A light on phytochemicals and their benefits to the human health Zainab MansurZM Yan YangYY Diana JuarezDJ Akshata Kulkarni AK Introduction Zainab ID: 554235
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Slide1
Super fruit, Pomegranate:
A
light on phytochemicals and their benefits to the human health
Zainab
Mansur(ZM) Yan Yang(YY)
Diana Juarez(DJ) Akshata Kulkarni (AK)Slide2
Introduction Zainab Mansur (
ZM)Slide3
Pomegranate (Punica granatum
L.) is a member of punicaceae family.
Has one genus and two species.Native fruit to the Mediterranean and Central and Southern Asia.Today
pomegranate grows
throughout large areas including Asia, Africa, India, and some parts of the
USA.
Introduction
UCDAVIS, 2013)Slide4
The plant is a small tree or shrub, deciduous with multiple suckers from the base.
Flowers are red to red-orange in color.Funnel shape.
Semi-round fleshy fruit consists of arils and surrounded by leathery skin (rind).
DescriptionSlide5
The world production of pomegranates is about 2.5 million tons (2007).
World Pomegranate production in 2007. (USAID, 2008)
World ProductionSlide6
Tropical and a subtropical fruit.Thrives in mild winter and hot, dry summer climates.
Chilling injury occurs at -12 ⁰C.
Rain is unfavorable during the last stages of the fruit development and causes fruit splitting.
Present
Absent/Unreported
Pomegranate
distribution in the USA. (USDA, 2013)
Distribution and ClimateSlide7
Low respiration rate (5-10 mg CO2 kg-1 hr
-1).
Very low ethylene production (<0.1 μL C2H4
kg
-1
hr
-1
).
Moderate
perishable and can
be shipped without any problems as long as bruising is avoided
.
Has
a shelf life up to 3 months at 5-7 ⁰C.
Post-harvest
Copyright © 2010 Amit Agro-FreshSlide8
Phytochemicals in PomegranateYAN YANG (YY)Slide9
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/11/101119083126.htmPomegranate Juice
Its juice holds a higher capacity of antioxidant than other commonly consumed polyphenol-rich beverages in the United States.
The ellagitannin is one of the most important polyphenolic antioxidant in pomegranate juice.The pomegranate juice producing process bring in a certain quantity of water-soluble
punicalagins
.
Predominant Phytochemicals found in Pomegranate:
Ellagitannins
:
punicalagins
and
punicalins
Free
Ellagic
acid and
Ellagic
acid glycosides
Anthocyanin:
delphinidin
,
cyanidinSlide10
Pomegranate PeelPomegranate peel are build up around 26-30% of total fruit weight.
Gallic acid, ellagic acid and punicalagin play an important role in antibacterial activities.
The mechanism of antimicrobial activity:precipitation of membrane protein, causing microbial cell lysis.
c
Punicalagin
:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Punicalagin.PNGSlide11
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00131.x/fullPomegranate Seed
Pomegranate seed oil contains more than 70% conjugated linolenic acid.
The complex of pomegranate seed oil has functions in antiflammatory activity, cancer chemoprevention, especially for colon cancer and breast cancer.Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated
linolenic
acid suppresses chemically induced colon carcinogenesis in rats (Kohno 2004).
http://www.fushi.co.uk/body-care/massage-body-oils/pomegranate-seed-oil-organic.htmlSlide12
Health BenefitsSlide13
Diana Juarez (DJ)
Epidemiological studiesSlide14
“A single pomegranate contains nearly a quarter of the USDA’s daily recommended amount of dietary fiber, which helps you feel full and maintain a healthy weight,”
says Jennifer Franklin, a Registered Dietitian at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville.
Dietary FiberSlide15
Ancient medicinePomegranate has been documented since 1550 B.C. (Stover & Mercure, 2007)Egyptians juice and wine Intestinal wormsGreek mythologyFruit of immortalityChinese“soul concentrate”Hebrewspeel and arils Stomach ache, respiratory problems, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory
Photo : Sanders & Kingsnorth (2012)
Jurenka, J. (2008). Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review. Alternative medicine review, 13(2), 128-144; Sanders, D. L., & Kingsnorth, A. N. (2012). From ancient to contemporary times: a concise history of incisional hernia repair.
