Authentication Factual verification Determining the truth or factual accuracy of information in a message is generally considered a separate problem from authentication A wide range of techniques from detective work to fact checking in journalism to scientific experiment might be employed ID: 811952
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Slide1
Verification
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Slide2Authentication Factual verification
Determining the truth or factual accuracy of information in a message is generally considered a separate problem from authentication. A wide range of techniques, from detective work, to fact checking in journalism, to scientific experiment might be employed.
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Slide3Barcode Quality control and verification
Barcode verification examines scanability and the quality of the barcode in comparison to industry standards and specifications
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Slide4Barcode Quality control and verification
A barcode verifier works the way a reader does, but instead of simply decoding a barcode, a verifier performs a series of tests. For linear barcodes these tests are:
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Slide5Barcode Quality control and verification
Minimum Edge Contrast
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Slide6Barcode Quality control and verification
Depending on the parameter, each ANSI test is graded from 0.0 to 4.0 (F to A), or given a pass or fail mark. Each grade is determined by analyzing the scan reflectance profile (SRP), an analog graph of a single scan line across the entire symbol. The lowest of the 8 grades is the scan grade and the overall ISO symbol grade is the average of the individual scan grades. For most applications a 2.5 (C) is the minimum acceptable symbol grade.
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Slide7Barcode Quality control and verification
Compared with a reader, a verifier measures a barcode's optical characteristics to international and industry standards. The measurement must be repeatable and consistent. Doing so requires constant conditions such as distance, illumination angle, sensor angle and verifier aperture. Based on the verification results, the production process can be adjusted to print higher quality barcodes that will scan down the supply chain.
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Slide8Agent-based model Verification and validation of ABMs
Verification and validation can be seen in the social sciences domain, and validation seen in Computational Economics Face validation, sensitivity analysis, calibration and statistical validation have also been demonstrated
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Slide9Agent-based model Verification and validation of ABMs
also provide an example of using VOMAS for Verification and Validation of a Forest Fire simulation model.
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Slide10Agent-based model Verification and validation of ABMs
VOMAS provides a formal way of Validation and Verification. If you want to develop a VOMAS, you need to start by designing VOMAS agents along with the agents in the actual simulation preferably from the start. So, in essence, by the time your simulation model is complete, you essentially can consider to have one model which contains two models:
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Slide11Agent-based model Verification and validation of ABMs
In other words, VOMAS allows for a flexible use of any given technique for the sake of Verification and Validation of an Agent-based Model in any domain.
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Slide12Agent-based model Verification and validation of ABMs
Details of Validated agent-based modeling using VOMAS along with several case studies are given in. This thesis also gives details of "Exploratory Agent-based Modeling", "Descriptive Agent-based Modeling" in addition to "Validated Agent-based Modeling" using several worked case study examples.
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Slide13Formal methods - Verification
Once a formal specification has been developed, the specification may be used as the basis for proving properties of the specification (and hopefully by inference the developed system).
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Slide14Software testing - Software verification and validation
Software testing is used in association with verification and validation:
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Slide15Software testing - Software verification and validation
Verification: Have we built the software right? (i.e., does it implement the requirements).
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Slide16Software testing - Software verification and validation
Validation: Have we built the right software? (i.e., do the requirements satisfy the customer).
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Slide17Software testing - Software verification and validation
The terms verification and validation are commonly used interchangeably in the industry; it is also common to see these two terms incorrectly defined. According to the IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology:
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Slide18Software testing - Software verification and validation
Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase.
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Slide19Software testing - Software verification and validation
Validation is the process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements.
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Slide20Software testing - Software verification and validation
Verification is confirmation by examination and through provision of objective evidence that specified requirements have been fulfilled.
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Slide21Software testing - Software verification and validation
Validation is confirmation by examination and through provision of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific intended use or application have been fulfilled.
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Slide22ISO/IEC 7816 - 7816-11 Personal verification through biometric methods
According to its abstract, it specifies the usage of interindustry commands and data objects related to personal verification through biometric methods in integrated circuit cards. The interindustry commands used are defined in ISO/IEC 7816-4. The data objects are partially defined in this International Standard, partially imported from ISO/IEC 19785-1.
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Slide23ISO/IEC 7816 - 7816-11 Personal verification through biometric methods
ISO/IEC 7816-11 also presents examples for enrollment and verification and addresses security issues.
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Slide24Encryption - Message verification
Encryption, by itself, can protect the confidentiality of messages, but other techniques are still needed to protect the integrity and authenticity of a message; for example, verification of a message authentication code (MAC) or a digital signature
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Slide25Encryption - Message verification
Digital signature and encryption must be applied at message creation time (i.e. on the same device it has been composed) to avoid tampering. Otherwise any node between the sender and the encryption agent could potentially tamper it. It should be noted that encrypting at the time of creation only adds security if the encryption device itself has not been tampered with.
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Slide26Philosophy of science - Empirical verification
Science relies on evidence to validate its theories and models, and the predictions implied by those theories and models should be in agreement with observation
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Slide27Philosophy of science - Empirical verification
Nevertheless, while the basic concept of empirical verification is simple, in practice, there are difficulties as described in the following sections.
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Slide28Software construction - Constructing for verification
Constructing for verification means building software in such a way that faults can be ferreted out readily by the software engineers writing the software, as well as during independent testing and operational activities. Specific techniques that support constructing for verification include following coding standards to support code reviews, unit testing, organizing code to support automated testing, and restricted use of complex or hard-to-understand language structures, among others.
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Slide29Business continuity planning - Testing and verification of recovery procedures
As work processes change, previous recovery procedures may no longer be suitable. Checks include:
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Slide30Business continuity planning - Testing and verification of recovery procedures
Are all work processes for critical functions documented?
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Slide31Business continuity planning - Testing and verification of recovery procedures
Have the systems used for critical functions changed?
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Slide32Business continuity planning - Testing and verification of recovery procedures
Are the documented work checklists meaningful and accurate?
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Slide33Business continuity planning - Testing and verification of recovery procedures
Do the documented work process recovery tasks and supporting disaster recovery infrastructure allow staff to recover within the predetermined recovery time objective?
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Slide34Nondestructive testing - Weld verification
In manufacturing, welds are commonly used to join two or more metal parts
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Slide35Nondestructive testing - Weld verification
Welds may be tested using NDT techniques such as industrial radiography or industrial CT scanning using X-rays or gamma rays, ultrasonic testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle inspection or via eddy current. In a proper weld, these tests would indicate a lack of cracks in the radiograph, show clear passage of sound through the weld and back, or indicate a clear surface without penetrant captured in cracks.
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Slide36Nondestructive testing - Weld verification
Welding techniques may also be actively monitored with acoustic emission techniques before production to design the best set of parameters to use to properly join two materials
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Slide37Man-in-the-browser - Out-of-band transaction verification
The downside is that the OOB transaction verification adds to the level of the end-user's frustration with more and slower steps.
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Slide38Network analyzer (electrical) - Network analyzer verification kits
A number of verification kits are available to verify the network analyzer is performing to specification. These typically consist of transmission lines with an air dielectric and attenuators. The Agilent 85055A kit includes a 10 cm airline, stepped impedance airline, 20 dB and 50 dB attenuators with data on the devices measured by the manufacturer and stored on both a floppy disk and USB stick. Older versions of the 85055A have the data stored on tape and floppy disks rather than on USB sticks.
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Slide39Verification and validation (software)
In software project management, software testing, and software engineering, verification and validation (V&V) is the process of checking that a software system meets specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose. It may also be referred to as software quality control. It is normally the responsibility of software testers as part of the software development lifecycle.
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Slide40Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Validation checks that the product design satisfies or fits the intended use (high-level checking), i.e., the software meets the user requirements. This is done through dynamic testing and other forms of review.
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Slide41Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Verification and validation are not the same thing, although they are often confused. Boehm succinctly expressed the difference between them:
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Slide42Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Validation: Are we building the right product?
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Slide43Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Verification: Are we building the product right?
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Slide44Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
According to the Capability Maturity Model (CMMI-SW v1.1),
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Slide45Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Validation: The process of evaluating software during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements. [IEEE-STD-610]
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Slide46Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Verification: The process of evaluating software to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase. [IEEE-STD-610]
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Slide47Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
In other words, validation ensures that the product actually meets the user's needs, and that the specifications were correct in the first place, while verification is ensuring that the product has been built according to the requirements and design specifications. Validation ensures that "you built the right thing". Verification ensures that "you built it right". Validation confirms that the product, as provided, will fulfill its intended use.
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Slide48Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Fault – wrong or missing function in the code.
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Slide49Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Failure – the manifestation of a fault during execution.
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Slide50Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Malfunction – according to its specification the system does not meet its specified functionality.
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Slide51Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Within the modeling and simulation community, the definitions of validation, verification and accreditation are similar:
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Slide52Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Validation is the process of determining the degree to which a model, simulation, or federation of models and simulations, and their associated data are accurate representations of the real world from the perspective of the intended use(s).
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Slide53Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Accreditation is the formal certification that a model or simulation is acceptable to be used for a specific purpose.
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Slide54Verification and validation (software) - Definitions
Verification is the process of determining that a computer model, simulation, or federation of models and simulations implementations and their associated data accurately represent the developer's conceptual description and specifications.
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Slide55Verification and validation (software) - Related concepts
Both verification and validation are related to the concepts of quality and of software quality assurance. By themselves, verification and validation do not guarantee software quality; planning, traceability, configuration management and other aspects of software engineering are required.
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Slide56Verification and validation (software) - Classification of methods
In mission-critical systems, where flawless performance is absolutely necessary, formal methods may be used to ensure the correct operation of a system. However, often for non-mission-critical systems, formal methods prove to be very costly and an alternative method of V&V must be sought out. In such cases, syntactic methods are often used.
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Slide57Verification and validation (software) - Test cases
A test case is a tool used in the process. They may be prepared for verification - to determine if the process that was followed to develop the final product is right -, and also for validation - if the product is built according to the requirements of the user. Other methods, such as reviews, may be used early in the life cycle to provide for validation.
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Slide58Verification and validation (software) - Independent Verification and Validation
Verification and validation often is carried out by a separate group from the development team. In such cases, the process is called "independent verification and validation", or simply IV&V.
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Slide59Verification and validation (software) - Regulatory environment
Verification and validation must meet the compliance requirements of law regulated industries, which is often guided by government agencies or industrial administrative authorities. For instance, the FDA requires software versions and patches to be validated.
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Slide60Requirement - Verification
All requirements should be verifiable. The most common method is by test. If this is not the case, another verification method should be used instead (e.g. analysis, demonstration or inspection or review of design).
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Slide61Requirement - Verification
Certain requirements, by their very structure, are not verifiable. These include requirements that say the system must never or always exhibit a particular property. Proper testing of these requirements would require an infinite testing cycle. Such requirements must be rewritten to be verifiable. As stated above all requirements must be verifiable.
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Slide62Requirement - Verification
Non-functional requirements, which are unverifiable at the software level, must still be kept as a documentation of customer intent
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Slide63Independent Verification and Validation Facility
Located in the heart of West Virginia's emerging technology sector, NASA's IV&V Program was established in 1993 as part of an Agency-wide strategy to provide the highest achievable levels of safety and cost-effectiveness for mission critical software
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Slide64Independent Verification and Validation Facility
Today, independent verification and validation (IV&V) is an Agency-level function, delegated from OSMA to Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and managed by NASA IV&V
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Slide65Independent Verification and Validation Facility
NASA's IV&V Program houses approximately 270 employees and leverages the expertise of in-house partners and contractors. Its facilities are located in Fairmont, West Virginia.
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Slide66Independent Verification and Validation Facility - Projects
NASA's IV&V Program is the lead NASA organization for system software IV&V, and is responsible for the management of all system software IV&V efforts within the Agency. NASA's IV&V Program's role is to provide value-added service to the Agency's system software projects, primarily by appropriately performing IV&V on system software based on the cost, size, complexity, life span, risk, and consequences of failure.
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Slide67Independent Verification and Validation Facility - Projects
NASA's IV&V Program also provides independent technical assessments of NASA systems and software processes/products to identify developmental and operational risks
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Slide68Independent Verification and Validation Facility - Projects
Visit our website for a complete list of our current projects.
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Slide69Independent Verification and Validation Facility - Educator Resource Center
Thanks to a grant with Fairmont State University, the Independent Verification and Validation Program Educator Resource Center (ERC) provides resources and training opportunities for approximately 1,000-2,000 in-service, pre-service, and informal educators in West Virginia annually. The materials and training cover a wide range of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) topics.
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Slide70Software quality control - Verification & Validation
Verification and Validation assures that a software system meets a user's needs.
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Slide71Software quality control - Verification & Validation
Verification: "Are we building the product right". The software should conform to its specification.
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Slide72Software quality control - Verification & Validation
Validation: "Are we building the right product". The software should do what the user really requires.
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Slide73Software quality control - Verification & Validation
Assessment of whether the system is usable in an operational situation.
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Slide74Software quality control - Verification and Validation of Methods
Requirements Verification Matrix
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Slide75Software verification
Software verification is a discipline of software engineering whose goal is to assure that software fully satisfies all the expected requirements.
