A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher order animals 75 of all evidence evaluated in the crime lab is related to drugs ID: 738897
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Slide1
Chapter 5:
Drugs
Slide2
Introduction:
A drug can be defined as a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher order animals.
75% of all evidence evaluated in the crime lab is related to drugs.Slide3
Drug Laws
The Controlled Substances Act was enacted in 1970.
This law establishes five schedules of classification for drugs.
These schedules are based on the drug’s potential for abuse, potential for addiction, medical value and International Treaties. Slide4
Controlled Substances Act
Schedule I
—
high potential for abuse; no currently acceptable medical use in the US; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision
Schedule II
—
high potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence
Schedule III
—
lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence
Schedule IV
—
low potential for abuse relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in III
Schedule V
—
low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IVSlide5
Controlled Substances Act
Examples of drugs in each schedule are:
Schedule I
- Heroin, LSD, Marijuana, Ecstasy and
Methaqualone
Schedule II
– Cocaine, Methadone, Ritalin and
Barbituates
Schedule III
– Codeine and anabolic steroids
Schedule IV
– Valium, Librium and Diazepam
Schedule V
– Codeine in cough syrup and over the counter drugsSlide6
Drug Categories
Drugs can be separated into four main categories:
Narcotics
Hallucinogens
Depressants
StimulantsSlide7
Narcotics
Narcotic is derived from the Greek word
narkotikos
which means numbness or deadening.
Narcotics bring relief from pain and induce sleep.Slide8
Narcotic Drugs
they
relieve pain
by a depressing action on the central nervous system -
analgesics
effects blood pressure, pulse rate and breathing rate.
regular use leads to
physical
dependence.
most common source is
opium
, extracted from
poppiesSlide9
Narcotics
Opiates
These
drugs are produced from opium, which is a gummy, milky juice exuded through a cut made in the unripe pod of the
poppy plant.Slide10
Narcotic
Opiates
The most commonly used narcotic is heroin.
Heroin is water soluble and easily street prepared. Today, street heroin is approximately 35% pure.
Heroin is injected under the skin.
The heroin “high” is accompanied by drowsiness and a feeling of well-being. This lasts for 3-4 hours.
Regular use leads to physical dependence.Slide11
Narcotics
Morphine
-
made directly
from opium
Heroin
-
(
diacetyl
morphine) comes directly from morphine
Codeine
-
present in opium but
is usually prepared synthetically
from morphine and used as a
cough suppressant.Slide12
Synthetic Opiates
OxyContin
(active ingredient oxycodone)
not derived from opium or morphine
some of same physiological effects as opium narcotics.
prescribed to a million patients for treatment of chronic pain.
Methadone
another well-known synthetic opiate.
pharmacologically related to heroin
appears to eliminate the addict’s desire for heroin while producing minimal side effects.Slide13
Non-Narcotic Pain Relievers
Analgesics are pain relievers. Examples of over the counter analgesics include aspirin, acetaminophen and ibuprofen.
These are non-narcotic pain relievers.Slide14
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are drugs that cause marked alternation in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods.
The most commonly used hallucinogens are:
LSD
Mescaline
PCP
MarijuanaSlide15
Hallucinogens
Mescaline – derived from a
small, spineless cactus
Used in religious rites
by Native Americans
Hallucinations of death
or other painful
experiences are commonSlide16
Hallucinogens
Marijuana
-
this drug is made from the hemp
plant
Cannabis sativa.
When the leaves, flower, stem, and seed are crushed, the plant secretes a sticky substance called hashish. This contains the hallucinogenic chemical
tetrahydrocannabinol
or
THC. Slide17
Hallucinogens
marijuana is the most well-known and controversial
cause marked changes in normal thought processes, perceptions, and moods.
derived from the plant
Cannabis
chemical substance responsible for the hallucinogenic properties is known as
tetrahydrocannabinol
, or
THC.Slide18
Hallucinogens
Marijuana is typically smoked, but may be ingested when baked in brownies or cookies.
Marijuana is the most widely abused illegal drug in the United States.
Currently, medicinal marijuana use is legal in 22 states and Washington D.C.
Recreational marijuana is legal in 4 states and Washington D.C.
Recent research suggests that marijuana is not physically dependent, but heavy users do form psychological dependence.Slide19
Marijuana
THC content of
Cannabis
varies in different parts of the plant
decreasing
in the following sequence:
resin,
flowers,
leaves
little THC in the stem, roots or seeds.
THC-rich resin is known as
hashish
- liquid most potent form
Psychological dependency possible but not physically addictiveSlide20
Marijuana
Medical uses:
Reduction of eye pressure in glaucoma patients
Lessen nausea associate with anticancer drugs
Muscle relaxant
Reduces seizures
Physical effects:
increased heart rate
dry mouth,
reddened eyes
impaired motor skills and concentration
frequent hunger
increased desire for sweetsSlide21
Hallucinogens
LSD
(
lysergic acid diethylamide)
Derived from ergot, which is a
type of fungus that attacks
certain grasses and grains.
