Drug Characteristics What is a Drug? - PowerPoint Presentation

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Drug Characteristics

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What is a Drug?A drug is any substance (with the exception of food and water) which, when taken into the body, alters the body’s function either physically and/or psychologically. Drugs may be legal (e.g. alcohol, caffeine and tobacco) or illegal (e.g. cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine and heroin).

Psychoactive drugs affect the central nervous system and alter a person's mood, thinking and behavior. Psychoactive drugs may be divided into four categories: depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens and 'other'.

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How Drugs effect the bodyThe effects of drugs will vary from person to person depending on the persons characteristics (such as physical size, gender, mood, diet, fitness, age, expectations and health), the drug itself (such as the amount used and its purity), and how it is taken and the environment a person is in when using the drug.

Some people become depressed, angry, aggressive, sleepy, unmotivated, paranoid, anxious or talkative. Drug use can also lead to social and emotional problems and negative effects on relationships with family and friends.

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Drugs in your hair?- For a drug to get into the hair from inside, it first has to enter a person’s bloodstream. This happens when a drug is injected into a vein, or when it’s smoked, snorted, or swallowed.

Once in the bloodstream, the drug travels to every part of the body, including the hair. Some drugs, such as morphine, cocaine, nicotine, and amphetamines

, then attach to the melanin (which gives hair its color) in each strand of hair.As far as drugs entering the hair from the outside, when drugs are smoked, some of the smoke or vapor enters the air. Some drugs, such as nicotine and

heroin, then can easily enter a person’s hair and attach to melanin. Even with a good shampoo, some of the drug will stay inside the hair.

Testing hair for drugsNo matter how a drug reaches the hair, researchers have developed very sensitive chemical techniques to detect drugs there. If it got to the hair from

inside

the body, tests can even tell

when

the drug was used. A drug found in the hair root was used very recently; if it’s closer to the end of the hair, the drug may have been used months before.

There’s a catch, though: If a person’s hair tests positive for a drug, how do the testers know if the drug came from the person’s environment (from

secondhand smoke

, for instance) or from drug use? As testing techniques get more precise, it will become easier to answer that question. And, that’s why urine and

blood

are also often

tested

for drugs.

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FAQ

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Coffee

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Energy now, trouble later?A

recent study asked more than 1,000 college students about their use of energy drinks and other caffeinated drinks, cocaine, and alcohol. The researchers found that students who regularly consumed (or increased their use of) energy drinks had higher rates of cocaine use, prescription stimulant misuse, and alcohol problems compared with students who didn’t consume energy drinks.This doesn’t necessarily mean that regularly using energy drinks causes drug problems later, but the connection is getting the attention of scientists.

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Caffeine and the teen brainSome

studies have suggested that caffeine, found in high amounts in many energy drinks, might be “priming” the teen brain—which is still developing—for drug use later in life.Teens who regularly consume caffeine might have a greater tolerance to it, compared to adults, which means they're more likely to consume more caffeine to feel that peppy effect. So, scientists suspect that caffeine may cause greater brain changes

in young people who consume it regularly compared with teens who don’t. One of those changes could be a higher risk for drug problems, including addiction, in the future.

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Amphetamines What is it?

Prescription stimulants used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Used as a study aid, to stay awake, and to suppress appetites. Prescribed as Adderall®, Concerta®, Dexedrine®, Focalin®, Metadate®, Methylin®, Ritalin®.Street NamesBennies, Black Beauties, Crank, Ice, Speed, Uppers

How is it used?Orally or injected. “Ice” or crystallized methamphetamine hydrochloride is smoked.

How does it affect the body?

Similar to cocaine, but slower onset and longer durationIncreased body temperature, blood pressure and pulse rates, insomnia, loss of appetite, physical exhaustion

Chronic abuse produces a psychosis that resembles schizophrenia: paranoia, hallucinations, violent and erratic behavior

Overdose can be fatal

Amphetamines

History

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Amphetamines ContinuedFast facts about amphetaminesAmphetamines

are central nervous system (CNS) stimulants.They are used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy.Adverse effects include restlessness, acne, and blurred vision.

Rarer side effects include seizures, heart problems, and psychosis.Amphetamines are used for recreational purposes. They are addictive

Medical Uses:

Amphetamine activates receptors in the brain and increases the activity of a number of neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine and dopamine.