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Slide76Software verification
There are two fundamental approaches to verification:
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Slide77Software verification
Dynamic verification, also known as Test or Experimentation - This is good for finding bugs
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Slide78Software verification
Static verification, also known as Analysis - This is useful for proving correctness of a program although it may result in false positives
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Slide79Software verification - Dynamic verification (Test, experimentation)
Dynamic verification is performed during the execution of software, and dynamically checks its behaviour; it is commonly known as the Test phase. Verification is a Review Process. Depending on the scope of tests, we can categorize them in three families:
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Slide80Software verification - Dynamic verification (Test, experimentation)
Test in the small: a test that checks a single function or class (Unit test)
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Slide81Software verification - Dynamic verification (Test, experimentation)
Test in the large: a test that checks a group of classes, such as
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Slide82Software verification - Dynamic verification (Test, experimentation)
Module test (a single module)
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Slide83Software verification - Dynamic verification (Test, experimentation)
Integration test (more than one module)
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Slide84Software verification - Dynamic verification (Test, experimentation)
Non functional test (performance, stress test)
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Slide85Software verification - Dynamic verification (Test, experimentation)
Software verification is often confused with software validation. The difference between verification and validation:
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Slide86Software verification - Dynamic verification (Test, experimentation)
Software verification asks the question, "Are we building the product right?"; that is, does the software conform to its specification.
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Slide87Software verification - Dynamic verification (Test, experimentation)
Software validation asks the question, "Are we building the right product?"; that is, is the software doing what the user really requires.
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Slide88Software verification - Dynamic verification (Test, experimentation)
The aim of software verification is to find the errors introduced by an activity, i.e. check if the product of the activity is as correct as it was at the beginning of the activity.
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Slide89Software verification - Static verification (Analysis)
Static verification is the process of checking that software meets requirements by doing a physical inspection of it. For example:
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Slide90Software verification - Static verification (Analysis)
Software metrics calculation
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Slide91Software verification - Static verification (Analysis)
Verification by Analysis - The analysis verification method applies to verification by investigation, mathematical calculations, logical evaluation, and calculations using classical textbook methods or accepted general use computer methods. Analysis includes sampling and correlating measured data and observed test results with calculated expected values to establish conformance with requirements.
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Slide92DO-178B - Verification
Document outputs made by this process:
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Slide93DO-178B - Verification
Software verification cases and procedures (SVCP)
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Slide94DO-178B - Verification
Review of all requirements, design and code
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Slide95DO-178B - Verification
Testing of executable object code
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Slide96DO-178B - Verification
Analysis of all code and traceability from tests and results to all requirements is typically required (depending on software level).
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Slide97Formal verification
In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics.
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Slide98Formal verification
Formal verification can be helpful in proving the correctness of systems such as: cryptographic protocols, combinational circuits, digital circuits with internal memory, and software expressed as source code.
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Slide99Formal verification
The verification of these systems is done by providing a formal proof on an abstract mathematical model of the system, the correspondence between the mathematical model and the nature of the system being otherwise known by construction
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Slide100Formal verification - Approaches to formal verification
One approach and formation is model checking, which consists of a systematically exhaustive exploration of the mathematical model (this is possible for finite models, but also for some infinite models where infinite sets of states can be effectively represented finitely by using abstraction or taking advantage of symmetry)
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Slide101Formal verification - Approaches to formal verification
This approach has the disadvantage that it typically requires the user to understand in detail why the system works correctly, and to convey this information to the verification system, either in the form of an sequence of theorems to be proved or in the form of specifications of system components (e.g
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Slide102Formal verification - Approaches to formal verification
A slightly different (and complementary) approach is program derivation, in which efficient code is produced from functional specifications by a series of correctness-preserving steps. An example of this approach is the Bird-Meertens Formalism, and this approach can be seen as another form of correctness by construction.
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Slide103Formal verification - Formal verification for software
Logical inference for the formal verification of software can be further divided into:
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Slide104Formal verification - Formal verification for software
the more traditional 1970s approach in which code is first written in the usual way, and subsequently proven correct in a separate step;
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Slide105Formal verification - Formal verification for software
dependently typed programming, in which the types of functions include (at least part of) those functions' specifications, and type-checking the code establishes its correctness against those specifications. Fully featured dependently typed languages support the first approach as a special case.
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Slide106Formal verification - Verification and validation
Verification is one aspect of testing a product's fitness for purpose. Validation is the complementary aspect. Often one refers to the overall checking process as V & V.
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Slide107Formal verification - Verification and validation
Validation: "Are we trying to make the right thing?", i.e., is the product specified to the user's actual needs?
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Slide108Formal verification - Verification and validation
Verification: "Have we made what we were trying to make?", i.e., does the product conform to the specifications?
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Slide109Formal verification - Verification and validation
The verification process consists of static/structural and dynamic/behavioral aspects. E.g., for a software product one can inspect the source code (static) and run against specific test cases (dynamic). Validation usually can be done only dynamically, i.e., the product is tested by putting it through typical and atypical usages ("Does it satisfactorily meet all use cases?").
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Slide110Formal verification - Industry use
Important aspects of hardware design are amenable to automated proof methods, making formal verification easier to introduce and more productive.
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Slide111Formal verification - Industry use
As of 2011, several operating systems have been formally verified: NICTA's Secure Embedded L4 microkernel, sold commercially as seL4 by OK Labs; OSEK/VDX based real-time operating system ORIENTAIS by East China Normal University; Green Hills Software's Integrity operating system; and SYSGO's PikeOS.
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Slide112Build verification test
In software testing, a Build Verification Test (BVT), also known as Build Acceptance Test, is a set of tests run on each new build of a product to verify that the build is testable before the build is released into the hands of the test team.
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Slide113Build verification test - Scope
The build acceptance test is generally a short set of tests, which exercises the mainstream functionality of the application software. Any build that fails the build verification test is rejected, and testing continues on the previous build (provided there has been at least one build that has passed the acceptance test).
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Slide114Build verification test - Purpose
Running a BVT before initiating a full test run is important because it lets developers know right away if there is a serious problem with the build, and they save the test team wasted time and frustration by avoiding test of an unstable build.
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Slide115Security alarm - Enhanced Call Verification
Enhanced Call Verification (ECV) helps reduce false dispatches 25–50% while still protecting citizens, and is mandated in several US jurisdictions, although the alarm industry has successfully opposed it in others. ECV requires central station personnel to attempt to verify the alarm activation by making a minimum of two phone calls to two different responsible party telephone numbers before dispatching law enforcement to the scene.
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Slide116Security alarm - Enhanced Call Verification
The first alarm-verification call goes to the location the alarm originated. If contact with a person is not made a second call is placed to a different number. The secondary number, best practices dictate, should be to a telephone that is answered even after hours, preferably a cellular phone of a decision maker authorized to request or bypass emergency response.
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Slide117Security alarm - Video verification
Video verification documents a change in local conditions by using cameras to record video signals or image snapshots. The source images can be sent over a communication link, usually an Internet protocol (IP) network, to the central station where monitors retrieve the images through proprietary software. The information is then relayed to law-enforcement and recorded to an event file, which can later be used as prosecution evidence.
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Slide118Security alarm - Video verification
An example of how this system works is when a passive infrared or other sensor is triggered a designated number of video frames from before and after the event is sent to the central station.
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Slide119Security alarm - Video verification
A second video solution can be incorporated into to a standard panel, which sends the central station an alarm. When a signal is received, a trained monitoring professional accesses the on-site digital video recorder (DVR) through an IP link to determine the cause of the activation. For this type of system, the camera input to the DVR reflects the alarm panel's zones and partitioning, which allows personnel to look for an alarm source in multiple areas.
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Slide120Verification and validation
Verification and Validation are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose. These are critical components of a quality management system such as ISO 9000. The words "verification" and "validation" are sometimes preceded with "Independent" (or IV&V), indicating that the verification and validation is to be performed by a disinterested third party.
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Slide121Verification and validation
It is sometimes said that validation can be expressed by the query "Are you building the right thing?" and verification by "Are you building it right?"
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Slide122Verification and validation
In practice, the usage of these terms varies. Sometimes they are even used interchangeably.
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Slide123Verification and validation
The PMBOK guide, an IEEE standard, defines them as follows in its 4th edition:
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Slide124Verification and validation
"Validation. The assurance that a product, service, or system meets the needs of the customer and other identified stakeholders. It often involves acceptance and suitability with external customers. Contrast with verification."
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Slide125Verification and validation
"Verification. The evaluation of whether or not a product, service, or system complies with a regulation, requirement, specification, or imposed condition. It is often an internal process. Contrast with validation."
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Slide126Verification and validation - Overview
Verification can be in development, scale-up, or production
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Slide127Verification and validation - Overview
Additional validation procedures also include those that are designed specifically to ensure that modifications made to an existing qualified development flow or verification flow will have the effect of producing a product, service, or system (or portion thereof, or set thereof) that meets the initial design requirements, specifications, and regulations; these validations help to keep the flow qualified
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Slide128Verification and validation - Overview
It is sometimes said that validation can be expressed by the query "Are you building the right thing?" and verification by "Are you building it right?". "Building the right thing" refers back to the user's needs, while "building it right" checks that the specifications are correctly implemented by the system. In some contexts, it is required to have written requirements for both as well as formal procedures or protocols for determining compliance.
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Slide129Verification and validation - Overview
It is entirely possible that a product passes when verified but fails when validated. This can happen when, say, a product is built as per the specifications but the specifications themselves fail to address the user’s needs.
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Slide130Verification and validation - Activities
Verification of machinery and equipment usually consists of design qualification (DQ), installation qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ), and performance qualification (PQ)
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Slide131Verification and validation - Activities
Qualification of machinery/equipment is venue dependent, in particular items that are shock sensitive and require balancing or calibration, and re-qualification needs to be conducted once the objects are relocated
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Slide132Verification and validation - Activities
When machinery/equipment qualification is conducted by a standard endorsed third party such as by an ISO standard accredited company for a particular division, the process is called certification. Currently, the coverage of ISO/IEC 15408 certification by an ISO/IEC 27001 accredited organization is limited, the scheme requires a fair amount of efforts to get popularized.
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Slide133Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
Validation work can generally be categorized by the following functions:
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Slide134Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
Prospective validation – the missions conducted before new items are released to make sure the characteristics of the interests which are functioning properly and which meet safety standards. Some examples could be legislative rules, guidelines or proposals, methods, theories/hypothesis/models products and services
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Slide135Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
Retrospective validation – a process for items that are already in use and distribution or production. The validation is performed against the written specifications or predetermined expectations, based upon their historical data/evidences that are documented/recorded. If any critical data is missing, then the work can not be processed or can only be completed partially. The tasks are considered necessary if:
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Slide136Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
prospective validation is missing, inadequate or flawed.
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Slide137Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
the change of legislative regulations or standards affects the compliance of the items being released to the public or market.
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Slide138Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
Some of the examples could be validation of:
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Slide139Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
ancient scriptures that remain controversial
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Slide140Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
clinical decision rules
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Slide141Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
Full-scale validation
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Slide142Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
Partial validation – often used for research and pilot studies if time is constrained. The most important and significant effects are tested. From an analytical chemistry perspective, those effects are selectivity, accuracy, repeatability, linearity and its range.
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Slide143Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
Re-validation/Locational or Periodical validation – carried out, for the item of interest that is dismissed, repaired, integrated/coupled, relocated, or after a specified time lapse
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Slide144Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
population profiles and sizes
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Slide145Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
out-of-specification] (OOS) investigations, due to the contamination of testing reagents, glasswares, the aging of equipment/devices, or the depreciation of associated assets etc.
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Slide146Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
In GLP accredited laboratories, verification/revalidation will even be conducted very often against the monographs of the Ph.Eur., IP to cater for multinational needs or USP and BP etc to cater for national needs. These laboratories must have method validation as well.
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Slide147Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
Concurrent validation – conducted during a routine processing of services, manufacturing or engineering etc. Examples of these could be
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Slide148Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
duplicated sample analysis for a chemical assay
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Slide149Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
triplicated sample analysis for trace impurities at the marginalized levels of detection limit, or/and quantification limit
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Slide150Verification and validation - Categories of verification and validation
single sample analysis for a chemical assay by a skilled operator with multiplicated online system suitability testings
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Slide151Verification and validation - Aspects of validation
The most tested attributes in validation tasks may include, but are not limited to
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Slide152Verification and validation - Aspects of validation
Accuracy and precision
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Slide153Verification and validation - Aspects of validation
System suitability – In a broad way, it usually includes a test of ruggedness among inter-collaborators, or a test of robustness within an organization However, the U.S
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Slide154Verification and validation - Aspects of validation
their intensive labouring demands and time consumption
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Slide155Verification and validation - Aspects of validation
To solve this kind of difficulties, some regulatory bodies or compendial methods usually provide the advices on what the circumstances or conditions that the performing of a specified system suitability test should be beared and compulsory.
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Slide156Verification and validation - Further reading
Majcen, N.; Taylor, P. (2010). Practical examples on traceability, measurement uncertainty and validation in chemistry 1 (ISBN 978-92-79-12021-3). European Union. p. 217.
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Slide157Bitcoin protocol - Payment verification
It is possible to verify Bitcoin payments without running a full network node
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Slide158Bitcoin protocol - Payment verification
Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification.
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Slide159Hardware description language - Design verification with HDLs
Historically, design verification was a laborious, repetitive loop of writing and running simulation test cases against the design under test. As chip designs have grown larger and more complex, the task of design verification has grown to the point where it now dominates the schedule of a design team. Looking for ways to improve design productivity, the Electronic design automation|EDA industry developed the Property Specification Language.
