by Paul C Gorski gorskiEdChangeorg How I Know The Poor Are Not The Problem How I Know Educators Can Be a Big Part of the Solution Starting Assumptions Poor ID: 781581
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Slide1
Reaching and Teaching Students in Poverty: Strategies for Erasing the Opportunity Gap
by Paul C. Gorski
gorski@EdChange.org
Slide2How I Know “The Poor” Are Not “The Problem”
* * *
Slide3How I Know EducatorsCan Be a Big Part of the Solution
* * *
Slide4Starting AssumptionsPoor people bear the brunt of almost every imaginable social ill in the U.S.
All
people, regardless of
class
status, deserve access to basic human
rights
Inequities
in
our society
mean all people don’t have this access
4
Slide5Starting Assumptions (cont’d)It is not every individual
teacher or administrator’s
responsibility
to eradicate global
poverty
However
, if we don’t
understand poverty
, we cannot understand families and students in poverty
5
Slide6The Most Practical NoteIf we start with the belief that poor people are poor because poor people are deficient, we already have lost. The single most practical strategy for every one of us:
Let go of the stereotypes
…
99% ideological, 1% practical
6
Slide7Part II:Stereotypers Are Us:
Stereotypes
of Low-Income
People and Other Cognitive Barriers to Progress
Slide8Stereotypers Are UsBrainstorm all the stereotypes you know about low-income peopleAnd note where they come from
8
Slide9Stereotypers Are UsStereotype: LazinessAh, but:
A vast majority of poor people do work (CDF, 2008). According
to the Economic Policy Institute (2002), poor working adults
spend more hours working
per week on average
than their wealthier counterparts.
9
Slide10Stereotypers Are UsStereotype: Don’t Value EducationAh, but: Low-income parents
have the
exact same attitudes about education as wealthy parents (Compton-Lilly, 2003;
Lareau
&
Horvat
, 1999;
Li, 2010;
Leichter
, 1978; Varenne & McDermott, 1986). (More on this later…)
10
Slide11Stereotypers Are UsStereotype: Substance Abuse
Ah, but: Alcohol abuse is far more prevalent among wealthy people than poor people (
Galea
, Ahern, Tracy, &
Vlahov
,
2007;
Humensky
, 2010).
And drug use equally distributed across poor, middle class, and wealthy communities (Saxe, Kadushin, Tighe, Rindskopf, & Beveridge, 2001).
11
Slide12Stereotypers Are UsStereotype: Bad ParentsAh, but:
Research has continued to show that low-income parents care just as much about their children, and work just has hard—or harder—to advocate for their children, as wealthier parents.
12
Slide13Part IVConsidering the Popular Perspectives: the “Culture of Poverty” and Deficit Ideology
Slide14The ‘Culture’ or ‘Mindset’ of PovertyWhat
is it?
Who
made it up?
What the research says
Why it’s dangerous
Silliness: My grandma and Somali children
14
Slide15Deficit View Is…A perspective that explains outcome inequalities as resulting from supposed moral, intellectual, and cultural deficiencies in disenfranchised communities and
individuals.
If your teachers are roughly representative of the US public, they, on average, believe this.
Unfortunately, research shows you can’t believe this and be an effective teacher for low-income students.
Slide16Deficit View:A Micro-Example
Slide17Begin with a Stereotype“Low-income families do not value education.”
Slide18Use that Stereotype to Explain & Justify an Outcome Inequality“Low-income students do not do as well in school as their wealthier peers because they do not value education.”
And
“If only low-income families cared more about education, the economic achievement gap would not exist.”
