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1. Anthropology 308Women, Sex Roles and CultureDr. SiemensOffice-Sierra Hall 240MOffice Telephone (818) 677-4931Office HoursTuesday and Thursday 8:20-9:20AM 3:30-4PMand by appointmentEmail stephen.siemens@csun.edu
2. 3x5 CardNameReason for ClassPrevious AnthropologyEmail AddressAnything else you want Dr. Siemens to know about you and your interests.
3. THE SCOPE OF ANTHROPOLOGYWhat anthropologists have you heard of?What did they study?
4. Harrison Ford as fictional Indiana Jones"There are codes of ethics in archaeology, and I don't think he would be a member. Not in good standing, anyway," said Mark Rose [Archaeological Institute of America] Los Angeles Times 5-23-08 E9
5. Mary Leakey Discovered Oldest Footprints
6. Louis Leakey found fossil humans
7. Jane Goodall was first to study chimpanzees in the wild.
8. Jane Goodall still works for Chimpanzee conservation.
9. Dian Fossey was first to study gorillas in the wild.
10. Sigourney Weaver as Dian Fossey
11. Margaret Mead with Samoan Girls
12. Deborah Tannen
13. David Maybury-Lewis(right) Host of PBS series Millenium”Also founder of the human rights group “Cultural Survival”
14. Sam Dunn used anthropological training in heavy metal documentaryTakes holistic view: religion, gender, social, global and historical perspectives.Main obstacle was convincing artists he was sympathetic. Metal artists gave thoughtful responses.Some appeared hostile on camera but friendly off camera.Anthropological approach was not first choice.Chicago Tribune 4-14-06
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16. Anthropologists You may have Heard ofIndiana Jones*Mary LeakeyLouis LeakeyJane GoodallDian FosseyMargaret MeadDeborah TannenDavid Maybury-LewisSam DunnExplore Ruins (fictional)Fossil HunterFossil HunterChimpanzeesGorillasSamoan GirlsAmerican Women and Men TalkingXavante RightsHeavy Metal Music*Fictitious anthropologist
17. Anthropologists in the NewsAnthropologists contribute to American society as well as to the international community of scholars
18. Maira MartinezForensic AnthropologistIdentifying victims of political massacresFamilies accompany her sometimesLA Times August 4 A7
19. Jane MacLaren Walsh Studied Crystal Skull donated to Smithsonian Skull was made with modern toolsSkull lacks prehistoric style featuresLA Times June 8, 2008
20. Studied Japanese consumer cultureWorked in Tokyo convenience storesJapanese buy exotic Colombian Giant beetles.Heads resemble samurai headgear$350/Giant beetleLA Times 5-21-08 A4Biodiversity valuable to Colombian, German Viasus, leftColombia plans to market more biodiversityGavin Whitelaw
21. Diana FullwileyHarvardAnalyses genetic markers to connect African-Americans to ancestral populations and African-American kin."At most, you're getting 1% of your ancestry…”Raymond A. Winbush“paternal DNA linked him to the Bubi, a people indigenous to Equatorial Guinea on Central Africa's Atlantic coast, and his maternal DNA linked him to the Tikar people of adjoining Cameroon. He also carried markers common in people of Dutch, French, British and German origin.”"The discovery helped me to locate myself more psychologically," he said. "It's all kind of wrapped up in the idea of locating oneself in history."LA Times 5-4-08 A6
22. Richard ApplegateWrote Samala dictionary from John P. Harrington’s notesSamala is a Chumash LanguageChumash are native people of Los AngelesSanta Barbara Independent 4-24-08Chumash financed dictionaryChumash are relearning languageLast native speaker of Samala died 1965J.P. Harrington
23. Anthropologists in the NewsMaira MartinezJane MacLauren WalschGavin WhitelawDiana FullwileyRichard ApplegateIdentifying Colombian Political VictimsCrystal SkullsJapanese ConsumerismAfrican Genetic MarkersChumash Language
24. Other Prominent and Notable Anthropologists
25. Franz Boas (Father of American Anthropology)
26. Marjorie Shostak and star informant, Nisa!Kung people
27. Elinor Ochs Madagascar and Samoa languagesUCLA Center on Everyday Lives of Families
28. William Rathje Garbology
29. Claude Lévi-Strauss Kinship and Myth
30. Jomo Kenyatta Kikuyu and Kenya’s First President
31. Birute Galdikas Orangutans
32. Other Prominent AnthropologistsFranz BoasMarjorie ShostakEleanor OchsWilliam RathjeClaude Levi-StraussJomo KenyattaBirute GaldikasKwakiutl and Race!Kung (Bushmen)Madagascar and Samoa UCLA C.E.L.F.U.S. GarbologyKinship and MythGikuyuOrangutans
33. Anthropology DefinedAnthropology is the study of human beings in a holistic manner.Holism means appreciating totalities as more than mere combinations of parts.There are two ways anthropology is holistic.1) Comprehensiveness. Because anthropology is holistic its study includes all humans of all places and all times.2) Interrelatedness. Because anthropology is holistic any human group should be studied in its entirety, finding connections among economics, politics, religion, language, etc.