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Slide160Hardware description language - Design verification with HDLs
In formal verification terms, a property is a factual statement about the expected or assumed behavior of another object
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Slide161Hardware description language - Design verification with HDLs
The assertions do not model circuit activity, but capture and document the designer's intent in the HDL code. In a simulation environment, the simulator evaluates all specified assertions, reporting the location and severity of any violations. In a synthesis environment, the synthesis tool usually operates with the policy of halting synthesis upon any violation. Assertion-based verification is still in its infancy, but is expected to become an integral part of the HDL design toolset.
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Slide162Falsifiability - Verificationism
In the philosophy of science, verificationism (also known as the verifiability theory of meaning) holds that a statement must, in principle, be empirically verifiable in order that it be both meaningful and scientific.
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Slide163Falsifiability - Verificationism
This was an essential feature of the logical positivism of the so-called Vienna Circle that included such philosophers as Moritz Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath, the Berlin philosopher Hans Reichenbach, and the logical empiricism of A.J. Ayer.
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Slide164Falsifiability - Verificationism
Popper noticed that the philosophers of the Vienna Circle had mixed two different problems, that of meaning and that of demarcation, and had proposed in verificationism a single solution to both. In opposition to this view, Popper emphasized that there are meaningful theories that are not scientific, and that, accordingly, a criterion of meaningfulness does not coincide with a criterion of demarcation.
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Slide165Falsifiability - Verificationism
Thus, Popper urged that verifiability be replaced with falsifiability as the criterion of demarcation. On the other hand, he strictly opposed the view that non-falsifiable statements are meaningless or otherwise inherently bad, and noted that falsificationism does not imply it.Logic of Scientific Discovery, section 6, footnote *3
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Slide166Voice control - Verification versus identification
In a sense speaker verification is a 1:1 match where one speaker's voice is matched to one template (also called a voice print or voice model) whereas speaker identification is a 1:N match where the voice is compared against N templates.
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Slide167Voice control - Verification versus identification
From a security perspective, identification is different from verification. For example, presenting your passport at border control is a verification process - the agent compares your face to the picture in the document. Conversely, a police officer comparing a sketch of an assailant against a database of previously documented criminals to find the closest match(es) is an identification process.
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Slide168Voice control - Verification versus identification
Speaker verification is usually employed as a gatekeeper in order to provide access to a secure system (e.g.: telephone banking). These systems operate with the user's knowledge and typically requires their cooperation. Speaker identification systems can also be implemented covertly without the user's knowledge to identify talkers in a discussion, alert automated systems of speaker changes, check if a user is already enrolled in a system, etc.
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Slide169Voice control - Verification versus identification
In forensic applications, it is common to first perform a speaker identification process to create a list of best matches and then perform a series of verification processes to determine a conclusive match.
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Slide170Verifiable computing - Verification by replication
The largest verified computation (SETI@home) uses verification by replication.
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Slide171Verifiable computing - Verification by replication
The client machine sends identical workunits to multiple computers (at least 2).
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Slide172Verifiable computing - Verification by replication
When not enough results are returned in a reasonable amount of time -- due to machines accidentally turned off, communication breakdowns, etc. -- or the results do not agree -- due to computation errors, cheating by submitting false data without actually doing the work, etc. -- then the client machine sends more identical workunits to other worker machines.
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Slide173Verifiable computing - Verification by replication
Once a minimum quorum (often 2) of the results agree, then the client assumes those results (and other identical results for that workunit) are correct.
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Slide174Verifiable computing - Verification by replication
The client grants credit to all machines that returned the correct results.
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Slide175Verifiable computing - Output computation and verification
In this stage, the worker uses the public information associated with the function F and the input, which are calculated in the previous two phases, to compute an encoded output of the function F on the provided input.
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Slide176Verifiable computing - Output computation and verification
This result is then returned to the client to verify its correctness by computing the actual value of the output by Code|decoding the result returned by the worker using the private information calculated in the previous phases.
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Slide177Verifiable computing - Output computation and verification
The defined notion of verifiable computation scheme minimizes the interaction between the client and the worker into exactly two messages, where a single message sent from each party to the other party during the different phases of the protocol.
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Slide178Xone - Initial used games and Internet verification policies
When first revealed, Microsoft unveiled a number of features and policies for Xbox One games that placed an emphasis on the console's always-connected design and digital content delivery, which were claimed to bring a number of benefits to both developers and players
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Slide179Xone - Initial used games and Internet verification policies
Gaming and PC websites expressed concern over the restriction on the resale of used games, and the requirement of online verification every 24 hours for offline games
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Slide180Xone - Initial used games and Internet verification policies
Xbox Chief Marketing and Strategy Officer Yusuf Mehdi defended the changes, stating that Xbox One was primarily designed with digital distribution in mind, and that the changes to the licensing model on the console would be easier to understand when applied to just digital copies of games
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Slide181Xone - Initial used games and Internet verification policies
In planning its presentation of the competing PlayStation 4 at the E3 2013 conference, Sony looked at the negative criticism Microsoft received for its Xbox One DRM policies; SCE Worldwide Studios president Shuhei Yoshida stated that the PlayStation 4's DRM policy, which generally allows for used games and sharing, was well established before the unveiling of Xbox One, but called the public reaction a very useful source for how to present details of the console's capabilities
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Slide182Xone - Initial used games and Internet verification policies
In response to the growing criticism, Microsoft released a statement on June 19 outlining how the policies as originally envisioned would be dropped in favor of a system that works in much the same way as the Xbox 360
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Slide183Xone - Initial used games and Internet verification policies
In an August 2013 interview with Eurogamer, Microsoft Studio's CEO Phil Spencer stated that their changes on Xbox One are part of a two-way conversation we have with our customers, and a strength on their ability to react to feedback, rather than a negative
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Slide184Barcodes - Quality control and verification
*Minimum Edge Contrast
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Slide185Beta testing - Software verification and validation
* Verification: Have we built the software right? (i.e., does it implement the requirements).
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Slide186Beta testing - Software verification and validation
* Validation: Have we built the right software? (i.e., do the requirements satisfy the customer).
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Slide187Beta testing - Software verification and validation
: Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase.
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Slide188Beta testing - Software verification and validation
: Validation is the process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements.
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Slide189Beta testing - Software verification and validation
: Verification is confirmation by examination and through provision of objective evidence that specified requirements have been fulfilled.
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Slide190Beta testing - Software verification and validation
: Validation is confirmation by examination and through provision of objective evidence that the requirements for a specific intended use or application have been fulfilled.
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Slide191Electronic design automation - Analysis and verification
* Functional verification
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Slide192Electronic design automation - Analysis and verification
* Clock Domain Crossing Verification (CDC check): Similar to Lint programming tool|linting, but these checks/tools specialize in detecting and reporting potential issues like data loss, Metastability in electronics|meta-stability due to use of multiple clock domains in the design.
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Slide193Electronic design automation - Analysis and verification
* Formal verification, also model checking: Attempts to prove, by mathematical methods, that the system has certain desired properties, and that certain undesired effects (such as deadlock) cannot occur.
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Slide194Electronic design automation - Analysis and verification
* Formal equivalence checking|Equivalence checking: algorithmic comparison between a chip's RTL-description and synthesized gate-netlist, to ensure functional equivalence at the logical level.
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Slide195Electronic design automation - Analysis and verification
* Static timing analysis: Analysis of the timing of a circuit in an input-independent manner, hence finding a worst case over all possible inputs.
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Slide196Electronic design automation - Analysis and verification
* Physical verification, PV: checking if a design is physically manufacturable, and that the resulting chips will not have any function-preventing physical defects, and will meet original specifications.
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Slide197Phishing - Transaction verification and signing
Solutions have also emerged using the mobile phone[http://www.safesigner.com Using the smartphone to verify and sign online banking transactions], SafeSigner. (smartphone) as a second channel for verification and authorization of banking transactions.
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Slide198V-Model - Systems Engineering and verification
It involved early and comprehensive identification of goals, a concept of operations that describes user needs and the operating environment, thorough and testable system requirements, detailed design, implementation, rigorous acceptance testing of the implemented system to ensure it meets the stated requirements (system verification), measuring its effectiveness in addressing goals (system validation), on-going operation and maintenance, system upgrades over time, and eventual retirement.
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Slide199V-Model - Systems Engineering and verification
The process emphasizes requirements-driven design and testing. All design elements and acceptance tests must be traceable to one or more system requirements and every requirement must be addressed by at least one design element and acceptance test. Such rigor ensures nothing is done unnecessarily and everything that is necessary is accomplished.
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Slide200Neurolinguistics - Probe verification
Some studies use a probe verification task rather than an overt acceptability judgment; in this paradigm, each experimental sentence is followed by a probe word, and subjects must answer whether or not the probe word had appeared in the sentence
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Slide201Eugene Podkletnov - Attempted verification
In his 1997 interview with Charles Platt, Podkletnov insisted that his gravity-shielding work was reproduced by researchers at universities in Toronto and Sheffield, but none have come forward to acknowledge this
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Slide202Eugene Podkletnov - Attempted verification
A group at NASA in Huntsville did not finish their attempts to verify Podkletnov's original gravity shielding experiment. Two attempts were made to repeat the superconductor rotation experiment, one in-house and one through an SBIR. In both cases, large superconductor disks were fabricated. However, in both cases, the funding did not allow for the development of the rotation system needed for the completion of the test. No attempt has been made by NASA to repeat the second impulse experiment.
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Slide203Eugene Podkletnov - Attempted verification
In a BBC news item, it was alleged that researchers at Boeing were funding a project called GRASP (Gravity Research for Advanced Space Propulsion) which would attempt to construct a gravity shielding device, but a subsequent Popular Mechanics news item stated that Boeing had denied funding GRASP with company money, although Boeing acknowledged that it could not comment on black projects.[http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/research/1282281.html?page=3 Science Does The Impossible: February 2003 Cover Story - Popular Mechanics] A possible solution of this contradiction has been suggested: it is alleged that the GRASP proposal was presented to Boeing, but that Boeing chose not to fund it.[http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/technology/gravity_research_020731.html Gravity Shielding Still Science Fiction, Boeing Says]
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Slide204Eugene Podkletnov - Attempted verification
In 2013 an experiment was proposed that uses recent advances in HTSC materials ie MgB2 disks to attempt to duplicate the effect.
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Slide205Eugene Podkletnov - Attempted verification
The proposed experiment would layer MgB2 and YBa2Cu3O7 (Type 1 and Type 2) superconductors which has never been attempted before, and as such there would be a junction between different mechanisms of superconductivity. [http://benthamscience.com/ebooks/Sample/9781608053995-sample.pdf High Temperature Superconductors as Quantum Sources of Gravitational Waves: The HTSC GASER. Chapter 3 of book Gravity-Superconductors Interactions: Theory and Experiment, Bentham Science Publishers]
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Slide206Eugene Podkletnov - Attempted verification
Such a junction formed by accident could explain the difficulties NASA and others had in duplicating the experiment as without this the gravitational tunnel junction or GTD would not function.
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Slide207Eugene Podkletnov - Attempted verification
In December 2013 it was reported that CERN would be attempting to prove the existence of antigravity from antimatter due to CP violation. If this interpretation is correct then the Podkletnov effect mechanism would in fact be positron trapping within domain walls in the lattice so the proposed Y123/MgB2/Y123 layering would allow anti-Cooper pairs to form and remain stable for hours at a time.
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Slide208Eugene Podkletnov - Attempted verification
One experiment which might work would be to use a positron source such as Tc99m near the disk and thus charge up the assembly, this would permit long term study to be carried out.
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Slide209T helper cell - Verification (Signal 2)
This verification step is a protective measure to ensure that a T cell is responding to a foreign antigen
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Slide210T helper cell - Verification (Signal 2)
The second signal involves an interaction between CD28 on the CD4+ T cell and the proteins CD80 (B7.1) or CD86 (B7.2) on the professional APCs. Both CD80 and CD86 activate the CD28 receptor. These proteins are also known as Co-stimulation|co-stimulatory molecules.
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Slide211T helper cell - Verification (Signal 2)
Although the verification stage is necessary for the activation of naïve helper T cells, the importance of this stage is best demonstrated during the similar activation mechanism of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
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Slide212T helper cell - Verification (Signal 2)
Once the naïve T cell has both pathways activated, the biochemical changes induced by Signal 1 are altered, allowing the cell to activate instead of anergise. The second signal is then obsolete; only the first signal is necessary for future activation. This is also true for memory T cells, which is one example of acquired immunity|learned immunity. Faster responses occur upon reinfection because memory T cells have already undergone confirmation and can produce effector cells much sooner.
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Slide213Agent-based models - Verification and validation of ABMs
Verification and validation can be seen in the social sciences domain, and validation seen in Computational Economics Face validation, sensitivity analysis, calibration and statistical validation have also been demonstrated
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Slide214Agent-based models - Verification and validation of ABMs
also provide an example of using VOMAS for Verification and Validation of a Forest Fire simulation model.
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Slide215Agent-based models - Verification and validation of ABMs
Details of Validated agent-based modeling using VOMAS along with several case studies are given in. PhD Thesis This thesis also gives details of Exploratory Agent-based Modeling, Descriptive Agent-based Modeling in addition to Validated Agent-based Modeling using several worked case study examples.