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Methamphetamine What is it?

Stimulant that speeds up body’s system that comes as pill or powder. Available in prescription as Desoxyn® to treat obesity and ADHD. Crystal meth resembles glass fragments and is an illegally altered version of the prescription drug that is cooked with over-the-counter drugs in meth labs.Street NamesMeth, Speed, Ice, Shards, Bikers Coffee, Stove Top, Tweak, Yaba, Trash, Chalk, Crystal, Crank,

ShabuHow is it used?

Powder, pillSmoked, snorted, injectedTo intensify the effects, users may take higher doses of the drug, take it more frequently, or change their method of intake

How does it affect the body?

Highly addictive

Agitation, increased heart rate and blood pressure

Increased respiration and body temperature

Anxiety, paranoia

High doses can cause convulsions, cardiovascular collapse, stroke or death

What it looks like

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Cocaine What is it?White, crystalline powder derived from coca leaves. Cocaine base (crack) looks like small, irregularly shaped white rocks.

Street NamesCoca, Coke, Crack, Crank, Flake, Rock, Snow, Soda CotHow is it used?SnortedDissolved in water and injected

Crack cocaine is smokedCocaine users usually binge on the drug until they are exhausted or run out of cocaine.

How does it affect the body?Smoking or injection creates an intense euphoric “rush”

Tolerance builds quickly, easy to overdoseCardiac arrhythmias

Increased blood pressure and heart rate

Restlessness, irritability, anxiety, paranoia

Insomnia, loss of appetite

Stroke or death

Sudden cardiac arrest

Convulsion

The crash that follows a high is mental and physical exhaustion, sleep, and depression lasting several days. Following the crash, users crave cocaine again.

What does it look like

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Depressants

Depressants, sometimes referred to as downers, are drugs that decrease alertness by slowing down the activity of the central nervous system (e.g. heroin, alcohol and analgesics).

Depressants put parts of the brain to sleep from front to the back. When a section of the brain is asleep, the functions that are controlled by that section are impaired.

Can cause heart rate and breathing to slow down enough to cause death.

Examples alcohol, GHB,

rohypnol

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Examples of Depressants Alcohol Benzodiazepines “Benzos” – Anxiety reducing drug Sleeping Medication GHB “Date Rape” clear and colorless Rohypnol “Date Rape” tranquilizer 10x more than valiumBarbiturates – Xanax

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_R3pny3_2sFAQ

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Rohypnol What is it?Depressant and benzodiazepine with generic name Flunitrazepam. It is not approved for medical use in the United States. Used by cocaine abusers to relieve side effects, and also used as a “date rape” drug.

Street NamesCircles, Forget Me Pill, La Rocha, Lunch Money Drug, Mexican Valium, Pingus, R2, Roach 2, Ruffies, Rophies, Wolfies

How is it used?Oblong olive green tablet, swallowed, crushed and snorted

Can be dissolved in liquidsWhen placed in a light-colored drink, will dye it blue

How does it affect the body?Muscle relaxant, decreased anxiety

Drowsiness, amnesia, sleep

Slurred speech, loss of coordination

Impaired mental function, confusion

Addictive

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Rohypnol (also known as roofies, forget-me-pill, and R-2) is a type of prescription pill known as a benzodiazepine—it’s chemically similar to drugs such as Valium or Xanax, but unlike these drugs, it is not approved for medical use in this country. It has no taste or smell and is sometimes colorless when dissolved in a drink.People who take it can feel very sleepy and confused and forget what happens after its effects kick in.

It can also cause weakness and trouble breathing, and can make it difficult for those who have taken it to move their body.The effects of Rohypnol can be felt within 30 minutes of being drugged and can last for several hours.To prevent misuse of Rohypnol, the manufacturer recently changed the pill to look like an oblong olive green tablet with a speckled blue core. When dissolved in light-colored drinks, the new pills dye the liquid blue and alert people that their drink has been tampered with. Unfortunately, generic versions of Rohypnol may not contain the blue dye.

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GHBGHB - Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid

What is it?Prescribed as Xyrem, it is also known as the “date rape drug." It comes in a liquid or as a white powder that is dissolved in water, juice, or alcohol. In liquid form, GHB is clear and colorless and slightly salty in taste.GHB (also known as cherry meth, scoop, and goop) is a type of drug that acts as a central nervous system depressant and is prescribed for the treatment of narcolepsy (a sleep disorder).

