the division of the immune system that adapts to the pathogens to which you have been - PowerPoint Presentation

1. the division of the immune system that adapts to the pathogens to which you have been exposed and specifically recognizes them in the future1

2. adaptive (or ‘specific’) immune system1

3. loss of taste2 the outer portion of the adrenal gland

4. 2adrenal cortex

5. retinal neurons located between the bipolar and ganglion cells3the central part of the adrenal gland

6. 3adrenal medulla

7. loss of smell4 a stress hormone released from the anterior pituitary

8. anosmia4adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)

9. the area of the cortex dedicated to auditory processing5a brain area that recognizes threatening stimuli

10. auditory cortex 5amygdala

11. carries auditory signals from the inner ear to the brain6the part of the peripheral nervoussystem that influences the function of internal organs

12. auditory nerve6autonomic nervous system

13. Vibrating fluid in the cochlea causes the____ to move in a wave-like fashion in response to soundwaves. 7An unpleasant stimulus is also called a(n) ____ stimulus.

14. basilar membrane 7aversive stimulus

15. neurons in the retina that receive visual input from photoreceptors and send output to retinal ganglion cells 8one’s physiological state prior to the appearance of a stressor

16. bipolar cells8baseline (physiological state)

17. the ability to respond to visual information without conscious awareness9a class of drugs used to treat anxiety by increasing GABA activity in the brain

18. blindsight 9benzodiazepines

19. the portion of the retina containing the optic disk and no photoreceptors10long-term (stressors)

20. blind spot10chronic (stressors)

21. hearing loss resulting from disruption of the auditory signal along its route through the brain11psychological therapy designed to help the individual reevaluate anxiety-provoking thought processes

22. central hearing loss 11Cognitive Behavioral Therapy(or Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy)

23. A receptive field in which light hitting a particular retinal location excites a neuron, and light hitting the surrounding area inhibits it is called a ____ receptive field.12a stimulus whose rewarding or aversive value comes from its association with an unconditioned stimulus

24. center–surround receptive field12conditioned stimulus (CS)

25. pain-sensing receptors that respond to chemical toxins13the major glucocorticoid hormone in rodents

26. chemical nociceptors13corticosterone

27. a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear containing fluid-filled canals14a stress hormone released from the hypothalamus

28. 14cochlea corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH)

29. a region of the medulla that receives input from the auditory nerve; not to be confused with the “cochlea” of the ear15the major glucocorticoid in humans

30. cochlear nucleus15cortisol

31. a neuron that responds to lines of specific orientations regardless of where the line appears in the visual field(c___ cell)16molecules that can communicate with cells of the immune system(____ can attract cells of the immune system to an area of infection.)

32. complex cell16cytokines

33. hearing loss resulting from the inability of sound to reach the ear drum or to affect the ossicles of the middle ear17 an area of the brainstem that contains the cell bodies of serotonin neurons

34. conductive hearing loss17dorsal raphe nucleus

35. the type of photoreceptor found mostly in the fovea and necessary for color vision18the ability of environmental events to produce long-term changes in gene expression

36. cones18epigenetics

37. the combining of information coming from many neurons to a smaller number of neuronal recipients(c___)19 the process of converting genetic instructions into a protein

38. convergence19expression, gene

39. the protective outer layer of the eye20cessation of the performance of a learned behavior due to reward omission(The rat stopped lever pressing during ____, for lever presses no longer resulted in food delivery.)

40. cornea20extinction

41. the neural pathway originating in layer 6 of the primary visual cortex and terminating in the LGN of the thalamus(the____ pathway plays an important role in visual attention)21a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

42. corticogeniculate pathway21ganglion (pl. ganglia)

43. the collection of cell bodies of somatosensory neurons just outside the spinal cord22 an anxiety disorder in which the individual persistently and excessively worries aboutworse case scenarios

44. dorsal root ganglia22generalized anxiety disorder

45. a group of cortical brain areas that specialize in detecting the location of objects, that is, where things are23 a stress hormone released from the adrenal cortex

46. dorsal stream23glucocorticoid

47. a piece of tissue in the middle ear that vibrates in response to sound waves, also called the tympanic membrane 24 maintenance of a physiological variable within a normal range

48. eardrum24homeostasis

49. the central portion of the retina25 a system of stress hormones released by the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal gland

50. fovea25hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis

51. responds to very specific kinds of shapes, such as faces26the division of the immune system that responds to pathogens almost immediately

52. fusiform face area (FFA)26innate (or ‘natural’) immune system

53. neurons in the retina that receive input from bipolar cells and carry visual information to several areas of the brain27 a brain region that, along with the amygdala, is highly linked to states of fear

54. ganglion cells(or ‘retinal ganglion cells’)27insular cortex

55. the clustered axon terminals of olfactory neurons28an area of the brainstem that contains the cell bodies of norepinephrine neurons

56. glomeruli 28locus coeruleus

57. the cortical region that receives taste information from the thalamus29 cells of the innate immune system that surround a pathogen, kill it, and digest it.

