American History I NC Final Exam Review #1 - PowerPoint Presentation

1. American History I NC Final Exam Review #1In this review we will be focusing on thinking chronologically

2. What does it mean to think “Chronologically”?As historians, we need to be able to encapsulate events, people, ideas into appropriate time periods in order to help us understand how one event leads to another.Being able to think in “Timelines” helps us understand that “happenings” in a particular time period have a significant influence on people and ideas that are shaped during that period.Remember that one of our key statements from this class is that history doesn’t “just happen”, that there are both obvious and hidden causes for everything that may stretch backward for years and years.From a “test-taking” perspective, your exam will not necessarily be chronological, so you will need to have a grasp on when things occurred in this class.

3. Some basics about historical “Chronology”Thinking “Centuries”Seems obvious but to determine the Century you take the first two numbers of the year and add one2014 is part of the 21st Century1973 is part of the 20th Century1860 is part of the 19th Century1776 is part of the 18th Century1607 is part of the 17th Century1585 is part of the 16th Century1492 is part of the 15th Century “Big Events”, “Big Ideas”, “Important People”Be able to place people, ideas, and events in their appropriate time periodChristopher Columbus = 1492John Winthrop = 1620sThomas Paine = 1776Abraham Lincoln = 1860Mercantilism = 1600s and 1700sAbolition = mid-1800sAmerican Revolution = 1775-1783Manifest Destiny = 1830s and 1840sAmerican Civil War = 1860sReconstruction = 1860s and 1870s

4. Some basics about historical “Chronology”“Chronological Thinking” is all about being able to cluster information around some generalized concept or theme.If I know that the American Revolution was fought between 1775 and 1783 then that means that most, if not all, of the major events related to the Revolution will have occurred between those time periods as well.Lexington and Concord = 1775___________________ = 1776Battle of Saratoga = 1778Battle of Yorktown = 1781Treaty of Paris = ______Knowing the timing of these types of major events also helps us connect the dots and see “causes and effects”I may know that the French and Indian War was a catalyst to the American Revolution, but do I know some of the events in the “in-between” years that demonstrate this?Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre, Committees of Correspondence, First and Second Continental Congress, Lexington and Concord, Common Sense, Declaration of Independence.

5. Clustering Information Exploration and Colonization1300s – Renaissance signals the end of the Dark Ages and inspires a desire for discovery and exploration.1400s – Beginning of a focus on long-range navigation with the hope of establishing trade with India and China, Technological advances in navigation (compass, astrolabe, caravel, etc.), Columbus discovers America, Spanish and Portuguese try to claim all of the Americas for themselves.1500s – British defeat the Spanish Armada opening the way to British colonization of the Americas. French and Dutch also begin to explore the New World. Sir Walter Raleigh’s failed “Lost Colony” Expedition.1600s – Since this is American History we begin to focus more on British Colonization efforts, Jamestown and Plymouth Settlements are formed. “Great Migration” of Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay Colony and greater New England. Remainder of the “American Colonies” are formed ending with Georgia as a “buffer zone” between the American Colonies and Spanish Florida. African Slaves arrive in Jamestown in 1619.

6. Clustering Information Road to Revolution 1690s – Enlightenment introduces new concepts on the relationship between governments and the governed.John Locke 1690Baron de Montesquieu 1748Rousseau 17621754-1763 – French and Indian War1763 – Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War and severely limits France’s presence in North America1763 – Pontiac’s Rebellion1763 – King of England ban’s American Colonists from emigrating west of the Appalachian Mountains in order to prevent further conflict with Natives.1765 – Stamp Act is passed as part of a series of new taxes and restrictions on the Colonies to pay off the British War Debt.1767 – The Townshend Acts1770 – Boston Massacre1773 – Boston Tea Party and the Formation of the Committees of Correspondence1774 – Parliament passes the Intolerable Acts, Meeting of the First Continental Congress1775 – Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Meeting of the Second Continental Congress, King George III rejects the Olive Branch Petition1776 – Publication of Common Sense, Thomas Jefferson drafts the Declaration of Independence.