It can cause a person to throw up; it can also slow their heart rate and make it hard to breathe.At high doses, it can result in a coma or death.  

It's a tasteless, odorless drug that can be a powder or liquid. It’s colorless when dissolved in a drink.Mixing it with alcohol makes these effects worse.

GHB can take effect in 15 to 30 minutes, and the effects may last for 3 to 6 hours.

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BenzodiazpinesWhat is it?

Depressants that produce sedation, induce sleep, relieve anxiety and prevent seizures. Available in prescription pills, syrup and injectable preparation. Prescribed as Valium®, Xanax®, Restoril®, Ativan®, Klonopin®Street NamesBenzos, Downers, Nerve Pills, TranksHow is it used?

Orally or crushed and snorted.How does it affect the body?

Calming, euphoriaVivid or disturbing dreams

Amnesia, hostility, irritabilityOverdose may be fatal. Signs: shallow respiration, clammy skin, dilated pupils, weak and rapid pulse, coma

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Hallucinogens

Distort a person’s perceptions so much that they cannot tell what’s real from what is not.

People on hallucinogens may forget where they are or not be able to keep track of time.

Examples: PCP, LSD/Acid, Mushrooms

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5kqThVON18

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PCPPCP (Phencyclidine)What is it?

Synthetically produced hallucinogenStreet NamesAngel Dust, Boat, Crystal, Embalming Fluid, Hog, Ozone, Rocket Fuel, Shermans, Supergrass, Tic Tac, Wack, Zoom

How is it used?Tablets, capsules are swallowedIn powder form, snorted

Leafy material sprayed or dipped in liquid and smokedHow does it affect the body?

Dissociative drug, induces distortion of sight and sound and produces feelings of detachmentDisorientation, delirium

Sedation, immobility, amnesia

Numbness, slurred speech, loss of coordination

Feeling of strength, power, and invulnerability

Increased blood pressure, rapid and shallow breathing, elevated heart rate and temperature

Addictive

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LSDWhat is it?Very strong hallucinogen sold on streets that is odorless and colorless with high potential for abuse.

Street NamesAcid, Blotter Acid, Dots, Mellow Yellow, Window PaneHow is it used?Added to absorbent paper such as blotter paper divided into square dosage unitsTablets or capsulesOccasionally in liquid form

How does it affect the body?Hallucinations

Distorted perception of shape and size of objects, colors, and soundsAcute anxiety and depression

Flashbacks days and even months afterElevated heart rate, higher body temperature, increased blood pressure, dilated pupils

Overdose symptoms: longer, more intense episodes, psychosis and death.

More LSD

FAQ

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Ecstasy or MDMA (Molly)What is it?

Known as a party drug, ecstasy comes in pill or powder form; pill has a variety of logos and colors.Street NamesAdam, Beans, Biscuit, Clarity, Disco Biscuit, E, Eve, Go, Hug Drug, Lover’s Speed, MDMA, Peace, STP, X, XTCHow is it used?Swallowing  gel capsules (Molly), pills, tablets

Powder, Crystal, liquidCrushed or snortedOccasionally smoked

How does it affect the body?Increased motor activity, alertness, heart rate, blood pressure

Muscle tension, tremors, teeth clenching, nausea, sweatingEuphoria, empathy, reduced inhibition

Chills, blurred vision

Confusion, anxiety, depression, paranoia, severe dehydration

Sharp increase in body temperature (hyperthermia), which can lead to liver, kidney and cardiovascular failure and death

More MDMA

FAQ

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Marijuana

Organic drug that comes from the Indian Hemp plant.

It is not certain whether marijuana is physically addictive, but people have been known to become psychologically dependent on it.

Psychoactive component:

THC

(mind altering ingredient in marijuana)

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Marijuana Continued…

The psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is THC.

Effects of Marijuana:

Depressive

Stimulant

Hallucinogenic

Short Term memory loss

One joint is equal in carcinogens to up to 5 cigarettes.

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Marijuana Today The District of Columbia and 11 states -- Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont and Washington -- have adopted the most expansive laws legalizing marijuana for recreational use(each state has certain ounces and growing limitations per household). Most other states allow for limited use of medical marijuana under certain circumstances. Some medical marijuana laws are broader than others, with types of medical conditions that allow for treatment varying from state to state.