LSD acts on part of the brain responsible for sensory reception and causes hallucinations.
It is usually absorbed onto blotter paper and sold in
dosage
units.Slide22
Other Hallucinogens
Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD
can cause hallucinations that can last for 12 hours
users prone to flashbacks and psychotic reactionsSlide23
Other Hallucinogens
Phencyclidine, or PCP
was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic
is often smoked, ingested, sniffed
often mixed with other drugs, such as LSD, or amphetamine
is sold as a powder (“angel dust”), capsule, or tablet.
first leads to feelings of strength and invulnerability, which may turn to confusion, agitation, depression, tendencies toward violence, and suicide. Slide24
Depressants
substances used to depress or slow the functions of the central nervous system.
calm irritability and anxiety and may induce sleep.
include
alcohol (ethanol),
barbiturates,
sedatives
tranquilizers,
various substances that can be sniffed, such as airplane glue, model cement, or aerosol gas propellants such as Freon.
Slide25
Depressants
Alcohol
Barbiturates
ethyl alcohol – product of grain fermentation
Most widely used drug in U.S.
enters the body’s bloodstream and quickly travels to the brain
suppresses the brain’s control of thought processes and muscle coordination
Inhibits judgment, memory, and concentration
“
downers”
are normally taken orally
create a feeling of well-being, relax the body, and produce sleep
Suppress central nervous system
25 used for medical purposes - Phenobarbital one of most common b/c it is slowly absorbed by the body
Quaalude, or “ludes” appeared in 70’s Slide26
Depressants
Methaqualone
- (Quaaludes) a
non-barbiturate depressant, is an
extremely powerful sedative
and muscle relaxer.
Barbiturates are considered safe when taken in prescribed amounts. Physical dependence may develop with prolonged usage.Slide27
Depressants
Tranquilizers
Sniffing
unlike barbiturates produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties or inducing sleep
antianxiety drugs such as Valium
immediate effects such as exhilaration & euphoria, slurred speech, impaired judgment and double vision
may cause liver, heart, and brain damage, or even death Slide28
Depressants
Antipsychotics and
Antianxiety
-
These generally produce a relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking facilities or the inducement of sleep.
These drugs can cause psychological and physical dependencies with repeated high levels of usage. Some examples include
Miltown
,
Librium,
Xanex
and Valium.
The use of
antianxiety
drugs has grown dramatically in the past 35 years.
Slide29
Stimulants
Amphetamines
sometimes known as “uppers” or “speed,”
often injected intravenously
cause an initial “rush,” followed by an intense feeling of pleasure.
followed by a period of exhaustion and a prolonged period of depression and loss of appetiteSlide30
Ingredients of MethamphetaminesSlide31
Stimulants
Cocaine
free-base form is known as
crack
is cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated
often smoked in glass pipes, and like cocaine stimulates the brain’s pleasure center.
extracted from the leaves of
Erythroxylin coca
causes increased alertness and vigor, accompanied by the suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredomSlide32
Stimulants used to treat ADDSlide33
Cocaine functions as a stimulant, by blocking the normal recycling process of dopamine. This buildup of dopamine contributes to the pleasurable effects of cocaine. Slide34
Stimulants
In the United States, cocaine abuse is on the rise. Many people are using cocaine to stay awake and improve their ability at work.
The United States spends millions of dollars trying to control the flow of cocaine into the United States. 75% of smuggled cocaine comes from Columbia.Slide35
Club Drugs
synthetic drugs that are used at nightclubs, bars, and raves (all-night dance parties)
Include, but are not limited to,
MDMA (Ecstasy),
GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate),
Rohypnol (“Roofies”),
ketamine, and methamphetamine.
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
, (MDMA or Ecstasy)
is a synthetic mind-altering drug that exhibits many hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects.
enhances self-awareness and decreases inhibitions,
seizures, muscle breakdown, stroke, kidney failure, and cardiovascular system failure often accompany chronic abuse.Slide36
Club Drugs
Ecstasy
It
drains the brain of serotonin, allowing users at raves to dance until exhaustion.
Though
ecstasy causes dehydration, drinking too much can cause the brain to swell.
Ecstasy
causes permanent chemical changes to the brain, and damage to the liver, kidney, vision and
heart.
It
can induce panic attacks, memory loss, mood swings and paranoia. Slide37Slide38
Club Drugs
GHB and Rohypnol
central nervous system depressants
often connected with drug facilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery
Ketamine
primarily used as a veterinary animal anesthetic
in humans causes euphoria and hallucinations.
causes impaired motor functions, high blood pressure, amnesia, and mild respiratory depression. Slide39
Anabolic Steroids
synthetic compounds
chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone.
often abused by individuals who are interested in accelerating muscle growth.