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Slide216Rainforest Alliance - Carbon offset verification
The organization verifies carbon offset projects to standards that address greenhouse gas sequestration, biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihoods. The Rainforest Alliance verifies projects to the standards of the Climate, Community Biodiversity Alliance,[http://www.climate-standards.org/] Chicago Climate Exchange and Plan Vivo.[http://www.planvivo.org/]
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Slide217Pasteurization - Verification
Direct microbiological techniques are the ultimate measurement of pathogen contamination but these are costly and time consuming (24-48 hours), which means that products are able to spoil by the time pasteurisation is verified.
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Slide218Pasteurization - Verification
As a result of the unsuitability of microbiological techniques, milk pasteurization efficacy is typically monitored by checking for the presence of alkaline phosphatase, which is denatured by pasteurisation
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Slide219Pasteurization - Verification
Phosphatase denaturation was originally monitored using a phenol-phosphate substrate. When hydrolysed by the enzyme these compounds liberate phenols, which were then reacted with dibromoquinonechlorimide to give a colour change, which was measured by checking absorption at 610 nm (spectrophotometry). Some of the phenols used were inherently coloured (phenolpthalein, nitrophenol) and were simply assayed unreacted.
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Slide220Pasteurization - Verification
Spectophotometric analysis is satisfactory but it is relatively low accuracy because many natural products are coloured. As a result of this, modern systems (since 1990) use Fluorometer|fluorometry which is able to detect much lower levels of raw milk contamination.
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Slide221Cryptographic hash function - Password verification
A related application is password verification (first invented by Roger Needham)
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Slide222Cryptographic hash function - Password verification
In 2013 a long-term competition was announced to choose a new, standard algorithm for password hashing.
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Slide223SystemVerilog - Verification and synthesis software
Many third-party providers have announced or already released SystemVerilog verification IP.
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Slide224SystemVerilog - Verification and synthesis software
In the design synthesis role (transformation of a hardware-design description into a gate-netlist), SystemVerilog adoption has been slow. Many design teams use design flows which involve multiple tools from different vendors. Most design teams cannot migrate to SystemVerilog RTL-design until their entire front-end tool suite (linters, formal verification and automated test structure generators) support a common language subset.
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Slide225Business impact analysis - Testing and verification of recovery procedures
* Are all work processes for critical functions documented?
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Slide226Business impact analysis - Testing and verification of recovery procedures
* Have the systems used for critical functions changed?
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Slide227Business impact analysis - Testing and verification of recovery procedures
* Are the documented work checklists meaningful and accurate?
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Slide228Business impact analysis - Testing and verification of recovery procedures
* Do the documented work process recovery tasks and supporting disaster recovery infrastructure allow staff to recover within the predetermined recovery time objective?
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Slide229Quirks mode - Mode verification
In most browsers, the Document Object Model extension document.compatMode indicates the rendering mode for the current page. In standards mode and almost-standards mode, document.compatMode contains the value CSS1Compat, while in quirks mode it equals BackCompat.
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Slide230Quirks mode - Mode verification
Additionally, in Mozilla Firefox and Opera (web browser)|Opera the rendering mode in use for a given page is indicated on the 'Page info' informational box.
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Slide231CETO Wave Power - Commercial demonstration and independent verification of results
On completion of Stage 1 of the Perth Wave Energy Project, Carnegie enlisted Frazer-Nash Consultancy Ltd to verify the CETO 3 unit's measured and modelled capacity. During the CETO 3 in-ocean trial, Frazer–Nash verified the peak measured capacity to be 78 kW and delivered a sustained pressure of 77 bar, above what is required for seawater reverse-osmosis desalination.
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Slide232Self-verification
'Self-verification' is a social psychology|social psychological theory that asserts people want to be known and understood by others according to their firmly held beliefs and feelings about themselves, that is self-views (including self-concepts and self-esteem). A competing theory to self-verification is self-enhancement or the drive for positive evaluations.
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Slide233Self-verification
Self-verification processes are also adaptive for groups, groups of diverse backgrounds and the larger society, in that they make people predictable to one another thus serve to facilitate social interaction
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Slide234Self-verification
Developed by William Swann (1983), the theory grew out of earlier writings which held that people form self-views so that they can understand and predict the responses of others and know how to act toward them.Cooley, 1902; Mead, 1934
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Slide235Self-verification - Difference between positive and negative self-views
There are individual differences in people's views of themselves. Among people with positive self-views, the desire for self-verification works together with another important motive, the desire for positive evaluations or self enhancement.Jones, 1973 For example, those who view themselves as insightful will find that their motives for both self-verification and self-enhancement encourage them to seek evidence that other people recognize their insightfulness.
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Slide236Self-verification - Difference between positive and negative self-views
Self-verification strivings tend to prevail over self-enhancement strivings when people are certain of the self-conceptPelham Swann, 1994 and when they have extremely depressive self-views.Giesler, Josephs, Swann, 1996
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Slide237Self-verification - Difference between positive and negative self-views
For example, self-verification strivings may cause people with negative self-views to interpersonal attraction|gravitate toward partners who mistreat them, undermine their feelings of self-worth, or even abuse them
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Slide238Self-verification - Difference between positive and negative self-views
These findings and related ones point to the importance of efforts to improve the self-views of those who suffer from low self-esteem and depression.Swann, Chang-Schneider McClarty, 2007
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Slide239Self-verification - Effects on behavior
The latter finding revealed that self-verification strivings may sometimes trump positivity strivings.Robinson Smith-Lovin, 1992; Swann, Stein-Seroussi, Giesler, 1992; see Swann, Chang-Schneider, Angulo, in press, for a review
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Slide240Self-verification - Effects on behavior
Self-verification motives operate for different dimensions of the self-concept and in many different situations
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Slide241Self-verification - Effects on behavior
Self-verification theory suggests that people may begin to shape others' evaluations of them before they even begin interacting with them. They may, for example, display identity cues (see: impression management). The most effective identity cues enable people to signal who they are to potential interaction partners.
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Slide242Self-verification - Effects on behavior
* Physical appearance, such as clothes, body posture, demeanor.e.g., Pratt Rafaeli, 1997 For example, the low self-esteem person who evokes reactions that confirm her negative self-views by slumping her shoulders and keeping her eyes fixed on the ground.
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Slide243Self-verification - Effects on behavior
* Other cues, such as the car someone buys, the house they live in, the way they decorate their living environment. For example, an Sport utility vehicle|SUV evokes reactions that confirm a person's positive self-view.
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Slide244Self-verification - Effects on behavior
Self-verification strivings may also influence the social contexts that people enter into and remain in
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Slide245Self-verification - Effects on behavior
When people fail to gain self-verifying reactions through the display of identity cue or through choosing self-verifying social environments, they may still acquire such evaluations by systematically evoking confirming reactions. For example, depressed people behave in negative ways toward their room mates, thus causing these room mates to reject them.Swann, Wenzlaff, Krull, Pelham, 1992
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Slide246Self-verification - Effects on behavior
Self-verification theory predicts that when people interact with others, there is a general tendency for them to bring others to see them as they see themselves
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Slide247Self-verification - Role of confirmation bias
There are at least three relevant aspects of information processing in self-verification:
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Slide248Self-verification - Role of confirmation bias
#Attention: People will attend to evaluations that are self-confirming while ignoring non-confirming evaluations.
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Slide249Self-verification - Role of confirmation bias
#Interpretation of information: people tend to interpret information in ways that reinforce their self-views.Shrauger Lund, 1975
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Slide250Self-verification - Role of confirmation bias
Failing this, they may strive to see more self-verification than actually exists
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Slide251Self-verification - Preference for novelty
People seem to prefer modest levels of novelty; they want to experience phenomena that are unfamiliar enough to be interesting, but not so unfamiliar as to be frightening or too familiar as to be boring.e.g., Berlyne, 1971
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Slide252Self-verification - Preference for novelty
The implications of people's preference for novelty for interpersonal relationship|human relationships are not straightforward and obvious
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Slide253Self-verification - Tension with self-enhancement
In addition, self-reported emotional reactions favor self-enhancement while more thoughtful processes favor self-verification
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Slide254Self-verification - Tension with self-enhancement
If researchers want to learn if people prefer verification or positivity in a giving setting, they must study people with negative self-views.For a review, see Swann et al., in press
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Slide255Self-verification - Self-concept change
Although self-verification strivings tend to stabilize people's self-views, changes in self-views may still occur
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Slide256Self-verification - Self-concept change
Alternatively, people may themselves conclude that a given self-view is dysfunctional or obsolete and take steps to change it
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Slide257Self-verification - Criticism
Second, self-verification strivings are not limited to people with globally negative self-views; even people with high self-esteem seek negative evaluations about their flaws.Swann, Pelham Krull, 1989 Finally, even people with positive self-views appear to be uncomfortable with overly positive evaluations
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Slide258Self-verification - Criticism
Other critics have suggested that when people with negative self-views seek unfavorable evaluations, they do so as a means of avoiding truly negative evaluations or for purposes of self-improvement, with the idea being that this will enable them to obtain positive evaluations down the road
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Slide259Self-verification - Criticism
Recent criticism challenges the notion of a motive to self-verify. Raison oblige theory|Raison Oblige Theory putatively accounts for all examples of self-verifying behavior and offers an alternate explanation of why people appear to verify their self view.
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Slide260Internet fraud - Car export companies verification
Whilst the vast majority of websites in Japan are of genuine business companies, but it is also a fact that online scams and fraud are alive, well and very big business in Japan. It is very important for foreign importers to verify each company and do not send money until full satisfaction. Verification of each Japanese companies under Japan Company Trust Organization can also be helpful.
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Slide261EFTPOS - Cardholder verification
At ATMs, only PIN verification is available, and all new credit cards are now issued with PINs regardless of whether or not they have a chip
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Slide262EFTPOS - Cardholder verification
For some merchants, transactions below a specific threshold value can be approved without authentication (either signature or PIN).
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Slide263EFTPOS - Cardholder verification
The third digit is used to indicate the preferred card verification method (e.g
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Slide264Speech verification
'Speech verification' uses speech recognition to verify the correctness of the pronounced speech. Speech verification doesn't try to decode unknown speech from a huge search space, but instead, knowing the expected speech to be pronounced, it attempts to verify the correctness of the utterance's pronunciation, cadence, pitch, and stress. Pronunciation assessment is the main application of this technology which is sometimes called computer-aided pronunciation teaching.
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Slide265Carbon Trust - Carbon Footprinting, Verification and Carbon Trust Standard
The Carbon Trust provides voluntary carbon certification services and carbon labelling schemes – it verifies organisation and product carbon footprint data and provides marks of quality to organisations to demonstrate standards have been met.
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Slide266Carbon Trust - Carbon Footprinting, Verification and Carbon Trust Standard
From February 2013 the Carbon Trust introduced the water standard to go alongside its carbon standard. In November 2013 it announced the launch of the world’s first international standard for organisational waste reduction.
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Slide267Intelligent speed adaptation - Speed and location determining/ verification technology
There are four types of technology currently available for determining local speed limits on a road and determining the speed of the vehicle. These are:
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Slide268Negative index of refraction - Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction
A theoretical work in published in 1967 by Soviet physicist Victor Veselago showed that a refractive index with negative values is possible and that this does not violate the laws of physics. As discussed previously (above), the first metamaterial had a range of frequencies over which the refractive index was predicted to be negative for one direction of wave propagation|propagation. It was reported in May 2000.
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Slide269Negative index of refraction - Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction
In 2001, a team of researchers constructed a prism composed of metamaterials (negative index metamaterials) to experimentally test for negative refractive index. The experiment used a waveguide to help transmit the proper frequency and isolate the material. This test achieved its goal because it successfully verified a negative index of refraction.
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Slide270Negative index of refraction - Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction
The experimental demonstration of negative refractive index was followed by another demonstration, in 2003, of a reversal of Snell's law, or reversed refraction. However, in this experiment negative index of refraction material is in free space from 12.6 to 13.2GHz. Although the radiated frequency range is about the same, a notable distinction is this experiment is conducted in free space rather than employing waveguides.
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Slide271Negative index of refraction - Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction
Furthering the authenticity of negative refraction, the power flow of a wave transmitted through a dispersive left-handed material was calculated and compared to a dispersive right-handed material. The transmission of an incident field, composed of many frequencies, from an isotropic nondispersive material into an isotropic dispersive media is employed. The direction of power flow for both nondispersive and dispersive media is determined by the time-averaged
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Slide272Negative index of refraction - Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction
Poynting vector. Negative refraction was shown to be possible for multiple frequency signals by explicit calculation of the Poynting vector in the LHM.
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Slide273Negative index of refraction - Experimental verification of reversed Cherenkov radiation
Besides reversed values for index of refraction, Veselago predicted the occurrence of reversed Cherenkov radiation (also known simply as CR) in a left-handed medium
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Slide274Negative index of refraction - Experimental verification of reversed Cherenkov radiation
CR and the 1937 theory has led to a large array of applications in high energy physics
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Slide275Negative index of refraction - Experimental verification of reversed Cherenkov radiation
It has been difficult to experimentally prove the reversed Cherenkov radiation.
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Slide276Jeanne Calment - Verification
Exceeding any other longevity case reported, Calment establishes the record as the most-verifiable supercentenarian ever recorded. Beginning with the 1876 census (Calment is listed as a one-year old), she was indexed within fourteen census documents until 1975 (conducted sometime after she celebrated her 100th birthday). She was still managing independently at the time.
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Slide277Toad Data Modeler - Verification
Models can be verified and list of errors, warnings and hints can be displayed as a result of model verification process.