58. gustatory cortex29macrophages

59. the sensory receptors of the auditory system which move up and down with the movement of the basilar membrane30 an area of the frontal cortex that plays a key role in reducing fear

60. hair cells30medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)

61. neurons in that retina that receive input from photoreceptors and send outputs to several nearby photoreceptors31 a small molecule made of one carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms, which can block the expression of a gene

62. horizontal cells31methyl group

63. the difference in intensity of a sound arriving at the left vs right ear32the division of the immune system that responds to pathogens almost immediately

64. interaural intensity difference32natural (or ‘innate’) immune system

65. the difference in the time that a sound arrives to the left vs right ear33the case where a system can sense to its own level of output, and reduces that output when it becomes excessive

66. interaural timing difference33negative feedback

67. a thalamic region that receives visual information from the retina and sends the information to the primary visual cortex34 a stimulus that has neither rewarding nor aversive properties

68. lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)34neutral stimulus

69. a part of the eye that can shorten or elongate to focus light upon the retina35a disorder involving sudden periods of intense fear and anxiety, along with sweating, trembling, and chest pain

70. lens35panic disorder

71. receptors in the skin that respond to skin deformation (a change from its usual shape)36the division of the autonomic nervous system that restores the resting state of organs and stores energy

72. mechanoreceptors 36parasympathetic nervous system

73. the thalamic nucleus that sends auditory information to the auditory cortex37 the region of the hypothalamus that releases corticotropin-releasinghormone (CRH) during stress

74. medial geniculate nucleus37paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

75. receptors in the skin that respond to touch and slow vibrations(M___ corpuscles)38 foreign microorganisms

76. Meissner’s corpuscles38pathogens

77. receptors in the skin that respond to light touch39 the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system that directly target body organs

78. Merkel’s disks39postganglionic nerves

79. cells that receive input from olfactory neurons, and send output to the olfactory cortex40 an anxiety disorder in which intense fearis triggered by reminders of a traumatic event

80. mitral cells40posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD)

81. distance information that can be detected with a single eye41 neurons of the sympathetic nervous system that directly target postganglionic neurons

82. monocular cues41preganglionic nerves

83. a high-order region of the visual system’s dorsal stream critical for detecting the direction of moving objects42psychological therapy designed to help the individual reevaluate anxiety-provoking thought processes

84. 42Rational Emotive BehavioralTherapy(or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy)

85. a dendrite-like structure which responds to touch, pain or other somatosensory input43a change in one’s interpretation of potentially disturbing events

86. nerve ending43reappraisal

87. receptors that detect unpleasant or painful stimuli44the ability to quickly return to one’s baseline state after a stressor occurs

88. nociceptors44resilience

89. a column perpendicular to the orientation columns containing neurons that respond more to input from the left eye than the right, or vice versa45 repetitive thoughts about the same thing

90. ocular dominance column45rumination

91. small molecules in the air that have an odor46Antidepressant drugs that elevate synaptic serotonin levels by blocking serotonin reuptake into the presynaptic neuron

92. odorants46selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitors (SSRIs)

93. neurons in the nose containing olfactory receptors47 an anxiety disorder that involves a severe fear of social embarrassment

94. olfactory neurons47social anxiety disorder

95. receptors located at the top of the nose, and which respond to odorants in the air48the division of the immune system that adapts to the pathogens to which you have been exposed and specificallyrecognizes them in the future

96. olfactory receptors48specific (or ‘adaptive’) immune system

97. a bundle of mitral cell axons which carries information to the primary olfactory cortex49a disorder in which anxiety is triggered by specific objects

98. olfactory tract 49specific phobia

99. the point at which the optic nerves from the left and right eye cross to the opposite hemisphere of the brain50 the reemergence of a learned behavioral response when some time has passed after it is extinguished

100. optic chiasm50spontaneous recovery

101. the location where axons carrying visual information leave the retina on their way to the brain51 the trait of maintaining one’s baseline physiological state even under normally stressful conditions

102. optic disk51stability

103. a bundle of axons that leaves the retina and carries information toward the brain52 a stressful event

104. optic nerve52stressor

105. the continuation of the optic nerve after it passes through the optic chiasm53 the branch of the autonomic nervous system that responds to threats by promoting fight-or-flight responses

106. optic tract53sympathetic nervous system

107. a column perpendicular to the cortical surface containing neurons that all respond to lines of the same orientation54 production (e.g., of a receptor)

108. orientation column54synthesis (receptor)

109. three small bones of the middle ear that vibrate in response to the vibrating eardrum55 a type of behavioral therapy used to treat anxiety disorders by exposure to progressively threatening stimuli

110. ossicles 55systematic desensitization

111. the light-sensitive molecule contained in photoreceptors56 a stimulus with innate rewarding or aversive properties

112. photopigment 56unconditioned stimulus (US)

113. the light-sensitive neurons of the retina57 a nerve that permits communication between the body organs and the brain

114. 57vagus nerve