Side effects include:
unpredictable effects on mood and personality
depression
diminished sex drive
halting bone growth
liver cancer.Slide40Slide41
Drug-Control Laws
Controlled Substances Act
U.S. federal law
a legal drug-classification system created to prevent and control drug abuse.
establishes five schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances
based on a drug’s
potential for abuse
potential for physical and psychological dependence
medical valueSlide42
Schedules of Classification
Schedule I drugs
high potential for abuse
no currently accepted medical use
heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, and LSD.
Schedule II drugs
high potential for abuse
have medical use with severe restrictions
cocaine, PCP, and most amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions.
Schedule III drugs
less potential for abuse
currently accepted medical use
all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under Schedule II, such as codeine and anabolic steroidsSlide43
Schedules of Classification
Schedule IV drugs
low potential for abuse
a current medical use
darvon, Phenobarbital, and some tranquilizers such as diazepam (valium) and chlordiazepoxide (librium).
Schedule V drugs
must show low abuse potential
have medical use
opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic medicinal ingredientsSlide44
Drug Testing Activity
Test each of the simulated urine samples in your basket for the presence of drug using the following procedure:
Place two drops of urine in a spot on the plate
Add one drop of Human
A
ntibody to each spot
Add one drop of enzyme to each spot
Stir each sample with a different toothpick
Wait one minute and record your results in you notes
Check with the table next to you to get the results of the other 4 samples Slide45
Analyzing your results:
Answer the following questions in your notes:
Which urine samples were positive for drugs?
How did you know they were positive for drugs?
Would you consider this a presumptive or confirmatory test?
EXPLAIN
your answer. Slide46
Drug Identification
At a crime scene any item suspected to be a drug has to be submitted to the lab for analysis.
However, at the scene, the investigator will make a tentative identification and complete a presumptive test.
At the lab, the chemist will complete confirmatory tests.Slide47
2 Phases of Drug Identification
Phase 1
Screening test
or Preliminary Analysis
nonspecific and preliminary in nature to reduce the possibilities to a manageable number
series of color tests that will produce characteristic colors for the more commonly encountered illicit drugs.
Microcrystalline tests can also be used to identify specific drug substances by studying the size and shape of crystals formed when the drug is mixed with specific reagents.Slide48
Type of Test
Chemicals
What the Results Mean
Marquis Color
Formaldehyde and
concentrated
sulfuric acid
Heroin, morphine and most
opium-based
drugs will turn the solution purple.
Amphetamines
will turn it
orange-brown
.
Cobalt thiocyanate
Cobalt thiocyanate,
distilled
water, glycerin, hydrochloric acid, chloroform
Cocaine will turn the
liquid
blue.
Dillie-Koppanyi
Cobalt acetate and
isopropylamine
Barbiturates will turn the
solution
violet-blue.
VanUrk
P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, hydrochloric acid,
ethyl
alcohol
LSD will turn the solution
blue-purple.
Duquenois-Levine Test
Vanillin, acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, chloroform
Marijuana will turn the
solution
purple. Slide49
2 Phases of Drug Identification
Phase 2
Confirmation test or confirmational determination
single test that specifically identifies a substance
Forensic chemists will employ a specific test to identify a drug substance to the exclusion of all other known chemical substances.
Typically infrared spectrophotometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to specifically identify a drug substance.Slide50
Qualitative VS Quantitative
Another consideration in selecting an analytical technique is the need for either a qualitative or a quantitative determination.
Qualitative
relates just to the identity of the material
Quantitative
requires the determination of the percent composition of the components of a mixture.
http://www.usatoday.com/videos/tech/personal/2013/12/31/4260255/Slide51
Chromatography
is a means of separating and tentatively identifying the components of a mixture
.
Those materials that have a preference for the moving phase will slowly pull ahead and separate from those substances that prefer to remain in the stationary phase. Slide52Slide53
Chromatography
The distance a spot travels up a thin-layer plate can be assigned a numerical value known as the
R
f
value.Slide54
The written record of this separation is called a chromatogram. Slide55
Spectrophotometry
Just as a substance can absorb visible light to produce color, many of the invisible radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum are likewise absorbed.
Spectrophotometry, an important analytical tool,
measures the quantity of radiation that a particular material absorbs
as a function of wavelength and frequency.Slide56
Mass Spectrometry
a beam of high-energy electrons collide with a material, producing positively charged ions.
The fragments of these
positive ions
are
separated according to their masses.
The unique feature of mass spectrometry is that under carefully controlled conditions,
no two substances produce the same fragmentation pattern
.
(somewhat
like a “fingerprint”, of the substance being
examined)Slide57Slide58
Mass Spectrometry Slide59
Collection and Preservation
The field investigator has the responsibility of ensuring that the evidence is properly packaged and labeled for the laboratory.
Generally common sense is the best guide, keeping in mind that the package must prevent the loss of the contents and/or cross-contamination.
Often the original container in which the drug was seized will suffice.
All packages must be marked with information that is sufficient to ensure identification by the officer in the future and establish the chain of custody.