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Slide278Conventional Forces in Europe - Verification
The treaty included unprecedented provisions for detailed information exchanges, on-site inspections, challenge inspections, and on-site monitoring of destruction. Treaty parties received an unlimited right to monitor the process of destruction.
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Slide279Speaker verification
'Speaker recognition' is the identification of the person who is speaking by characteristics of their human voice|voices (voice biometrics), also called 'voice recognition'.
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Slide280Speaker verification
In addition, there is a difference between the act of authentication (commonly referred to as 'speaker verification' or 'speaker authentication') and identification
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Slide281Speaker verification
Speaker recognition has a history dating back some four decades and uses the acoustic features of speech that have been found to differ between individuals. These acoustic patterns reflect both Human anatomy|anatomy (e.g., size and shape of the throat and Human mouth|mouth) and learned behavioral patterns (e.g., voice pitch, speaking style). Speaker verification has earned speaker recognition its classification as a behavioral biometric.
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Slide282Speaker verification - Verification versus identification
From a security perspective, identification is different from verification. For example, presenting your passport at border control is a verification process: the agent compares your face to the picture in the document. Conversely, a police officer comparing a sketch of an assailant against a database of previously documented criminals to find the closest match(es) is an identification process.
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Slide283Speaker verification - Verification versus identification
Speaker verification is usually employed as a gatekeeper in order to provide access to a secure system (e.g. telephone banking). These systems operate with the users' knowledge and typically require their cooperation. Speaker identification systems can also be implemented covertly without the user's knowledge to identify talkers in a discussion, alert automated systems of speaker changes, check if a user is already enrolled in a system, etc.
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Slide284Speaker verification - Variants of speaker recognition
Because of the process involved, verification is faster than identification.
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Slide285Speaker verification - Variants of speaker recognition
If the text must be the same for enrollment and verification this is called text-dependent recognition. In a text-dependent system, prompts can either be common across all speakers (e.g.: a common pass phrase) or unique. In addition, the use of shared-secrets (e.g.: passwords and PINs) or knowledge-based information can be employed in order to create a multi-factor authentication scenario.
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Slide286Speaker verification - Variants of speaker recognition
As text-independent technologies do not compare what was said at enrollment and verification, verification applications tend to also employ speech recognition to determine what the user is saying at the point of authentication.
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Slide287Speaker verification - Variants of speaker recognition
In text independent systems both acoustics and speech analysis techniques are used.
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Slide288Speaker verification - Technology
The various technologies used to process and store voice prints include frequency estimation, hidden Markov models, Gaussian mixture models, pattern matching algorithms, neural networks, matrix representation,Vector Quantization and Decision_tree_learning|decision trees. Some systems also use anti-speaker techniques, such as cohort models, and world models.
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Slide289Speaker verification - Technology
Some systems adapt the speaker models after each successful verification to capture such long-term changes in the voice, though there is debate regarding the overall security impact imposed by automated adaptation.
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Slide290Speaker verification - Technology
Capture of the biometric is seen as non-invasive. The technology traditionally uses existing microphones and voice transmission technology allowing recognition over long distances via ordinary telephones (wired or wireless).
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Slide291Speaker verification - Technology
Digitally recorded audio voice identification and analogue recorded voice identification uses electronic measurements as well as critical listening skills that must be applied by a forensic expert in order for the identification to be accurate.
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Slide292Wikileaks - Verification of submissions
WikiLeaks states that it has never released a misattributed document and that documents are assessed before release
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Slide293Wikileaks - Verification of submissions
According to statements by Assange in 2010, submitted documents are vetted by a group of five reviewers, with expertise in different topics such as language or Computer programming|programming, who also investigate the background of the leaker if his or her identity is known. In that group, Assange has the final decision about the assessment of a document.
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Slide294Requirements - Verification
Non-functional requirements, which are unverifiable at the software level, must still be kept as a documentation of customer intent
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Slide295Antispam - SMTP callback verification
Since a large percentage of spam has forged and invalid sender (from) addresses, some spam can be detected by checking that this from address is valid. A mail server can try to verify the sender address by making an SMTP connection back to the mail exchanger for the address, as if it was creating a bounce, but stopping just before any email is sent.
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Slide296Antispam - SMTP callback verification
One of the ways of reducing the load on innocent servers is to use other spam detection methods first and save callback verification for last.
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Slide297Circuit design - Verification and testing
Verification is the process of going through each stage of a design and ensuring that it will do what the specification requires it to do
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Slide298Circuit design - Verification and testing
Testing is the real-world counterpart to verification, testing involves physically building at least a prototype of the design and then (in combination with the test procedures in the specification or added to it) checking the circuit really does do what it was designed to.
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Slide299Websites blocked in Belgium - Verification
There is no official complete register of blocked sites. Blocked content includes:
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Slide300Websites blocked in Belgium - Verification
* Court orders (mainly for copyright issues)
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Slide301Websites blocked in Belgium - Verification
* Unilateral blocking (some websites have been reported as being blocked without any known court order on the sole initiative of certain ISPs)
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Slide302Websites blocked in Belgium - Verification
* Gambling regulations (Belgian gambling laws requires a Gambling business to have a local physical gambling point and proper license in order to provide online gambling) Official Law Text, 10 January 2010 : http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=frla=Ftable_name=loicn=2010011012
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Slide303Websites blocked in Belgium - Verification
The only reported technique used by Belgian ISPs to block such websites is DNS hijacking|DNS Hijacking where requests toward the blocked websites would be redirected to a government owned web page: the StopPage.Official Belgian Government Stop Page http://193.191.245.56/Future of Copyright, Article Belgian Court of Appeal prefers DNS blocking over IP blocking , 30 November 2011 : http://www.futureofcopyright.com/home/blog-post/2011/11/30/belgian-court-of-appeal-prefers-dns-blocking-over-ip-blocking.html
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Slide304Fault-tolerant computer system - Fault tolerance verification and validation
The most important requirement of design in a Fault-tolerant design|fault tolerant computer system is making sure it actually meets its requirements for reliability
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Slide305DreamSpark - Verification
Proof of student status is required to download software and obtain product keys. On the DreamSpark website, students can verify their identity using ISIC cards, access codes ordered by school administrators, or .edu email addresses. Students remain verified for 12 months afterwards.
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Slide306List of websites blocked in the United Kingdom - Verification
Sites are blocked using various methods across the Big 5 UK Internet Service Provider|ISPs,[https://wiki.openrightsgroup.org/wiki/Big_5_ISPs Big 5 ISPs], Open Rights Group Wiki, 28 July 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013. making it difficult to ascertain whether a site is 'blocked' or not. There is no official register of blocked sites, nationally blocked content includes:
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Slide307List of websites blocked in the United Kingdom - Verification
* Cleanfeed (content blocking system)#United Kingdom|Cleanfeed, a system from the Internet Watch Foundation developed to block child pornography
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Slide308List of websites blocked in the United Kingdom - Verification
* Content-control software|ISP content categorization data on mobile networks and ISP Default Filters
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Slide309List of websites blocked in the United Kingdom - Verification
* Blacklist (computing)|Blacklists focused against malware and technical threats.
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Slide310List of websites blocked in the United Kingdom - Verification
* Court orders for ISPs with over 400,000 subscribers, as per the Digital Economy Act 2010|Digital Economy Act.
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Slide311List of websites blocked in the United Kingdom - Verification
Of these, only court ordered related site blocks to larger ISPs with 96.5%[http://www.thinkbroadband.com/factsheet/broadband-factsheet-q3-2013.pdf UK Broadband Factsheet Q3 2013 - Page 3], ThinkBroadband, page 3. Retrieved 23 November 2013. of the UK residential market can be cited from publicly available sources.
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Slide312List of websites blocked in the United Kingdom - Verification
The technical measures used to block sites include DNS hijacking, DNS blocking, IP address blocking, and Deep packet inspection, making consistent detection problematic. One known method is ISP Data scraping|scraping DNS of domains subject to blocking orders to produce a list of IPs to block.
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Slide313List of websites blocked in the United Kingdom - Verification
The Open Rights Group has proposed adding the new HTTP status code '451' to help streamline and add transparency to the process of determining when a site is blocked.[http://www.451unavailable.org/ 451 unavailable - Site blocked for legal reasons], Open Rights Group
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Slide314Two-factor authentication - Google's two-step verification process
Google allows users to use a two-step verification process. To access a Google service using the two-step verification process, a user has to go through the following two stages:
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Slide315Two-factor authentication - Google's two-step verification process
*The first step is to log in using the username and password. This is an application of the knowledge factor.
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Slide316Two-factor authentication - Google's two-step verification process
*The implementation of the second step requires a mobile phone or the Google Authenticator application, which is an application of the knowledge factor
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Slide317Two-factor authentication - Google's two-step verification process
If the user opts to use the Google Authenticator (or another supported code generator application),https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/180744?hl=en he/she simply opens the application, which generates a new code every 30 seconds
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Slide318Two-factor authentication - Other sites offering two-step verification service
* Buffer (application)|Buffer
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Slide319Two-factor authentication - Other sites offering two-step verification service
* Dashlanehttps://www.dashlane.com/security
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Slide320Cryptographic hash functions - Password verification
In 2013 a long-term Password Hashing Competition was announced to choose a new, standard algorithm for password hashing.
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Slide321Trusted Computing - Verification of remote computation for grid computing
Trusted Computing could be used to guarantee participants in a grid computing system are returning the results of the computations they claim to be instead of forging them. This would allow large scale simulations to be run (say a climate simulation) without expensive redundant computations to guarantee malicious hosts are not undermining the results to achieve the conclusion they want.
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Slide322Logic simulation - Use in verification and validation
Logic simulation may be used as part of the Verification and validation|verification process in designing hardware.
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Slide323Logic simulation - Use in verification and validation
Simulations have the advantage of providing a familiar look and feel to the user in that it is constructed from the same language and symbols used in design. By allowing the user to interact directly with the design, simulation is a natural way for the designer to get feedback on their design.
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Slide324Self-knowledge (psychology) - Self-verification theory
Self-verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self
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Slide325Self-knowledge (psychology) - Self-verification theory
Two considerations are thought to drive the search for self-verifying feedback:Swann, W. B., Jr., Stein-Seroussi, A., Giesler, R. B. (1992). Why people self-verify. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62,392-401
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Slide326Self-knowledge (psychology) - Self-verification theory
* We feel more comfortable and secure when we believe that others see us in the same way that we see ourselves. Actively seeking self-verifying feedback helps people avoid finding out that they are wrong about their self-views.
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Slide327Self-knowledge (psychology) - Self-verification theory
* Self-verification theory assumes that social interactions will proceed more smoothly and profitably when other people view us the same way as we view ourselves. This provides a second reason to selectively seek self-verifying feedback.
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Slide328Self-knowledge (psychology) - Self-verification theory
These factors of self-verification theory create controversy when persons suffering from low-self-esteem are taken into consideration. People who hold negative self-views about themselves selectively seek negative feedback in order to verify their self-views. This is in stark contrast to self-enhancement motives that suggest people are driven by the desire to feel good about themselves.
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Slide329Logical positivism - Verification
The logical positivists' initial stance was that a statement is cognitively meaningful only if some finite procedure conclusively determines its truth.For a classic survey of other versions of verificationism, see Carl G Hempel, Problems and changes in the empiricist criterion of meaning, Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 1950;'41':41-63
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Slide330Logical positivism - Verification
Ethics and aesthetics were subjective preferences, while theology and other metaphysics contained pseudostatements, neither true nor false
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Slide331Logical positivism - Weak verification
Thus, all are open to weak verification.
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Slide332Card Verification Value
A 'card security code' (CSC), sometimes called 'card verification data' (CVD), 'card verification number' (CVN), 'card verification value' (CVV or CVV2), 'card verification value code' (CVVC), 'card verification code' (CVC or CVC2), 'verification code' ('V-code' or 'V code'), 'card code verification' (CCV), or 'signature panel code' (SPC) are different terms for a security feature for Card not present transaction|card not present payment card transactions against credit card fraud.
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Slide333Card Verification Value
The CSC is in addition to the bank card number which is embossed or printed on the card. The CSC is also in addition to the Personal identification number|PIN or passwords associated with the card. The PIN is not printed or embedded on the card but is manually entered by the cardholder during a point-of-sale (card present) transaction. Contactless payment|Contactless card and chip cards may electronically generate their own code, such as iCVV or Dynamic CVV.
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Slide334Card Verification Value
MasterCard started issuing CSCs in 1997 and Visa in the United States issued them by 2001. American Express started to use the CSC in 1999 in response to growing internet transactions and card member complaints of spending interruptions when the security of a card has been brought into question.
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Slide335Card Verification Value - Description
* VISA (credit card)|Visa – card verification value (CVV2)
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Slide336Card Verification Value - Description
* Discover Card|Discover – card identification number (CID)
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Slide337Card Verification Value - Description
* American Express – CID or unique card code
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Slide338Card Verification Value - Description
* Debit Card – CSC or card security code
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Slide339Card Verification Value - Types of codes
There are several types of security codes:
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Slide340Card Verification Value - Types of codes
* The first code, called CVC1 or CVV1, is encoded on track-2 of the magnetic stripe of the card and used for card present transactions
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Slide341Card Verification Value - Types of codes
* The second code, and the most cited, is CVV2 or CVC2. This code is often sought by merchants for card not present transactions occurring by mail or fax or over the telephone or Internet. In some countries in Western Europe, card issuers require a merchant to obtain the code when the cardholder is not present in person.