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Illinois Course of Action The Illinois General Assembly passed a HB 1438 legalizing recreational marijuana use and sale in the state for adults on May 31, 2019. Governor JB Pritzker signed the bill into law on June 25.

Illinois will be the 11th state to legalize marijuana.

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FAQ about new Illinois LawWhen will marijuana be legal in Illinois?

 January 1, 2020.Who will be able to purchase marijuana legally? Adults aged 21 and over.How much marijuana can be legally purchased or possessed? Up to 30 grams, or about one ounce, of marijuana plant material, edibles totaling no more than 500mg of THC, and five grams of cannabis concentrate products. Non-residents will be able to purchase half those amounts.

How will it be taxed?Marijuana and cannabis-infused products with less than 35% THC will be taxed at 10% of the purchase priceCannabis-infused products with more than 35% THC will be taxed at 20% of the purchase price

Marijuana with more than 35% THC will be taxed at 25% of the purchase price

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Can I grow my own marijuana? Only medical marijuana patients will be able to grow plants at home. They are limited to five plants.Will I be able to smoke wherever I want? No, you will not be able to smoke marijuana in public legally. Consumption in private residences will be legal. Local jurisdictions will be able to decide for themselves if they allow dispensaries to let people smoke on-site.

Any public place, such as streets or parksIn any motor vehicleOn school grounds, with the exception of medical usersNear someone under the age of 21Near an on-duty school bus driver, police officer, firefighter or corrections officerWho will be selling marijuana?

 On January 1, existing medical marijuana cultivators and dispensaries will begin selling to adults until new licenses are approved. 

Per the law, the state will begin receiving and processing new licenses on March 15, 2020 and new dispensary licenses will be issued starting on May 1, 2020. Another round of licenses will not be issued until after the state completes a disparity and market study of the industry. The second round of licenses must take into account the study's findings.

What about people in jail for marijuana?

 

The law allows for people convicted of possession of under 30 grams prior to legalization to have their records referred to the Prisoner Review Board and Governor Pritzker for pardon. If the pardon is granted, the Illinois attorney general will move to expunge their records. Those convicted of possession of larger amounts can petition for expungement themselves. Local state's attorneys can also pursue expungements on a case by case basis. Cook County State's Attorney Kim Foxx has stated she supports marijuana legalization in Illinois, and that her office will expunge all misdemeanor marijuana convictions once it becomes legal. She also said the State's Attorney's Office is currently looking at its policy on prosecuting people who have been detained for selling marijuana once it becomes legal in the state.

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Town Ordinances Bolingbrook: The village board and police department both voiced their 

support for banning marijuana sales.Naperville: Although Naperville was one of the first places to receive a license to sell marijuana, the city voted to ban it.Plainfield: Marijuana will not be allowed

 in the village.Aurora: Four dispensaries were 

approved by the city.Joliet: Recreational sales will be 

allowed, but more discussion will take place about where sales will be allowed.

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Medical Benefits Chronic painDepression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and social anxietyCancer - Evidence suggests

that oral cannabinoids are effective against nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, and some small studies have found that smoked marijuana may also help to alleviate these symptoms.

Multiple sclerosis - The short-term use of oral cannabinoids may improve symptoms of spasticity among people with

multiple sclerosis, but the positive effects have been found to be modest.

Epilepsy - The researchers found that the children who received the

cannabidiol

solution went from having around 12 seizures per month to an average of six seizures per month. Three children receiving

cannabidiol

did not experience any seizures at all.

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Evolution of Weed

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What makes Weed a “bad” drugMarijuana refers to the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds from the 

Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica plant. The plant contains the mind-altering chemical THC and other similar compounds.Smoking THC-rich resins extracted from the marijuana plant is on the rise. People call this practice dabbing. These extracts come in various forms, such as:hash oil or honey oil—a gooey liquid

wax or budder—a soft solid with a texture like lip balm

shatter—a hard, amber-colored solidThese extracts can deliver extremely large amounts of THC to the body, and their use has sent some people to the emergency room. Another danger is in preparing these extracts, which usually involves butane (lighter fluid). A number of people have caused fires and explosions and have been seriously burned from using butane to make extracts at home

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Ways people use Roll marijuana up and smoke it like a cigarette (called a joint) or a cigar (called a blunt)smoke marijuana in a pipe

mix it in food and eat it or brew it as a teasmoke oils from the marijuana plant (this is called “dabbing”)use electronic vaporizers (“vape pens”) to “vape”marijuana oilDabbing and vaping are on the rise.

