Prej vs stereotypes vs discrimination Does it have to be negative Does it have to be held by high status group Is it implicit or explicit or both IAT Blatant vs subtle How can it be measured ID: 694613
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Slide1
PrejudiceSlide2
Upcoming
Test in 2 weeks
Vote on possible format
4 of 6
5 of 7
4 of 6 plus identifies
Test question list and how to prepare
T1.docx
Paper idea
due next weekSlide3
Basics
What is prejudice?
Prej
vs. stereotypes vs. discrimination
Does it have to be negative?
Does everyone have it?
Does it have to be held by high status group?
Is it implicit or explicit or both? (IAT?)
How is it measured?
How is it similar or different to “intergroup relations”?Slide4
What causes prejudice?
Individual difference
approaches
Is there a prejudiced personality?
Dual
process
models
Learning perspectives
Evolutionary
approaches
Motivational approaches
Cognitive approaches/automaticity
Threat approaches
Intergroup perspectivesSlide5
Self-categorization theory (Turner et al., 2017)
What does this theory suggest?
Relation to social identity theory
Minimal group paradigm (
Tajfel
, 1970
)
What are the consequences of seeing the world as us-them? Slide6
Social identity theory (
Tajfel
& Turner, 1986)
What does the theory suggest?
What are our social identities? What determines what is salient?
What do these social identities do for us?
How can we deal with a negative social identity? What determines choice?
Ingroup
positivity vs. outgroup derogation
Brewer’s Optimal Distinctiveness Theory
Swann’s concept of identity fusionSlide7
Threat/Intergroup theories
Relative deprivation theory (Davis, 1959)
Realistic group conflict theory (
Sherif
, 1966)
Robber’s Cave
study
(
Sherif
, Harvey, White, Hood, &
Sherif
,
1961)
Integrated threat theory (Stephan & Stephan, 2000)
Realistic threats
Symbolic threats
Intergroup anxiety
Negative stereotypes
Intergroup emotions theory (Smith, 1993)
Fear, disgust, contempt, anger, jealousySlide8
From
Neuberg
& Cottrell, 2006 (example of evolutionary approach)
Threat
to
ingroup
Cues
to threat
Emotion
moderators
Physical safety
Large size,
male, anger
Fear/flight responses
Dark, belief in DW
Physical
health
Unclean, deformed
Disgust/avoidance response
Contact, PVD, pregnancy, being sick, priming, disgust
Competence
Have more resources
Envy
; increase
own resources
Group morality
Hurt by
ingroup
Guilt/justify, help
Group functioning due to inability to reciprocate
disabled
Pity/sympathy
Avoidance
response
Benefit
ingroup
Admiration/
Approach
response
Reciprocity relations by choice (social
coordination, economic resources)
Unfamiliar
An
ger/fight response
Eco
stress, PWESlide9
Justification perspectives
Social dominance theory (
Sidanius
&
Paratto
, 2012)
System justification theory (
Jost
&
Banaji
, 1994)
What needs does it address?
Types of false consciousness beliefs
Denial of injustice
Thinking there is no chance for change
Rationalizing social roles
Incorrect attributions of blame
Identification with high status
Resistance to social change
Benevolent sexism (vs. hostile)
Slide10
Top-down prejudice
Institutional discrimination
Cultural discriminationSlide11
What about implicit bias?
What is implicit bias and how is it typically measured?
What is
Gawronski’s
approach?
What is the evidence for and against people being aware of their implicit bias?
What exactly does it mean to be aware of it?
Why might there not be much of a correlation between implicit attitudes and behavior?
How stable is it over time? What does that mean?
What does this article add to our understanding of implicit bias? Slide12
JSM Model (Crandall &
Eshleman
, 2003)
What does their model say?
What is “genuine prejudice”? Is it an implicit attitude?
What is new in this model?
What factors lead to GP?
Are some of these sources of prejudice more important than others?
Can GP be measured? Slide13
Do we know what our real levels of GP are?
What is the role/effect of education? Group affiliation?
What is the order of the model? Slide14
Suppression
What is suppression?
How can you test for suppression?
What
are sources of suppression?
What
makes it harder?
How
can we make it easier
?Slide15
Justifications
What are they?
How do they relate to suppression? (Also, see Table 1)
ExamplesSlide16
Integrated Model of Prejudice (
Dovidio
&
Gaertner
, 1998)
Research by Nail and Harton
Liberals vs. conservatives
Modern/symbolic racism (
McConahay
, 1986, Kinder & Sears, 1981) vs. Aversive racism (
Gaertner
& Dovidio, 1986)
Ambivalent racism (Katz & Hass, 1988)
How does this fit in with JSM?Slide17
Ways to reduce—contact
Contact hypothesis (
Allport
, 1954)
What are the four conditions?
How likely/common are these conditions? Whom do they have the most effect on?
Are there times that contact is bad?
What about indirect contact?
Jigsaw classroomSlide18
Ways to reduce--categorization
Common in-group identity model (
Gaertner
& Dovidio, 2000)
Decategorization
vs.
recat
vs. mutual differentiation vs. nested or cross-cutting identities—what should be our goal
?
Colorblind vs. multi-culturalism
Slide19
Other alternatives
Make people aware of bias
Chronic egalitarian goals
Implementation intentions
Show people appropriate normsSlide20
Does prejudice affect behavior?
Should it? When? Slide21
Effects of discrimination (
Barreto
&
Ellemers
, 2015)
How well do people identify discrimination?
Why is it so hard to recognize?
Is it better for those involved to see discrimination or not?
If a person is discriminated against, what are the advantages vs. disadvantages of identifying with the group more highly? Slide22
What are the differences in dealing with discrimination for concealable vs.
nonconcealable
stigmas?
What about when one individual from the group succeeds? Does that help the group?
What are the social costs and benefits of confronting prejudice?
Why are people less likely to confront than they think? Slide23
Other impacts on targets of prejudice
Stereotype threat (Steele & Aronson, 1995)
Internalized stigma
When will people engage in collective action? Slide24
Sneetches (Dr. Seuss)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBCUkdd57qcSlide25
Test coming up
Location
What you can have
Vote on format
LengthSlide26
Next week
Test questions and test
Location?
Attitudes
Chapter in book
2 PR articles
AP article