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Slide342Card Verification Value - Location of code
The second type of CSC is a three- or four-digit value printed on the front of the card or on the signature strip on the back. It is not encoded on the magnetic stripe but is printed flat, not embossed like the card number.
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Slide343Card Verification Value - Location of code
* American Express cards have a four-digit code printed on the front side of the card above the number.
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Slide344Card Verification Value - Location of code
* MasterCard, Visa, Diners Club, Discover, and Japan Credit Bureau|JCB credit and debit cards have a three-digit card security code. The code is the final group of numbers printed on the back signature panel of the card. New North American MasterCard and Visa cards feature the code in a separate panel to the right of the signature strip. This has been done to prevent overwriting of the numbers by signing thecard.
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Slide345Card Verification Value - Security benefits
As a security measure, merchants who require the CVV2 for card not present payment card transactions are required by the card issuer not to store the CVV2 once the individual transaction is authorized and completed
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Slide346Card Verification Value - Security benefits
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) also prohibits the storage of CSC (and other sensitive authorisation data) post transaction authorisation. This applies globally to anyone who stores, processes or transmits card holder data.
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Slide347Card Verification Value - Security benefits
Since the CSC is not contained on the magnetic stripe of the card, it is not typically included in the transaction when the card is used face to face at a merchant
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Slide348Card Verification Value - Security benefits
Supplying the CSC code in a transaction is intended to verify that the customer has the card in their possession. Knowledge of the code proves that the customer has seen the card, or has seen a record made by somebody who saw the card.
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Slide349Card Verification Value - Limitations
* The use of the CSC cannot protect against phishing scams, where the cardholder is tricked into entering the CSC among other card details via a fraudulent website
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Slide350Card Verification Value - Limitations
* Since the CSC may not be stored by the merchant for any length of time (after the original transaction in which the CSC was quoted and then authorized and completed), a merchant who needs to regularly bill a card for a regular subscription would not be able to provide the code after the initial transaction. Payment gateways, however, have responded by adding periodic bill features as part of the authorization process.
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Slide351Card Verification Value - Limitations
* Some card issuers do not use the CSC. However, transactions without CSC are likely to be subjected to higher card processing cost to the merchants, and fraudulent transactions without CSC are more likely to be resolved in favour of the cardholder.
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Slide352Card Verification Value - Limitations
* It is not mandatory for a merchant to require the security code for making a transaction, hence the card is still prone to fraud even if only its number is known to phishers.
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Slide353Card Verification Value - Generation of CSC
The CSC for each card (form 1 and 2) is generated by the card issuer when the card is issued. It is calculated by encrypting the bank card number, expiration date and service code with encryption keys known only to the card issuer, and decimalising the result.
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Slide354Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment - Verification B-BBEE Certificates
It is not mandatory to get a verification agency to audit a BEE Scorecard. It is however a requirement to have suitable documentation/evidence to score any points. SANAS (South African National Accreditation System) and IRBA (Independent Regulatory Body for Auditor) has been mandated with accrediting the Verification Agencies. This accreditation has been put in place to ensure the consistency of the independent verification of B-BBEE contributions.
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Slide355Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment - Verification B-BBEE Certificates
BEE Certificates can be issued by any Verification Agency so long as they are approved to do so by SANAS or IRBA. Accounting officers registered in term of the Close corporation act of 1984 can also issue the BBBEE certificates for EMEs
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Slide356Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment - Verification B-BBEE Certificates
The Certificate can only be issued once a full verification has been performed and the documentation presented by your company has been verified.
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Slide357Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment - Verification B-BBEE Certificates
On the certificate, the following information should be listed:
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Slide358Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment - Verification B-BBEE Certificates
*Type of Certificate (Group/Entity/Division)
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Slide359Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment - Verification B-BBEE Certificates
*Value Adding Supplier (Yes/No)
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Slide360Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment - Verification B-BBEE Certificates
No additional information is required to be provided to a business' customers. A BEE Certificate is sufficient evidence of a business' B-BBEE Compliance.
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Slide361Maintenance philosophy - Operational Verification
This generally involves using the system in its normal mode of operation, which could involve actual operation or simulated operation.
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Slide362Shop drawings - Indication of dimensions needing verification from the jobsite
Most jobsite dimensions, such as the dimensions between two surfaces on the jobsite, need to be verified
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Slide363Shop drawings - Indication of dimensions needing verification from the jobsite
In remodeling and renovation work, it is essential that field dimensions be verified prior to fabrication. Some fabricators, such as Cabinet (furniture)|cabinet and casework suppliers, prefer not to rely on the contractor’s verification and will verify the dimensions with their own personnel.
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Slide364Java performance - Split bytecode verification
(Note that other verifiers, such as the Java/400 verifier for IBM iSeries|System i, can perform most verification in advance and cache verification information from one use of a class to the next.) However, as the Java Java Platform#Class libraries|Class libraries are also regular Java classes, they must also be loaded when they are used, which means that the start-up time of a Java program is often longer than for C++ programs, for example.
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Slide365Java performance - Split bytecode verification
A technique named 'Split-time verification', first introduced in the Java Platform, Micro Edition|J2ME of the Java platform, is used in the Java Virtual Machine since the Java version history|Java version 6. It splits the verification of Java bytecode|bytecode in two phases:
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Slide366Java performance - Split bytecode verification
* Design-time - during the compilation of the class from source to bytecode
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Slide367Java performance - Split bytecode verification
* runtime - when loading the class.
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Slide368Java performance - Split bytecode verification
In practice this technique works by capturing knowledge that the Java compiler has of class flow and annotating the compiled method bytecodes with a synopsis of the class flow information. This does not make runtime verification appreciably less complex, but does allow some shortcuts.
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Slide369Mental chronometry - Sentence-picture verification
Mental chronometry has been used in identifying some of the processes associated with understanding a sentence
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Slide370Self-refuting idea - Verification- and falsification-principles
The statements statements are meaningless unless they can be empirically verified and statements are meaningless unless they can be empirically falsified have both been called self-refuting on the basis that they can neither be empirically verified nor falsified.See e.g
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Slide371Functional verification
Functional verification is a part of more encompassing design verification, which, besides functional verification, considers non-functional aspects like timing, layout and power.
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Slide372Functional verification
This effort is equivalent to program verification, and is NP-hard or even worse - and no solution has been found that works well in all cases
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Slide373Functional verification
*Logic simulation simulates the logic before it is built.
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Slide374Functional verification
*Simulation acceleration applies special purpose hardware to the logic simulation problem.
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Slide375Functional verification
*Emulation builds a version of system using programmable logic. This is expensive, and still much slower than the real hardware, but orders of magnitude faster than simulation. It can be used, for example, to boot the operating system on a processor.
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Slide376Functional verification
*Formal verification attempts to prove mathematically that certain requirements (also expressed formally) are met, or that certain undesired behaviors (such as deadlock) cannot occur.
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Slide377Functional verification
*Intelligent verification uses automation to adapt the testbench to changes in the register transfer level code.
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Slide378Functional verification
*HDL-specific versions of lint programming tool|lint, and other heuristics, are used to find common problems.
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Slide379Functional verification
Simulation based verification (also called 'dynamic verification') is widely used to simulate the design, since this method scales up very easily. Stimulus is provided to exercise each line in the HDL code. A test-bench is built to functionally verify the design by providing meaningful scenarios to check that given certain input, the design performs to specification.
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Slide380Functional verification
A simulation environment is typically composed of several types of components:
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Slide381Functional verification
*The Random test generator|generator generates input vectors that are used to search for anomalies that exist between the intent (specifications) and the implementation (HDL Code)
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Slide382Functional verification
*The Device driver|drivers translate the stimuli produced by the generator into the actual inputs for the design under verification. Generators create inputs at a high level of abstraction, namely, as transactions or assembly language. The drivers convert this input into actual design inputs as defined in the specification of the design's interface.
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Slide383Functional verification
*The simulator produces the outputs of the design, based on the design’s current state (the state of the flip-flops) and the injected inputs. The simulator has a description of the design net-list. This description is created by synthesizing the HDL to a low gate level net-list.
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Slide384Functional verification
*The Machine code monitor|monitor converts the state of the design and its outputs to a transaction abstraction level so it can be stored in a 'score-boards' database to be checked later on.
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Slide385Functional verification
*The checker validates that the contents of the 'score-boards' are legal. There are cases where the generator creates expected results, in addition to the inputs. In these cases, the checker must validate that the actual results match the expected ones.
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Slide386Functional verification
Different Code coverage|coverage metrics are defined to assess that the design has been adequately exercised. These include functional coverage (has every functionality of the design been exercised?), statement coverage (has each line of HDL been exercised?), and branch coverage (has each direction of every branch been exercised?).
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Slide387Functional verification - Functional verification tools
* Avery Design Systems: SimCluster (for parallel logic simulation) and Insight (for formal verification)
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Slide388ISP Formal Verification Tool
This means that the tool verifies all relevant interleavings of a concurrent program by replaying the actual program code without building verification models
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Slide389ISP Formal Verification Tool
Other recent tools of this genre include the [http://javapathfinder.sourceforge.net/ Java Pathfinder], [http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/downloads/b23f8dc3-bb73-498f-bd85-1de121672e69/default.aspx Microsoft's CHESS tool], and [http://www.usenix.org/events/nsdi09/tech/ MODIST].
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Slide390ISP Formal Verification Tool
Kirby, ``Dynamic Verification of MPI Programs with Reductions in Presence of Split Operations and Relaxed Orderings, Computer Aided Verification [http://www.princeton.edu/cav2008/ (CAV 2008)], pp
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Slide391ISP Formal Verification Tool
ISP has been used to successfully verify up to 14,000 lines of MPI/C code for deadlocks and assertion violations. It currently supports over 60 Message Passing Interface|MPI 2.1 functions, and has been tested with MPICH2, OpenMPI,and Message Passing Interface|Microsoft MPI libraries.
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Slide392ISP Formal Verification Tool
ISP is available for download for linux and Mac OS X; as a Visual Studio plugin for running under Microsoft Windows|Windows, and as an Eclipse (software)|Eclipse plugin..
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Slide393United States Pharmacopeia - Product quality–standards and verification
USP establishes written (documentary) and physical (Reference standard|reference) standards for medicines, food ingredients, dietary supplement products and ingredients. These standards are used by regulatory agencies and manufacturers to help to ensure that these products are of the appropriate identity, as well as strength, quality, purity, and consistency.
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Slide394United States Pharmacopeia - Product quality–standards and verification
Prescription and over-the-counter medicines available in the United States must, by United States Code|federal law, meet USP-NF public standards, where such standards exist. Many other countries use the USP-NF instead of issuing their own pharmacopeia, or to supplement their government pharmacopeia.
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Slide395United States Pharmacopeia - Product quality–standards and verification
USP's standards for food ingredients can be found in its Food Chemicals Codex (FCC)
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Slide396United States Pharmacopeia - Product quality–standards and verification
USP also conducts verification programs for dietary supplement products and ingredients. These are testing and audit programs. Products that meet the requirements of the program can display the USP Verified Dietary Supplement Mark on their labels. This is different from seeing the letters “USP” alone on a dietary supplement label, which means that the manufacturer is claiming to adhere to USP standards. USP does not test such products as it does with USP Verified products.
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Slide397Luhn algorithm - Verification of the check digit
digits = digits_of(card_number)
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Slide398Evi (software) - Knowledge accumulation and verification
Evi gathers information for its database in two ways: importing it from credible external databases (which for them includes Wikipedia: Citation Required) and from user submission following a consistent format and detailed process for input.[http://www.semanticfocus.com/blog/entry/title/true-knowledge-the-natural-language-question-answering-wikipedia-for-facts/ True Knowledge: The Natural Language Question Answering Wikipedia for Facts] Semantic Focus
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Slide399Evi (software) - Knowledge accumulation and verification
One method involves a system of checks and balances in some ways similar to Wikipedia's, allowing users to modify or agree/disagree with information presented by True Knowledge
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Slide400Evi (software) - Knowledge accumulation and verification
In November 2010, True Knowledge used some 300 million facts to calculate that Sunday, 11 April 1954, was the most boring day since 1900.
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Slide401Elliptic Curve DSA - Signature verification algorithm
For Bob to authenticate Alice's signature, he must have a copy of her public-key curve point Q_A. Bob can verify Q_A is a valid curve point as follows:
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Slide402Elliptic Curve DSA - Signature verification algorithm
# Check that Q_A is not equal to the identity element O, and its coordinates are otherwise valid
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Slide403Elliptic Curve DSA - Signature verification algorithm
# Verify that r and s are integers in [1, n-1]. If not, the signature is invalid.
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Slide404Elliptic Curve DSA - Signature verification algorithm
# Calculate e = \textrm(m), where HASH is the same function used in the signature generation.
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Slide405Elliptic Curve DSA - Signature verification algorithm
# Calculate the curve point (x_1, y_1) = u_1 \times G + u_2 \times Q_A.
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Slide406Elliptic Curve DSA - Signature verification algorithm
# The signature is valid if r \equiv x_1 \pmod, invalid otherwise.
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Slide407Elliptic Curve DSA - Signature verification algorithm
Note that using Straus's algorithm (also known as Shamir's trick), a sum of two scalar multiplications u_1 \times G + u_2 \times Q_A can be calculated faster than two scalar multiplications done independently.