Hernia
,
16
(1), 1-7.;
Stover, E. and Mercure, E.W., 2007. The pomegranate: A new look at the fruit of paradise. Hortscience 42:1088-1092.
Slide16
Traditional medicineAyurvedaAnti-parasitic, blood tonic, diarrhea, and ulcersUse all parts of the plant (roots, bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit)UnaniPrevent diabetesPracticed in Middle East and India
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Punica_granatum2.jpgJurenka, J. (2008). Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review. Alternative medicine review, 13(2), 128-144 Slide17
Pomegranate todayHealth benefitsOral healthRegulate cholesterolProstate cancerCardiovascularClinical trials 145POM Wonderful2012 sales have increase 30%
http://www.pomwonderful.com/pomegranate-products/freshfruit/pom-fresh/
U.S Government Agency, U.S National Library of Medicine. (2013). Medline: Pomegranate. Retrieved from website: http://search.medscape.com/medline-search?queryText=pomegranate&navState=21&sortBy=&fromMonth=&fromYear=&toMonth=&toYear=&dateDimId=21&CMEDimId=&pagerOffset=0&search_type=&
contentType
=Slide18
Akshata Kulkarni(AK)
Invitro
In vivo
Clinical trialsSlide19
AntioxidantAnticarcinogenicAnti-inflammatory propertiesBenefits can be explored in the treating infant brain ischemia, male infertility, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, and obesity. (Langley, 2000)
InvitroSlide20
Antioxidant properties:
Antioxidant activity of Pomegranate peels extracts and BHA by βcarotene-linoleate
system Radical scavenging activity of Pomegranate peels extracts and BHA by DPPH system Pomegranate Peels extract
Adapted from: R
. P. Singh
,
K. N.
Chidambara
Murthy
and, and G. K.
Jayaprakasha
Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2002
50
(1), 81-86Slide21
Antioxidant properties:
Pomegranate seeds extractAntioxidant activity of Pomegranate
seeds extracts and BHA by βcarotene-linoleate system % Antioxidant Activity
Radical scavenging activity of Pomegranate
seeds
extracts and BHA by DPPH system
% Radical scavenging activity
Adapted from: R
. P. Singh
,
K. N.
Chidambara
Murthy
and, and G. K.
Jayaprakasha
Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2002
50
(1), 81-86Slide22
Antiproliferative properties against human oral tumor cells
Concentration µg/mlConcentration µg/ml
ProliferationProliferation
Graphs showing
antiproliferative
activities of
punicalagin
,
Ellagic
acid(EA), Total Pomegranate tannins (TPT), Pomegranate Juice(PJ) against human oral tumor cells lines KB and CAL27 for 48
hr
KB cell line
CAL27cell line
Legend:
Punicalagin
EA
PJ
TPT
Adapted from: Journal of nutritional biochemistry [0955-2863]
Seeram
yr
: 2005
vol
: 16
iss
: 6
pg
: 360 -367 Slide23
Antiproliferative properties against human colon tumor cellsProliferation
Concentration µg/ml
Concentration µg/mlProliferation
Legend:
Punicalagin
EA
PJ
TPT
Graphs showing
antiproliferative
activities of
punicalagin
,
Ellagic
acid(EA), Total Pomegranate tannins (TPT), Pomegranate Juice(PJ) against human
colon
tumor cells lines
SW 460 and SW 620
for 48
hr
SW 460 cell line
SW 620 cell line
Adapted from: Journal of nutritional biochemistry [0955-2863]
Seeram
yr
: 2005
vol
: 16
iss
: 6
pg
: 360 -367 Slide24
Antiproliferative properties against human colon tumor cells
Graphs showing antiproliferative activities of punicalagin,
Ellagic acid(EA), Total Pomegranate tannins (TPT), Pomegranate Juice(PJ) against human colon tumor cells lines HT 29 and HCT 116 for 48 hr
Proliferation
Concentration µg/ml
Concentration µg/ml
Legend:
Punicalagin
EA
PJ
TPT
Proliferation
HT 29 cell line
HCT 116 cell line
Adapted from: Journal of nutritional biochemistry [0955-2863]
Seeram
yr
: 2005
vol
: 16
iss
: 6
pg
: 360 -367 Slide25
InvivoSlide26
Effect of pomegranate juice consumption on cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and expression
On the other hand, there is a complex interplay between tumor initiation, promotion, and progression and xenobiotic
biotranformation.It was found that pomegranate juice consumption decreased total hepatic CYP content as well as the expression of CYP1A2 and
CYP3A
Hepatic CYP450 content in mice treated with Pomegranate Juice(PJ) and control
Pomegranate Juice Effects on Cytochrome P450s
Expression:In
VivoStudies
,
Journal of medicinal food [1096-620X]
Faria
yr
: 2007
vol
: 10
iss
: 4
pg
: 643 -649Slide27
Pomegranate peel extracts inhibits ROS-dependent luminol-amplified chemilumniscence in resting and stimulated neutrophils
Total cell counts in vehicle, PGE, LPS and LPS+PGENeutrophil count in vehicle, PGE, LPS and LPS+PGE
Effect of PGE on BALF cell content of mice
Bachoual
,
Rafik
, et al. "An aqueous pomegranate peel extract inhibits neutrophil myeloperoxidase in vitro and attenuates lung inflammation in
mice."
