voters prioritized for redistricting when they approved the California Redistricting Commission CRC initiative If the legislature drew the new districts what criteria would ID: 572790
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Slide1
What were the criteria that
voters
prioritized
for
redistricting when they approved the
California Redistricting
Commission (CRC) initiative?
If the
legislature
drew the new districts,
what
criteria
would
they prioritize?
How much did the CRC's district maps adhere to
v
oters’
criteria?
Did the new CRC process produce districts that were more competitive?
Did
it create maps that had distinct partisan advantages
?Slide2
Elections and Party
Systems
What is a Party System?
not all systems the same...why?
What is basis of party competition?
Why two party systems, why multi-party systems?Slide3
What are Parties?
Organization dedicated to winning
elections
Primary institution for organizing mass democracy
Democracy, representation impossible w/o
partiesSlide4
Responsible party model
Two parties:
One Controls Government
One Acts as Opposition
Elections a referendum on the Government
Requires “discipline,” but provides simplicity,
accountabilitySlide5
Parties and Responsible Government
Parties present clear choices to voters
Cohesive platform
MPs all vote party line
Number of choices limited
Government
Opposition
AccountabilitySlide6
Lippset
& Rokkan Model
Party Systems
function of:
Coalitions
of social groups defied by historical cleavages
National Revolution (State building)
Industrial Revolution
Post - material RevolutionSlide7
Lippset
and Rokkan:
Old Coalitions
National Revolution
Cleavages:
Pre-existing interests vs..... forces of new nation-state
Land-based elites vs. liberals/merchants
Church
vs.... State
City vs. Country
Center vs..... periphery
Dominant culture against distinct
regionsSlide8
Lippset
and Rokkan:
Old Coalitions
Industrial Revolution
Cleavages:
Owners vs. workers
Capital vs.
Labor / workers
Land-based interests
vs.
Capital
Slide9
Lippset
and Rokkan:
New Coalitions
Post-material / post-industrial revolution
(Inglehart)
Society moves beyond ‘material’ economic concerns
Newer cleavages
around
‘
cultural
’
values
‘
process
’
oriented concernsSlide10
Lippset
and Rokkan: Coalitions
How do these old cleavages define contemporary parties?
Religion
(CDU in Germany, US Democrats
pre
‘
68?)
Region
(Scotland SNP
,
Germany CSU
,
Canada BQ
, )
Class
(Torries v. Labour in UK;
Socialists
in FR, IT, SP
)Slide11
Lippset
and Rokkan: Coalitions
Dalton:
“Most parties and party systems are still oriented primarily toward the
traditional
political alignments that L & R described”
New coalitions: Values based, environment, lifestyle, minority rights, social/moral issues (?)Slide12
Lippset
& Rokkan: Coalitions
How much do
‘old’
cleavages matter
?
Does this model work in US
(why? why not?)
Class?
Land-elite based parties (Conservatives vs..... Liberals)
a dead cleavage?
Church v. State Cleavage (religious v. secularists)Slide13
Old Politics v New Politics?
In US
Old
“
New Deal
”
system: Dems = party of working class
GOP = party of business
Since then:
Women
’
s movement, Civil Right Movement, Environmentalism, sexual-orientation concerns, changes in economy, family
structure
But
: Rising income inequalitySlide14
Party Identification
“
Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a Democrat,
Republican, independent, or what?
”
Where do attachments to party come from?
Sociological determinism
You have no free will?
Funnel of Causality Early life-->PID----------------->voteSlide15
Old vs. New Politics, US
Party ID
1952 1968 1980 1996 2000 2008
Low income 64% 65% 60% 63% 62% 63%
% Democratic
High income 30% 41% 32% 41% 36% 28%
% DemocraticSlide16
Old vs. New Politics, US
Party ID
1952 1968 1980 1996 2000 2008
Unskilled 71% 81% 56% 52% 50% n/a
% Democratic
Professional 52% 44% 47% 41% 46% n/a
% DemocraticSlide17
Old vs. New Politics, US
Is there “Class” in the US?
Dalton, Chpt. 8
% “working class” = % middle class
Class v. income
Is there an upper class?Slide18
Old vs. New Politics, US
Why is class voting decreasing?
Growth of the “new middle class”
“Workers” have income similar to middle class”
“Increased social mobility”
“Social modernization”
“Parties have broadened their appeal to attract middle class voters
Socialists appeal to centerSlide19
Old vs. New Politics, US
I
s class voting decreasing?
Change in political conflict
Parties less likely to make appeals on class-based issues
Or, all parties have abandoned working class, low income votersSlide20
Old Politics v New
Politics: If not ‘class’, then what?
Traditionalists vs..... Non-traditionalists?
Small public sector vs..... larger public sector
(old cleavage?)
Materialists vs..... Post materialists?
environment over economy vs....
economy over environmentSlide21
Cleavages and Voters
National revolution region, religion
Industrial revolution
‘middle’
class vs.
working class
Postindustrial materialist/post matSlide22
Party Systems: Number of Parties
Types of parties & basis of competition in a nation (Dalton)
Number
of parties
Two-party systems (US, UK..sort of)
Multi-party systems (FR, IT, Ger...sort of)Slide23
Why 2, 3, more parties?
Number of cleavages
Regionalism
Institutional design
Electoral system rules:
Single member constituencies vs.....
Multi-member constituencies
Runoff procedures
Slide24
Party Systems & Electoral Rules
France
: Plurality, 2 round w/ runoff
2 large parties, several small
Germany
: Mixed Member Proportional (MMP)
2 large parties, several small
UK
: Simple Plurality..... 2.5 (?) parties
US
: Simple Plurality......2 partiesSlide25
Party Systems and Electoral Rules
Rules that affect number of parties:
SMSP vs......... PR (but see last slide)
Size of national legislature
Presidential vs..... parliamentary
Federalism (regionalism)...Canada
Runoffs,
‘
alternate
’
vote systems (Australia)
Slide26
Comparing parties
How do US parties compare to Europe?
Does a two party system = less distinct parties?
more distinctive parties?
Does a multi-party system = more ideological diversity?Slide27
Party Identification
“
Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a Democrat,
Republican, independent, or what?
”
Where do attachments to party come from?
Sociological determinism
You have no free will?
Funnel of Causality Early life-->PID----------------->vote