7. Clustering Information The American Revolution1775 – see previous slide1776 – see previous slide1777 – Battles of Trenton and Princeton (Washington’s first major victories), Battle of Saratoga (Turning Point of the War), Washington’s Army becomes a professional army at Valley Forge.1778 – George Rogers Clark (later of Lewis and Clark) defeats the British in the West1779-1780 – The focus of the War shifts to the Southern Colonies, where the Continental Army led by Nathaniel Greene and Daniel Morgan won a series of Battles.1781 – British General Cornwallis’s Army is severely crippled after a victory at Guilford Courthouse then is defeated at the Battle of Yorktown effectively ending the war.1783 – Treaty of Paris officially recognizes the independence of the United States of America.

8. Clustering Information Forming a New Nation1783 – U.S. officially adopts the Articles of Confederation as its first constitution (it is a miserable failure)1787 – Only real success of the Articles of Confederation, the Northwest Ordinance establishes a system for adding new states to the Union.1787 – Shays’s Rebellion scares the States into investigate possible changes to the Articles of Confederation to strengthen the national government.1787 – Constitutional Convention is held in Philadelphia where it is decided to scrap the Articles of Confederation and draft a new Constitution1787-1790 – Arguments between the Federalists and Antifederalists result in the addition of the Bill of Rights to the Constitution and the ratification of the document.

9. Clustering Information Forming a New Nation1789 – Washington becomes our first President1790s – Hamilton’s Bank Plan leads to the formation of the nation’s first political parties (Federalist supporting his plan vs. Democratic-Republicans opposing it).1793 – Washington establishes the nation’s foreign policy based on neutrality.1794 – Whiskey Rebellion gave Washington the opportunity to show that the newly strengthened Federal Government was determined to enforce the law.1794 – The U.S. signs Jay’s Treaty with the British forcing the British to abandon their forts in the Northwest (Ohio River Valley) but allowing them to maintain trade posts in the region.1795 – Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain gave the U.S. access to the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans.1795 – Treaty of Greenville – Native Americans signed over their rights to much of the Ohio River Valley for far less than market value.

10. Clustering Information Forming a New Nation1797 – X, Y. and Z Affair damages the United States’ special relationship with France and leads to the Quazi War in the Caribbean.1798 – fueled by the XYZ Affair Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts limiting free speech and extending the time it took to become a citizen from 5 years to 141798-1800 – debates over the Alien and Sedition Acts lead to the theory of nullification, first established by the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.1800 – Revolution of 1800, Thomas Jefferson becomes President and repeals the Alien and Sedition Acts. First time the Presidency changed political parties.1801 – Marbury v. Madison established the concept of Judicial Review1803 – Jefferson authorized the Louisiana Purchase1806-1807 – Both the French and British begin interfering with American trade ships in the Atlantic.1807 – Jefferson signs the Embargo Act halting American trade on the Atlantic to keep us out of war.1811 – The British arm the Native American leader Tecumseh and encourage a rebellion in the Ohio River Valley sparking cries for war with Britain.1812 – Congress declares war on Great Britain (War of 1812)1814 – Treaty of Ghent is signed ending the fighting in the War of 18121815 – The Battle of New Orleans leads to a wave of patriotism in the U.S.1815 – Revelation of the Hartford Convention destroys the Federalist Party1816 – Election of James Monroe begins the “Era of Good Feelings”1823 – Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine further cementing neutrality as the basis of American foreign policy.

11. Clustering Information Expansion and Sectionalism1820 – The Missouri Compromise creates a dividing line for slavery in the Louisiana Territory, as well as adding Missouri (slave) and Maine (free) to the Union.1828-1836 – Andrew Jackson clears the American Southeast of Native American tribes through forced removal and a series of brutal wars.1828 – Nullification crisis is revived over the Tariff of Abominations and South Carolina threatens secession for the first time.1830s – mass production of the Cotton Gin leads to an explosion in the demand for slavery in the United States.1836 – Texas becomes the Lone Start Republic after winning independence from Mexico1844 – James K. Polk becomes President based on the promise to fulfill Manifest Destiny.1845 – Texas is annexed by the United States1846 – Polk starts a war with Mexico that results in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the ceding of territory to the U.S. that would become California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona.1849 – California Gold Rush creates a wave of western emigration and new problems related to the expansion of slavery.