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Health Risks Memory ProblemsMarijuana makes it hard to remember things that just happened a few minutes ago. That makes it hard to learn in school or to pay attention to your job.Heart ProblemsUsing marijuana makes the heart beat fast and raises your risk of having a heart attack.Coughing and Breathing Problems

People who smoke marijuana can get some of the same coughing and breathing problems as people who smoke cigarettes. Marijuana smoke can hurt your lungs.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmJctxqAmq0FAQ

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Inhalants

Enter the bloodstream and travel to the brain immediately after they are inhaled.

Cause dizziness and giddiness at first, followed by fainting, nausea, and irritability.

Can freeze the alveoli and bronchi of the lungs and cause respiratory arrest.

Examples: Paint Thinners, Free on, gasoline, Nitrous Oxide

Inhalants FAQ

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Narcotics

(Opioids)

Drugs that have been derived from the Opium Poppy plant.

Some are useful medicines because they can be pain relievers, narcotics are also the most physically addictive drugs.

Fentanyl

Heroin

Hydromorphone, Methadone, Morphine

Opium, Hydrocodone

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Narcotics Continued….

Since narcotics cause a fast tolerance to occur, people tend to use more of the substance at a time. Because of this, people run the constant risk of overdose on the drug.

Large doses of narcotics can depress the nervous system and lead to a loss of consciousness, coma, and even death

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HeroinWhat is it?An opiate (narcotic) drug processed from morphine and extracted from certain poppy plants. Heroin comes in a white or brownish powder, or a black sticky substance known as “black tar heroin.” Often “cut” with other drugs or substances such as sugar or powdered milk. User is unaware how much actual heroin is being used, creating likelihood of overdose.

Street NamesBig H, Black Tar, Chiva, Hell Dust, Horse, Negra, Smack, Thunder

How is it used?Injected, smoked, or sniffed/snorted. High purity heroin is usually snorted or smoked.

How does it affect the body?Highly addictive.

Initial surge of euphoria or “rush,” followed by a twilight state of sleep and wakefulnessPhysical symptoms of use include: drowsiness, respiratory depression, constricted pupils, nausea, a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and heavy extremities.

Overdose symptoms: slow and shallow breathing, blue lips and fingernails, clammy skin, convulsions, coma, and possible death.

More H

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Oxycodone What is it?Semi-synthetic opioid drug prescribed for pain as

Tylox®, Percodan®, OxyContin®. Derived from the poppy plant, has high potential for abuse.Street NamesHillbilly Heroin, Kicker, OC, Ox, Roxy, Perc, OxyHow is it used?Pills and tablets chewed or swallowed

Inhaling vapors by heating tablet on foilCrushed and sniffed or dissolved in water and injected

How does it affect the body?Feelings of relaxation, euphoria, pain reliefAddictive

Chronic use of oxycodone with acetaminophen may cause severe liver damageOverdose may lead to coma and possible death.

More Oxy

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Steroids

There are more than 100 types of anabolic steroids which require prescriptions.

Used through oral ingestion, injection, or rubbed on the skin in the form of creams or gels.

Illicit anabolic steroids are often smuggled from Mexico or European countries to the United States.

They can also be synthesized in a clandestine laborites within the United States.

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Steroids

Steroid abuse can cause acne, breast development in men, increased irritability and aggression, liver cancer, heart attack, and high cholesterol.

Withdrawal symptoms can include mood swings, fatigue, restlessness, insomnia, and depression which can persist for a year or more after the abuser stops the use.

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Club Drugs Club drugs tend to be used by teenagers and young adults at bars, nightclubs, concerts, and parties. Ecstasy is the more popular drug from this class

Examples: GHB, Rohypnol®, ketamine,

MDMA (Ecstasy), Methamphetamine, and LSD (Acid)

.

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Ecstasy Greater enjoyment of dancingDistortions of perceptions, particularly light, music and touchArtificial feelings of empathy and emotional warmth

EuphoriaIncreased body temperature, blood pressure and heart rateThreat of dehydrationIncreased energyLack of appetiteLack of fatigue when it would be normalJaw clenching and teeth grindingChillsMuscle cramping