Food
and Chemical Toxicology
49.6 (2011): 1224-1228.Slide28
Clinical trialsSlide29
To determine the effects of pomegranate consumptionStudy 1: on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression
in men: Patient serum showed 12% in cell proliferation,
17% in apoptosis and 23% serum nitric oxideStudy 2: on Pulse wave velocity and Blood Pressure: No effect of the intervention seen on PWV,
PJ supplementation had benefits for BP
significant fall in systolic and diastolic BP
Study 3: on Angiotensin converting enzyme activity:
36% in
serum ACE activity
and
5%
in systolic
blood pressure
wide
protection against cardiovascular
diseases
Study 4: on hypercholesterolemia and LDL:
Patients with hypercholesterolemia significantly reduced the levels of plasma cholesterol and LDL.
The reduction in LDL attenuation of the development of atherosclerotic lesions
Study 5: on carotid artery stenosis (CAS) and BP :
Pomegranate Juice reduces
carotid IMT and systolic blood pressure Slide30
Meta- analysis???
No published meta analysis study availableOne available is on the comparison of antioxidant activity between apple juice and pomegranate juicePJ has greater antioxidant activity compared to that of apple juiceSlide31
BioavailabilityBioavailability
of ellagitannins,including punicalagin, has
not been previously described in humans.Scheme of the study design
No intact
punicalagin
,
punicalin
or
ellagic
acid conjugates were detected in human plasma or urine
Few metabolites were detected in urine and plasma after 25H of juice intake
metabolites produced in the distal part of the intestine by the action of colon bacteria
Large difference in metabolite
productiondifference
in colon
microflora
Stress should be given more on colonic
microflora
metabolites rather than to
phenolics
present in the juice!
Cerdá
,
Begoña
, et al. "The potent in vitro antioxidant
ellagitannins
from pomegranate juice are
metabolised
into bioavailable but poor antioxidant
hydroxy
–6H–
dibenzopyran
–6–one derivatives by the colonic
microflora
of healthy humans."
European journal of nutrition
43.4 (2004): 205-220Slide32
ToxicityIn general, the pomegranate fruit and its components are considered safe for human consumption
the juice is widely consumed and no serious adverse events have been reported in clinical trials althoughthese
have been limited in number and size However, diarrhoea was reported more frequently in patients taking
a larger dose (3g) than in those taking a smaller dose (1g) in one
trial
No
observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for this standardized pomegranate fruit extract with 30%
punicalagins
was determined as 600 mg/kg body
weight/day
Patel,
Chintan
, et al. "Safety assessment of pomegranate fruit extract: Acute and
subchronic
toxicity studies."
Food and Chemical Toxicology
46.8 (2008): 2728-2735.Slide33
ConclusionPomegranate (Punica
granatum L.) is a member of punicaceae family
.The world production of pomegranates is about 2.5 million tonsPredominant Phytochemicals found in Pomegranate are ellagitannins:
punicalagins
and
punicalins
,
Ellagic
acid and Anthocyanin
: delphinidin,
cyaniding
Pomegranates have numerous benefits towards human health due to their antioxidant,
anticarcinogenic
and anti-inflammatory
properties
These are supported by number of in-vitro and in-vivo studies along with a number of clinical trials
No meta-analysis reported so far except for one on its antioxidant properties
Bioavailability seen to be poorSlide34
Thank YOU!
Questions?