGENCE TESTING

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INTELLIGENCE

Def

: the ability to acquire new ideas and new behavior, and to adapt to new situations

Varying views…

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TWO-FACTOR THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE

Charles Spearman

2 factors contribute to intelligence

1) g—general intelligence (complex mental work)

2) s—specific mental abilities (verbal/math)

Critics: g does not measure other mental abilities

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THURSTONE’S THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE

L.L.

Thurstone

Opposed 2-factor theory

Proposed 7 primary mental abilities

Verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning

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GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

Howard Gardner

8 types of intelligence

Verbal, logical/mathematic, spatial, musical, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Critics: most of these are skills, not intelligences

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STERNBERG’S THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE

Robert Sternberg

Triarchic

Theory: intelligence can be divided into 3 ways of processing info

1)Analytical—problem solving

2)Creative—dealing with new things3)Practical—adjusting and coping with environment

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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

Includes 4 major aspects of intra/interpersonal intelligences

1)accurately and appropriately perceive and express emotions

2) Uses emotions while thinking

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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

3) Understand emotions and use the knowledge effectively

4) Regulate one’s emotions to promote personal growth

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DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS

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STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE

Groups test items by age level

Standardized

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

: standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 90-109 is average

Otis-Lennon Ability Test: measures cognitive abilities related to school

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THE WECHSLER TESTS

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III)—6-16

yr

olds

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligences (WPPSI-R)—4-7 yr olds

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CONTROVERSY OVER IQ TESTING

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NATURE VS NURTURE

Identical twins have similar IQs

Those raised in the same environment have similar IQs

Both heredity and environment impact intelligence

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CULTURAL BIAS

Def

: an aspect of an intelligence test in which wording in questions may be more familiar to people of one social group than to another group

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SECTION 3: MEASURING ACHIEVEMENT, ABILITIES, AND INTERESTS

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APTITUDE TESTS

Def

: estimates the probability that a person will be successful in learning a specific new skill

Assessed with

predictive validity

General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)

: most widely used---9 different tests ranging from vocabulary to manual dexterity

SAT and ACT (American College Test): predict student’s success in college

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ACHIEVEMENT TESTS

Def

: measures how much a person has learned in a given subject area

Assessed with

content validity

Adaptive testing: computer testing that responds to your performance

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INTEREST INVENTORIES

Def

: measure of a person’s preferences and attitudes in a wide variety of activities to identify areas of likely success

Answer patterns will correspond with occupations

Kuder

Preference Record and the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey

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SECTION 4: PERSONALITY TESTING

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PERSONALITY TEST

Def

: assesses an individual’s characteristics and identifies problems

Some are objective and some are projective

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OBJECTIVE TESTS

Def

: a limited-or-forced-choice test in which a person must select one of several answers

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THE MMPI

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Answers reveal habits, fears, delusions, sexual attitudes, and symptoms of psych disorders

Best for diagnosing psych disorders

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CPI

California Psychological Inventory

Measures traits like responsibility, self-control, and tolerance

Used to assess the “normal” person

Does NOT reveal psychiatric illnesses

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MYERS-BRIGGS TEST

Focuses on how we take in info, make decisions, and approach day-to-day tasks

4 scales:

1) Extraversion v. Introversion

2) Intuition v. Sensing

3) Feeling v. Thinking 4) Judging v. PerceivingPersonality is a combination of these

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PROJECTIVE TESTS

Def

: an unstructured test in which a person is asked to respond freely, giving his/her own interpretation of various ambiguous stimuli

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RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST

Best known and most widely discussed

Hermann Rorschach (1921)

Theory: A person’s response will reveal an aspect of that person’s personality

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TAT

Thematic Apperception Test

Developed by Henry Murray (1943)

Participants are asked to tell a story about a picture (20 pictures total)

Used to assess motivation and personality characteristics