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35. Nature and NurtureA hundred years ago anthropology was the same as “racial” studies.Biological determinism was the prevailing view.Eugenics was popular.Eugenics seeks to “improve” a population by identifying those with “good” genes and promoting their reproduction. Those with “bad” genes are prevented from reproducing. Nazi extermination of Jews was eugenics.Eugenics is inhumane and mistaken about genetics.
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37. Cultural DeterminismFranz Boas argued that the important sources of behavioral differences between societies were learned rather than inherited.Boas changed the prevailing view to cultural determinism.Boas decreased the importance of biology to anthropology and increased the importance of learned culture.Margaret Mead extended Boas argument to women and men.The significant differences between women and men are learned rather than inherited
38. Gender vs. SexSex refers to biological reproduction.Sex is a result of natureGender refers to language categories.Gender is learned, a result of nurtureIndian women build road and Indian men wash clothes.Gender roles are learned
39. Anthropological SubfieldsSubfields are results of differences in methods.Physical (or Biological) AnthropologyArcheologyLinguistic AnthropologyCultural Anthropology
40. Physical AnthropologyPhysical Anthropology uses biological methods.Physical anthropology studies human origin, related species & variation.
41. ArcheologyArcheology uses excavation methods and sampling.Archeology studies artifacts.
42. Linguistic AnthropologyLinguistic Anthropology uses linguistic methods.Linguistic anthropology studies language in use.
43. Cultural AnthropologyCultural Anthropology uses participant observation.Cultural anthropology studies cultures of living people.This class is about cultural anthropology.
44. Tylor’s Definition of Culture“Culture ...taken in its widest... sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, and custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
45. Features of CultureDefinition stresses that culture is:1) a whole: complex with many interdependent parts.2) acquired: not inborn (distinct from race) capacity for culture is inborn (large brain, speech mechanism).3) culture depends on an ongoing society for existence.
46. Additional points not in definitionCulture includes behavior as well as ideas. Practices are significant even if not conscious and not explained. People can not explain all of their own culture (Like language)Culture is symbolic. Culture is a system of meanings. Meaning results from relations between different areas of experience, e.g., religion and subsistence.
47. Consequences of the Features of CultureThe social aspect of culture is linked to its function as an adaptive strategyCulture as a systemic whole is shown in the relation of subsistence and politics.Since culture is acquired, cultures vary.
48. Culture is SocialLiving in social groups that transmit culture is the adaptive strategy of humans.All humans have learned transmitted skills for acquiring food called subsistence techniques.
49. Cultures are complex wholesParts of a culture are interrelated.E.g., subsistence limits or enables politics.Without a surplus there are no full time leaders.A Yanomamö warrior line-up is a politicalaccomplishment of the headman. However, he must still grow all his food in his garden. Yanomamö horticulture provides no surplus.
50. Culture is Acquired and Varies by GroupSince culture is acquired it varies.Even biological needs are met in different ways.Shelter is a biological necessity but it shows cultural identity.Eating
51. Anthropological AxiomsCulture determines much of our attitudes, rules and action. (Cultural determinism)Cultures are diverse, evidenced by the wide variety of ways doing things and reactions to situations.Cultures provide evaluative frames that are not appropriately applied to each other. (Cultural Relativism)
52. Ethnocentrism and Cultural RelativismEthnocentrism is usually defined as a belief in the superiority of one’s own culture. Evident superiority is based on culture bound values, applied unconsciouslyCultural Relativism is usually defined as a belief in the inherent worth of all cultures.A culturally relative person does not believe in superiority of his or her own own culture.
53. Ethnocentrism vs.Cultural Relativism in MethodologyAll humans are inherently ethnocentric.Culture supplies us with values which we need.The basis of ethnocentrism is application of values to people who do not share them.Applying outsider’s values usually leads to conclusion of outsider superiority. Cultural relativism avoids applying outsider values.Suspending judgment is necessary for understanding.Evaluation of cultural practices should be in terms of values of the actors.Values are relative but truth need not be.Science seeks explanations through observationObservations are made intersubjective by careful procedures.
54. Ethnocentrist vs. RelativistMasai culture is inferior to American culture since a Masai man may have several wives.Bena Bena culture is inferior to American culture because people touch genitals in greeting.Masai value multiple wives. Bena Bena value touching genitals.