Slide19Ignore the Fact that This Is UntrueSee, for example:
Compton-Lilly, 2003
Lareau & Horvat, 1999
Leichter, 1978
Slide20Gather Evidence SelectivelyConveniently forget:Funding disparities
Choice disparities
Curricular & pedagogical disparities
And so on…
Or even:
The scarcity of living wage jobs
Lack of access to healthcare
And so on…
Slide21Develop Educational Strategies through the Lens of This IdeologyParenting classes for low-income families
Mentor programs for low-income students
Tutoring programs for low-income students
And so on…
Slide22Never Address (or Acknowledge) Underlying InequitiesNo reflection on what we’re doing or the biases or inequities in our schools and classrooms…
And so on
Slide23Part V:Understanding the Challenges of Low-Income Families
Slide24Pre-SchoolLess accessWhen they have access, it’s to lower-quality pre-schoolAccording to brain research, this is critical because of the cognitive development that happens during pre-school years (Duncan, Ludwig, & Magnuson,
2007)
24
Slide25PollutionAir and water in low-income neighborhoods more pollutedMore likely to live near hazardous production and storage sites (Walker et al, 2005)
25
Slide26Neighborhood FactorsLow-income neighborhoods more likely to have lower-quality social, municipal, and local services; greater traffic volume, fewer playgrounds; less green space (NCTAF, 2004)
26
Slide27HealthLess access to health care (Koenig, 2007)Less access to preventive measures (Pampel et al, 2010)Less access to prenatal care (Temple et al, 2010)
Higher levels of chronic stress and depression (Wadsworth et al, 2008)
Less access to healthy foods (
Pampel
et al, 2010)
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Slide28In School, the “Great Equalizer”:
This opportunity gap is characterized by the lack of access to:
Quality preschool
Adequately funded schools
School nurses, counselors, and other school support services
Affirming school environments (bullying)
High academic expectations
Higher-order, engaging pedagogies
Opportunities for family engagement
28
Slide29Also:Safe and affordable housingAn affirming societyRecreational opportunitiesAnd on and on and on
Part of the problem with the “culture of poverty” model is that it is largely silent on these conditions—it distracts us from them…
29
Slide30Thoughts…These are the reasons for outcome inequalities, not cultural deficiencies (Depere et al, 2010):
“
Thus, children raised in advantaged neighborhoods appear to receive higher quality child care and to attend more advantaged schools, even when family characteristics, such as the quality of the home environment, are held constant. In turn, access to advantaged institutions may explain why children in comparatively advantaged neighborhoods tended to have higher vocabulary and reading scores than their peers in less advantaged
neighborhoods” (p, 1241).
30
Slide31Part VI: Equity Literacy Approach
Slide32Principles to RememberPoor people are diverse—they do not share a cultureThey don’t share a learning style or communication style or world view or behaviors or attitudes or…
32
Slide33Principles to RememberWe cannot understand the relationship between poverty and education without understanding biases and inequities experienced by people in poverty.
33
Slide34Principles to RememberWhat we believe about people in poverty, including our biases and prejudices, informs how we teach and relate to people in poverty
So we must begin by shifting our view about poverty and poor
people
* * *
34
Slide35Things to DoRid ourselves of the stereotypes and prejudices and misinformation, then help our colleagues do the sameName deficit ideology when you see it
Remember, any strategy that is based on fixing low-income families is, at best, incomplete and, at worst, offensive and alienating
35
Slide36Things to DoTake stock of, and then eliminate, any example of unequal distribution of resources (e.g., the most effective teachers, the newest science labs, the best sports fields, the highest-order pedagogy) within schools and between schools
36
Slide37Things to DoAdopt higher-order curricular and pedagogical models at all schoolsKeep physical education and arts programs in all schools
37
Slide38Things to DoRefuse to charge money for any school-related activity (extracurriculars, field trips)
Review policy carefully to find implicit ways low-income people are targeted and disadvantaged
38
Slide39Things to DoPartner with local agencies and organizations when possible to add needed services to your school (medical, nutrition)Advocate for smaller class sizes
39
Slide40Things to DoResist the imposition of high-stakes testing, which is having the most devastating impact on the most marginalized students (while helping a few test-development companies like Pearson make a lot of money)
40
Slide41Things to DoMake opportunities for family involvement accessible to low-income families(and, if you haven’t thought about it, ask yourself why you haven’t thought about it)
41
Slide42Things to DoRemember that many low-income parents experienced school as a hostile environment when they were students. That’s not their fault. So what we can do about it? Persistence
Patience
Humility
42
Slide43Final ReflectionThe research points most ferociously at one conclusion:If you believe that poor people are poor because of their own deficiencies and not because of systemic barriers, you are likely to contribute to the very inequities we’re here to eliminate. Our attitudes about poor families is the most critical single variable affecting the schools we are creating for them.
But no pressure.
43
Slide44Thank you.Paul C. Gorskigorski@edchange.orghttp://www.EdChange.org