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Slide408Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
It was common for nobles to falsify the size of the forces under their command by, for example, borrowing men from another noble in order to make up their quota. The ability of the overseers to detect and control such practices declined with time and by the middle of Muhammad Shah's reign (1719—1748), all such precautions had fallen into abeyance, amid the general confusion and deepening corruption.
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Slide409Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
This branding, with the consequent periodical musters for the purpose of comparison and verification, formed a separate department under the Bakhshi with its own superintendent (daroghali), and this was known as the dargh-O-tashah or verification
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Slide410Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
Every man brings his own horse and offers himself to be enlisted
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Slide411Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
*'Descriptive Rolls' - When an officer entered the service a Chihrah or descriptive roll of the new mansbdar was first of all drawn up, showing his name, his father's name, his tribe or caste, his place of origin, followed by details of his personal appearance. In the imperial service the chihrahs were written on red paper sprinkled with gold leaf.
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Slide412Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
*'Roll for Troopers' - The troopers were also described, but not quite so elaborately. This is called as (Chihrah -i-Tabinan). In this the trooper personal appearance and details of horse were written.
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Slide413Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
*'Descriptive Roll of Horses (Chihrah-i-aspan)' - The next thing done was to make out an elaboratedescription of the horse or horses. There were twenty principal divisions according to colour, and eight of these were again subdivided, so that there were altogether fifty-eight divisions. Then there were fifty-two headings for the marks which might occur on the horse's body.
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Slide414Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
*'The Imperial Brand' - The hot iron was applied on the horse's thigh The signs used in Akbar's reign. But in the end he adopted a system of numerals. In Alamgirs reign and about that time there were twenty different brands (tamghah).
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Slide415Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
*'The Noble's Brand' - In addition to the imperial brand, a second mark was required by each noble for the recognition of the horses ridden by his own men. Towards the end of the period the great nobles often had the first or last letter of their name as their special brand.
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Slide416Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
*'Classification of Horses' - There were seven classes of horses founded on their breed —
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Slide417Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
#Mujannas, resembling Persian, and mostly Turk or Persian geldings
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Slide418Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
The Arab horses were still in use at the time of Mughals. The Tazi and Janglah were Indian
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Slide419Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
horses. The former beingheld of superior quality to the latter. The Yabu waS the Kabuli, stout-built, slow, and of somewhat sluggish temperament. The Turki was an animal from Bukhara or the Oxus country. the Iraqi came from Mesopotamia.
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Slide420Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
According as the standard was exceeded or not come up to, the branding officer made an allowance or deduction by a fixed table. This calculation was styled tafawat-i-aspan (discrepancy of horses).
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Slide421Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
*'Subordinate Establishment' - An Establishment of farriers, blacksmith's forge and Surgeons was made by each Mansabdar according to following scale -
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Slide422Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
Thirty men on foot were required to be entertained for every thousand rank of Mansabdar. These includes water carriers, farriers, pioneers, matchlock men and bowmen.
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Slide423Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
If he were paid in jagir, he had to muster his men for verification once a year, and, in addition, a period of six months' grace was allowed
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Slide424Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
A mansabdar lost the whole of his pay for the period since the last verification
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Slide425Army of the Mughal Empire - Branding and verification of horses
held to be sufficient. There were three seasons appointed for verification, from the 26th Shawwal to the 15th Zul Qa'dah (twenty days), the 19th Safar to the I5tli Rabf I (twenty-five days), and the 16th Jamadi II to the 15th Rajab (twenty-nine days).
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Slide426Age of the Earth - Helioseismic verification
The radiometric date of meteorites can be verified with studies of the Sun. The Sun can be dated using Helioseismic#Helioseismic dating|helioseismic methods that strongly agree with the radiometric dates found for the oldest meteorites.
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Slide427List of important publications in theoretical computer science - Proof verification and the hardness of approximation problems
Description: These three papers established the surprising fact that certain problems in NP remain hard even when only an approximative solution is required. See PCP theorem.
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Slide428Four color theorem - Simplification and verification
Since the proving of the theorem, efficient algorithms have been found for 4-coloring maps requiring only Big O notation|O(n2) time, where n is the number of vertices
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Slide429Four color theorem - Simplification and verification
In 2005, Benjamin Werner and Georges Gonthier formalized a proof of the theorem inside the Coq proof assistant. This removed the need to trust the various computer programs used to verify particular cases; it is only necessary to trust the Coq kernel .
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Slide430Authenticate - Factual verification
Determining the truth or factual accuracy of information in a message is generally considered a separate problem from authentication. A wide range of techniques, from detective work, to fact checker|fact checking in journalism, to scientific experiment might be employed.
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Slide431Epistemic theories of truth - Verificationist views
In positivism (philosophy)|positivism, a proposition is meaningful, and thus capable of being true or false, if and only if it is verifiable by sense|sensory experiences.
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Slide432Epistemic theories of truth - Verificationist views
A-priorism, often used in the Field of study|domains of logic and mathematics, holds a proposition true if and only if a priori reasoning can verify it. In the related certainty theory, associated with Descartes and Spinoza, a proposition is true if and only if it is known with certainty.
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Slide433Epistemic theories of truth - Verificationist views
Another theory of truth which is related to a priorism is the concept-containment theory of truth
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Slide434Encrypt - Message verification
Encryption, by itself, can protect the confidentiality of messages, but other techniques are still needed to protect the integrity and authenticity of a message; for example, verification of a message authentication code (MAC) or a digital signature
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Slide435Encrypt - Message verification
Digital signature and encryption must be applied to the ciphertext when it is created (typically on the same device used to compose the message) to avoid tampering; otherwise any node between the sender and the encryption agent could potentially tamper with it. Encrypting at the time of creation is only secure if the encryption device itself has not been tampered with.
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Slide436Eschatological verification
'Eschatological verification' describes a case where a statement can be verifiable if true but not falsifiable if false. The term is most commonly used in relation to God and the afterlife.
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Slide437Eschatological verification
John Hick has expressed the premise as an allegory of a quest to a Celestial City
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Slide438Eschatological verification - Sources
*Alston, William P. Functionalism and Theological Language. In Divine Nature and Human Language: Essays in Philosophical Theology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989a. 33–34.
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Slide439Eschatological verification - Sources
*Hick, John H. Faith and Knowledge. 2nd ed. London, UK: Macmillan, 1988. 177–178.
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Slide440Eschatological verification - Sources
*Hick, John H. Philosophy or Religion. 4th ed. London, UK: Prentice Hall, 1990. 82–89, also see 135–136.
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Slide441Eschatological verification - Sources
*The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006. University of Tennessee, Martin. 21 June 2008 http://www.iep.utm.edu.
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Slide442Verificationism
'Verificationism' was a movement in Western philosophy—in particular, analytic philosophy—that emerged in the 1920s by the efforts of a group of philosophers known as the logical positivists, who aimed to formulate criteria to ensure philosophical statements' meaningfulness and to objectively assess their truth value|falsity or truth
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Slide443Verificationism
The viability of a sharp observational-theoretical distinction was frequently called into question, but that particular problem need not detain us now.—were by the 1960s found irreparably untenable, signaling the demise of verificationism and, with it, of the entire movement launched by logical positivism.
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Slide444Verificationism - Evolution
Rudolf Carnap and Otto Neurath led a faction seeking liberalization of empiricism, a faction that also switched from Ernst Mach|Mach's phenomenalism—which accorded the mind virtually no power to know objects, and restricted scientific talk to phenomena as experienced patterns of sensations—to Neurath's physicalism, which shifts talk to spatiotemporal, publicly observable objects and events.Antony G Flew, A Dictionary of Philosophy, rev 2nd edn (New York: St Martin's Press, 1984), [http://books.google.com/books?id=MmJHVU9Rv3YCpg=PA245dq=Neurath+physicalism+verification Neurath], p 245.
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Slide445Verificationism - Evolution
Ayer|A J Ayer proposed two types of verification—strong and weak—while weak verification would be obtainable when a proposition is rendered probable
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Slide446Verificationism - Problems
Despite employing abundant logical and mathematical tools to formalize a universal law's probability as degree of confirmation, Rudolf Carnap never succeeded in this endeavor
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Slide447Hybrid system - Hybrid Systems Formal verification|Verification
A possible theoretical characterization of this is algorithms that succeed with hybrid systems verification in all robust cases Martin Fränzle: Analysis of Hybrid Systems: An ounce of realism can save an infinity of states, Springer LNCS 1683 implying that many problems for hybrid systems, while undecidable, are at least quasi-decidable Stefan Ratschan: Safety verification of non-linear hybrid systems is quasi-decidable, Formal Methods in System Design, volume 44, pp
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Slide448Language, Truth, and Logic - Types of verification
Ayer distinguishes between ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ verification, noting that there is a limit to how conclusively a proposition can be verified. ‘Strong’ (fully conclusive) verification is not possible for any empirical proposition, because the validity of any proposition always depends upon further experience. ‘Weak’ (probable) verification, on the other hand, is possible for any empirical proposition.
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Slide449Language, Truth, and Logic - Types of verification
Ayer also distinguishes between practical and theoretical verifiability. Propositions for which we do not have a practical means of verification may still be meaningful if we can verify them in principle.
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Slide450Language, Truth, and Logic - Types of verification
Literal meaning must also be distinguished from factual meaning. Literal meaning is an attribute of statements that are either analytic or empirically verifiable. Factual meaning is an attribute of statements that are meaningful without being analytic. Thus, statements that have factual meaning say something about the real world.
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Slide451Language, Truth, and Logic - Types of verification
Ayer agrees with Hume that there are two main classes of propositions: those that concern 'relations of ideas,' and those that concern 'matters of fact.' Propositions about 'relations of ideas' include the a priori propositions of logic and mathematics. Propositions about 'matters of fact,' on the other hand, make assertions about the empirical world.
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Slide452Language, Truth, and Logic - Types of verification
Ayer argues that philosophic propositions are analytic, and that they are concerned with 'relations of ideas.' The task of philosophy is to clarify the logical relationships of empirical propositions. If the meaning of propositions is defined by verifiability, then philosophy cannot provide speculative truths about metaphysical statements that cannot be empirically verified.
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Slide453Tablebase - Step 3: Verification
After the tablebase has been generated, and every position has been evaluated, the result must be verified independently. The purpose is to check the Consistency|self-consistency of the tablebase results.
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Slide454Tablebase - Step 3: Verification
For example, in Figure 1 above, the verification program sees the evaluation mate in three ply (Kc6). It then looks at the position in Figure 2, after Kc6, and sees the evaluation mate in two ply. These two evaluations are consistent with each other. If the evaluation of Figure 2 were anything else, it would be inconsistent with Figure 1, so the tablebase would need to be corrected.
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Slide455Kenyan general election, 2013 - Register verification
On 13 January 2013 IEBC opened its voter register for inspection. Voters were to verify their details before 26 January to enable the commission clean the register ahead of the poll. The options include visiting respective registration centers, the IEBC website or the use of mobile phone numbers via an SMS service (using National Identity Card or Passport numbers used during registration).
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Slide456Kenyan general election, 2013 - Register verification
The IEBC announced on 23 February 2013 that it had has removed 20,000 voters who had registered more than once from the voter roll. The names were identified during continuing activities to clean up the register.
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Slide457Verification (spaceflight)
'Verification' in the field of space systems engineering covers two Verification and validation|verification processes: Qualification and Acceptance
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Slide458Verification (spaceflight) - Overview
In the field of spaceflight verification standards are developed NASA and the European Cooperation for Space Standardization|ECSS, and to specify requirements for the verification of a space system product, such as:[http://www.everyspec.com/ESA/ECSS-E-10-02A_14991/ Space Engineering Verification], ECSS-E-10-02A, 17 November 1998, p.11.
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Slide459Verification (spaceflight) - Overview
* the fundamental concepts of the verification process,
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Slide460Verification (spaceflight) - Overview
* the rules for the implementation of the verification programme.
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Slide461Verification (spaceflight) - Overview
Verification is one main reason that costs for space systems are high. All data are to be documented and to stay accessible for potential, later failure analyses. In previous times that approach was executed down to piece-parts level (resistors, switches etc.) whereas nowadays it is tried to reduce cost by usage of CAM (Commercial, Avionics, Military) equipment for non-safety relevant units.
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Slide462Verification (spaceflight) - Qualification and Acceptance
Qualification is the formal proof that the design meets all requirements of the specification and the parameters agreed in the Interface Control Documents (ICD) including tolerances due to manufacturing imperfections, wear-out within specified life-time, faults etc. The end of the qualification process is the approval signature of the customer on the Certificate of Qualification (COQ) agreeing that all his requirements are met.
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Slide463Verification (spaceflight) - Qualification and Acceptance
Acceptance is the formal proof that the product identified by its serial number meets all requirements of the specification and is free of workmanship and material failures. Acceptance is based on the preceding qualification by reference to the used design / manufacturing documentation. The end of the acceptance process is the approval signature of the customer on the Certificate of Acceptance (COA) agreeing that all his requirements are met by the product to be delivered.
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Slide464Verification (spaceflight) - Qualification and Acceptance
Qualification verification methods are
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Slide465Verification (spaceflight) - Qualification and Acceptance
* Review of design using configuration controlled drawings (for software code review)
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Slide466Verification (spaceflight) - Qualification and Acceptance
* Test (functions under specified environment, mass, dimensions etc.)
