Unit 2 Fruits Fruit In flowering plants fruit is a mature ripened that contains the seeds A fruit is defined as a ripened ovary Pericarp the ovary wall May consist of two or three layers ID: 576105
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Plant Science Unit 2
FruitsSlide2
Fruit
In flowering plants – fruit is a mature ripened _________ that contains the seeds
A fruit is defined as a ripened ovary
Pericarp – the ovary wallMay consist of two or three layers: exocarp, mesocarp, endocarpSlide3
PericarpSlide4
Fruit Types
Simple
Aggregate
MultipleSlide5
Simple Fruit
A simple fruit – develops from a single ovary of a single flower
Can be either fleshy or dry when mature
Simple fleshy fruitBerrySlide6
Simple Fleshy F
ruit
Berry – entire fruit wall is soft and fleshy at maturity. Inside is slimy. Contains no stony layer but contains one to many seeds.
Examples: Grapes, tomatoes, etc
Hesperidium - a berry with a tough, leathery rind (peel)
Examples: Oranges, lemons, other citrusSlide7
Simple Fleshy Fruit
Drupe – outer part of fruit wall is soft and fleshy, inner part is hard and stony. Has a pit.
Examples: Peach, plum, cherriesSlide8
Simple Fleshy Fruit
4.
Pepo – also a fleshy fruit with a tough outer rindAll members of the squash family: pumpkin, melon, cucumber Slide9
Simple Fleshy Fruit
Pomes: most of the fleshy part of pomes develops from the enlarged base of the
perianth
(corolla and calyx) that has fused with the ovary wall Examples: Pears, applesSlide10
Simple Dry Fruits
Simple dry fruits are dry (not fleshy) at maturity. Simple dry fruits that open at maturity include capsules and legumes
Capsule – fruit is dry at maturity and splits open along several seams
Example: Cotton Slide11
Simple Dry Fruit
Legumes are dry at maturity and split open along __________ seams
Examples: pea pods, bean pods, peanutSlide12
Simple Dry Fruits
Simple dry fruits that do NOT open at maturity include:
Caryopsis: seed coat is fused to the ovary wall
Examples: corn, wheatNuts: single-ovary wall and seed coat remain separate, ovary wall is very hard Example: acorn sSlide13
Aggregate Fruit
An aggregate fruit develops from one flower with many separate pistils/carpels, all ripening simultaneously
Examples: strawberry, raspberry, blackberrySlide14
Multiple Fruit
Multiple fruit develops from ovaries of several flowers borne/fused together on the same stalk
Example: pineapple Slide15
What is the purpose of the fruit?
The main function of the fruit is to disperse the seeds
Dispersal is important because
It spreads the progeny in order to colonize new environmentsReduces the chances of predators destroying all of the plant’s yearly seed productionReduces plant competition4 types of dispersalSlide16
Self Dispersal
Plants disperse their seeds by forceful ejection – explosive fruits!
Witch hazel, squirting cucumber (jet propulsion)Slide17
Self Dispersal
The peanut plant sows (buries) its own seeds!
Geocarpic
: carpel grows inside the earthSlide18
Wind Dispersal
Fruit and seeds may have special devices for wind dispersal
Plumes catch wind currents: dandelion
Trees take advantage of their great heights for wind dispersal. Fruits with wings are used to slow the descent to land: maple, ash fruitSlide19
Water Dispersal
Fruits and/or seeds use flotation devices to travel by water
Fruit may have air spaces, waterproof coverings, and corky floats
Example: coconutsSlide20
Animal Dispersal
Some dry fruit attach and cling to animals
Some have
velcro-like hooks that cling to animal fur (burdock, cockleburs)Others that sticky substances that stick to host (mistletoe)Slide21
Check it out!
http://
www.vtaide.com/png/seed-dispersion.htm
Gives more examples of how specific fruits are dispersed