12. Clustering Information Social Reforms of the 1800s1820s and 1830s – a Religious Revival Movement known as the Second Great Awakening motivated Americans to become active in social reform movements.Temperance Movement – Women’s Christian Temperance UnionPublic Education – Horace MannAsylum and Prison Reform – Dorothea Dix1820s and 1830s – The Transcendentalist Movement, led by Ralph Waldo Emerson, taught that Organized Religion and Political Parties corrupted society, that people needed to simplify their lives, get back in touch with nature, and be more self-reliant.Henry David Thoreau was one of the most well-known of the Transcendentalists and was arrested in 1845 for refusing to pay his taxes believing the money would go to the expansion of slavery. He wrote an essay called Civil Disobedience to express his point.1820s and 1830s – Most extreme of the reform movements was the Utopian Communities that attempted to break away from society and form perfect societies free from corruption and competition. They all failed.

13. Clustering Information Social Reform Movements of the 1800s1828 – William Lloyd Garrison founds the American Abolition Movement1829 – David Walker published the Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World encouraging African Americans to fight for their freedom1831 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing The Liberator 1845 – Frederick Douglass published his autobiography which became the narrative for slavery in America, he would later publish an abolitionist newspaper, The North Star.1848 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the first major Women’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York and began the Women’s Suffrage Movement.

14. Clustering Information Road to the Civil War1850 – Compromise of 1850 allows California to enter the Union as a free state, enacts a stronger Fugitive Slave Law, bans slave trade in Washington DC, and allows for use of popular sovereignty in Utah and Nevada.1852 – Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom’s Cabin and shocks a nation with the portrayal of slavery as an evil institution.1854 – Kansas-Nebraska Act is passed to expedite construction of the Transcontinental Railroad, allows for popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories, sparks a violent conflict in Kansas over the vote on slavery (Bleeding Kansas). Leads to the creation of the Republican Party.1857 – Dred Scott v. Sanford rules the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional on the grounds that Congress has no right to regulate the property (slaves) of territorial citizens.1858 – Abraham Lincoln becomes the front-runner for the Presidency in 1860 after the highly publicized Lincoln-Douglas Debates. Lincoln vows to stop the spread of slavery to the west.1860 – Southern states, led by South Carolina, seceded from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency.1861 – failure of the Crittenden Compromise (extend the Missouri Compromise dividing line to the Pacific) failed, Civil War was only option left

15. Clustering Information Civil War and Reconstruction1861 – Attack on Fort Sumter, Union implements the Anaconda Plan, Battle of First Bull Run1862 – Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation1863 – Battle of Gettysburg (Turning Point of the Civil War), Battle of Vicksburg, Lincoln makes the Gettysburg Address to refocus the nation on abolition1864 – Ulysses S. Grant implements a policy of Total War against the Confederacy, Sherman captures Atlanta and begins his infamous “March to the Sea”, Lincoln is re-elected1865 – Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House, Lincoln is assassinated at Ford’s Theater

16. Clustering Information Civil War and Reconstruction1862 – Lincoln begins to implement a policy of “Easy Reconstruction” also known as the Ten Percent Plan, which angers the Radical Republicans in Congress1864 – Radical Republicans pass the Wade-Davis Bill in an effort to take over the Reconstruction process. Lincoln kills the bill with a “pocket veto”.1866 – Radical Republicans take over a supermajority in Congress and can now assume control of Reconstruction over any Presidential veto.1866 – The Fourteenth Amendment is passed guaranteeing rights of citizenship and equal protection under the law to the former slaves.1867 – Reconstruction of Act of 1867 and Military Occupation Act implement Radical Reconstruction with the intent of punishing the Southern States for secession and Civil War.1868 – Radical Republicans attempt to impeach President Johnson and fail1868 – 900,000 African Americans vote for Ulysses S. Grant for President.1870 – The Fifteenth Amendment was passed guaranteeing that the right to vote could not be denied on the basis of race.1877 – The Compromise of 1877 makes Rutherford B. Hayes President after he promises to remove the last of the Federal Troops from the South. This action effectively ends Radical Reconstructions and leads to resumed oppression of African Americans for nearly 80 years.