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Slide467Verification (spaceflight) - Qualification and Acceptance
* Inspection (especially for Human Factors Engineering requirements with astronauts for manned spacecraft).
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Slide468Verification (spaceflight) - Qualification and Acceptance
Each software element will be tested alone and as part of the overall system configuration until considered as qualified.
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Slide469Verification (spaceflight) - Qualification and Acceptance
* Inspection by Quality Insurance engineers.
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Slide470Proto-language - Definition and verification
Typically, the proto-language is not known directly. It is by definition a linguistic reconstruction formulated by applying the comparative method to a group of languages featuring similar characteristics. The tree is a statement of similarity and a hypothesis that the similarity results from descent from a common language.
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Slide471Proto-language - Definition and verification
The comparative method, a process of deductive reasoning|deduction, begins from a set of characteristics, or characters, found in the attested languages. If the entire set can be accounted for by descent from the proto-language, which must contain the proto-forms of them all, the tree, or phylogeny, is regarded as a complete explanation and by Occam's razor, is given credibility. More recently such a tree has been termed perfect and the characters labeled compatible.
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Slide472Proto-language - Definition and verification
No trees but the smallest branches are ever found to be perfect
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Slide473Proto-language - Definition and verification
Some universally accepted proto-languages are Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European, Proto-Uralic language|Proto-Uralic, and Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidian.
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Slide474Proto-language - Definition and verification
In a few fortuitous instances, which have been used to verify the method and the model (and probably ultimately inspired it), a literary history exists from as early as a few millennia ago, allowing the descent to be traced in detail
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Slide475Proto-language - Definition and verification
The first person to offer systematic reconstructions of an unattested proto-language was August Schleicher; he did so for Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European in 1861..
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Slide476Personal Identity Verification
'FIPS 201' ('Federal Information Processing Standards|Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 201') is a Federal government of the United States|United States federal government standard that specifies 'Personal Identity Verification' ('PIV') requirements for Federal employees and contractors.
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Slide477Personal Identity Verification
In response to HSPD-12, the National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST Computer Security Division initiated a new program for improving the identification and authentication of Federal employees and contractors for access to Federal facilities and information systems. FIPS 201 was developed to satisfy the technical requirements of HSPD-12, approved by the United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce, and issued on February 25, 2005.
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Slide478Personal Identity Verification
FIPS 201 together with National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST SP 800-78 (Cryptographic Algorithms and Key Sizes for PIV) are required for U.S. Federal Agencies, but do not apply to US National Security systems.
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Slide479Personal Identity Verification
The Government Smart Card Interagency Advisory Board has indicated that to comply with FIPS 201 PIV II, US government agencies should use smart card technology.
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Slide480Process area (CMMI) - Verification (VER)
* An Engineering process area at Maturity Level 3
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Slide481Process area (CMMI) - Verification (VER)
The purpose of 'Verification' (VER) is to ensure that selected work products meet their specified requirements.
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Slide482Process area (CMMI) - Verification (VER)
** SP 1.1 Select Work Products for Verification
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Slide483Process area (CMMI) - Verification (VER)
** SP 1.3 Establish Verification Procedures and Criteria
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Slide484Process area (CMMI) - Verification (VER)
** SP 3.2 Analyze Verification Results
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Slide485Runtime verification
Moreover, through its reflective capabilities runtime verification can be made an integral part of the target system, monitoring and guiding its execution during deployment.
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Slide486Runtime verification - History and Context
Runtime verification is intimately related to other well-established areas, such as testing (particularly model-based testing) when used before deployment and fault-tolerant systems when used during deployment.
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Slide487Runtime verification - History and Context
Within the broad area of runtime verification, one can distinguish several categories, such as:
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Slide488Runtime verification - History and Context
* specification-less monitoring that targets a fixed set of mostly concurrency-related properties such as atomicity. The pioneering work in this area is by Savage et al. with the Eraser algorithmStefan Savage, Michael Burrows, Greg Nelson, Patrick Sobalvarro, and Thomas Anderson. 1997. Eraser: a Dynamic Data Race Detector for Multithreaded Programs. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 15(4), November 1997, pp. 391-411.
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Slide489Runtime verification - History and Context
* monitoring with respect to temporal logic specifications; early contributions in this direction has been made by Lee, Kannan, and their collaborators,Moonjoo Kim, Mahesh Viswanathan, Insup Lee, Hanêne Ben-Abdellah, Sampath Kannan, and Oleg Sokolsky, Formally Specified Monitoring of Temporal Properties, Proceedings of the European Conference on Real-Time Systems, June 1999.Insup Lee, Sampath Kannan, Moonjoo Kim, Oleg Sokolsky, Mahesh Viswanathan, Runtime Assurance Based On Formal Specifications, Proceedings of International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications, June 1999
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Slide490Runtime verification - The examples below discuss some simple properties which have been considered, possibly with small variations, by several runtime verification groups by the time of this writing (April 2011). To make them more interesting, each property below uses a different specification formalism and all of them are parametric. Parametric properties are properties about traces formed with parametric events, which are events that bind data to parameters. Here a parametric property has the form \forall parameters : \varphi, where \varphi is a specification in some appropriate formalism referring to generic (uninstantiated) parametric events. The intuition for such parametric properties is that the property expressed by \varphi must hold for all parameter instances encountered (through parametric events) in the observed trace. None of the following examples are specific to any particular runtime verification system, though support for parameters is obviously needed. In the following examples Java syntax is assumed, thus
is logical equality, while = is assignment. Some methods (e.g., update() in the UnsafeEnumExample) are dummy methods, which are not part of the Java API, that are used for clarity.
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Slide491Runtime verification - HasNext
The Java [http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/util/Iterator.html Iterator] interface requires that the hasNext() method be called and return true before the next() method is called. If this
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Slide492Runtime verification - HasNext
The figure to the right shows a finite state machine that defines a possible monitor for checking and enforcing this property with runtime verification
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Slide493Runtime verification - \forall ~ \text ~ i \quad i.\text() ~ \rightarrow ~ \odot (i.\text()
Conceptually, this means that there will be one copy of the monitor for each possible Iterator in a test program, although runtime verification systems need not implement their parametric monitors this way
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Slide494Runtime verification - UnsafeEnum
The [http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/util/Vector.html Vector] class in Java has two means for iterating over its elements
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Slide495Runtime verification - UnsafeEnum
Some events may concern several monitors at the same time, such as v.update(), so the runtime verification system must (again conceptually) dispatch them to all interested monitors
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Slide496Runtime verification - SafeLock
The previous two examples show finite state properties, but properties used in runtime verification may be much more complex
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Slide497Runtime verification - SafeLock
In the extreme, it is possible that there will be an instance of the property, i.e., a copy of the context-free parsing mechanism, for each possible combination of Thread with Lock; this happens, again, intuitively, because runtime verification systems may implement the same functionality differently
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Slide498Runtime verification - Research Challenges and Applications
Most of the runtime verification research addresses one or more of the topics listed below.
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Slide499Runtime verification - Reducing Runtime Overhead
Observing an executing system typically incurs some runtime overhead (hardware monitors may make an exception). It is important to reduce the overhead of runtime verification tools as much as possible, particularly when the generated monitors are deployed with the system. Runtime overhead reducing techniques include:
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Slide500Runtime verification - Reducing Runtime Overhead
Good system instrumentation is critical for any runtime verification tool, unless the tool explicitly targets existing execution logs
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Slide501Runtime verification - Reducing Runtime Overhead
A dual and ultimately equivalent approach tends to become the norm in runtime verification, namely to use static analysis to reduce the amount of otherwise exhaustive monitoring
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Slide502Runtime verification - Reducing Runtime Overhead
However, unlike in other verification approaches (e.g., model checking), the number of states or the size of the generated monitor is less important in runtime verification; in fact, some monitors can have infinitely many states, such as the one for the 'SafeLock' property above, although at any point in time only a finite number of states may have occurred
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Slide503Runtime verification - Specifying Properties
An additional inconvenience, particularly in the context of runtime verification, is that many existing specification languages are not expressive enough to capture the intended properties.
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Slide504Runtime verification - Specifying Properties
Designing universally better or domain-specifically better specification formalsism for runtime verification is and will continue to be one of its major research challenges.
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Slide505Runtime verification - Specifying Properties
* 'Quantitative properties.' Compared to other verification approaches, runtime verification is able to operate on concrete values of system state variables, which makes it possible to collect statistical information about the program execution and use this information to assess complex quantitative properties. More expressive property languages that will allow us to fully utilize this capability are needed.
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Slide506Runtime verification - Specifying Properties
* 'Better interfaces.' Reading and writing property specifications is not easy for non-experts. Even experts often stare for minutes at relatively small temporal logic formulae (particularly when they have nested until operators). An important research area is to develop powerful user interfaces for various specification formalisms that would allow users to more easily understand, write and maybe even visualize properties.
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Slide507Runtime verification - Specifying Properties
Even if the overall quality of the automatically mined specifications is expected to be lower than that of manually produced specifications, they can serve as a start point for the latter or as the basis for automatic runtime verification tools aimed specifically at finding bugs (where a poor specification turns into false positives or negatives, often acceptable during testing).
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Slide508Runtime verification - Execution Models and Predictive Analysis
When runtime verification is used for testing, one can afford more comprehensive instrumentations that augment events with important system information that can be used by the monitors to construct and therefore analyze more refined models of the executing system
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Slide509Runtime verification - Behavior Modification
Unlike testing or exhaustive verification, runtime verification holds the promise to allow the system to recover from detected violations, through reconfiguration, micro-resets, or through finer intervention mechanisms sometimes referred to as tuning or steering. Implementation of these techniques within the rigorous framework of runtime verification gives rise to additional challenges.
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Slide510Runtime verification - Behavior Modification
* 'Specification of actions.' One needs to specify the modification to be performed in an abstract enough fashion that does not require the user to know irrelevant implementation details. In addition, when such a modification can take place needs to be specified in order to maintain the integrity of the system.
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Slide511Runtime verification - Behavior Modification
* 'Reasoning about intervention effects.' It is important to know that an intervention improves the situation, or at least does not make the situation worse.
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Slide512Runtime verification - Behavior Modification
* 'Action interfaces.' Similar to the instrumentation for monitoring, we need to enable the system to receive action invocations. Invocation mechanisms are by necessity going to be dependent on the implementation details of the system. However, at the specification level, we need to provide the user with a declarative way of providing feedback to the system by specifying what actions should be applied when under what conditions.
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Slide513Runtime verification - Aspect-oriented Programming
Many current runtime verification tools are hence built in the form of specification compilers, that take an expressive high-level specification as input and produce as output code written in some Aspect-oriented programming language (most often AspectJ).
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Slide514Runtime verification - Combination with Formal Verification
Then one can use formal verification (or static analysis) to discharge monitors, same way a compiler uses static analysis to discharge rutime checks of type correctness or memory safety.
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Slide515Runtime verification - Increasing Coverage
Compared to the more traditional verification approaches, an immediate disadvantage of runtime verification is its reduced coverage. This is not problematic when the runtime monitors are deployed with the system (together with appropriate recovery code to be executed when the property is violated), but it may limit the effectiveness of runtime verification when used to find errors in systems. Techniques to increase the coverage of runtime verification for error detection purposes include:
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Slide516Runtime verification - Increasing Coverage
This use of runtime verification makes it closely related to model-based testing, although the runtime verification specifications are typically general purpose, not necessarily crafted for testing reasons
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Slide517Runtime verification - Increasing Coverage
* 'Dynamic symbolic execution.' In symbolic execution programs are executed and monitored symbolically, that is, without concrete inputs
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Slide518Runtime verification - Runtime Verification (RV)
* '[http://rv2011.eecs.berkeley.edu/Home.html '2nd International Conference on Runtime Verification, September 2011, San Francisco, USA']'
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Slide519Runtime verification - Runtime Verification (RV)
* '[http://www.rv2010.org/ '1st International Conference on Runtime Verification, November 2010, Malta']'
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Slide520Runtime verification - Runtime Verification (RV)
* '[http://www.runtime-verification.org/ 'Earlier Workshops on Runtime Verification']'
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Slide521Runtime verification - Workshop on Dynamic Analysis (WODA)
* '[http://www.cs.purdue.edu/woda11/index.html 'Workshop on Dynamic Analysis 2011']'
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Slide522Runtime verification - Workshop on Dynamic Analysis (WODA)
* '[http://www.isr.uci.edu/woda10/Welcome.html 'Workshop on Dynamic Analysis 2010']'
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Slide523Runtime verification - Workshop on Dynamic Analysis (WODA)
* '[http://www.cs.purdue.edu/woda11/earlier.html 'Earlier Workshops on Dynamic Analysis']'
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Slide524Runtime verification - Dagstuhl Events
* '[http://www.dagstuhl.de/en/program/calendar/semhp/?semnr=10451 '2010 Dagstuhl Seminar on Runtime Verification, Diagnosis, Planning and Control for Autonomous Systems']'
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Slide525Runtime verification - Dagstuhl Events
* '[http://www.dagstuhl.de/en/program/calendar/semhp/?semid=32256 '2007 Dagstuhl Seminar on Runtime Verification']'
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Slide526Runtime verification - AspectBench Compiler group [http://www.aspectbench.org/]
:The AspectBench Compiler supports [http://abc.comlab.ox.ac.uk/papers#oopsla2005 tracematches], a way to match on the execution history of Java (programming language)|Java and AspectJ programs.
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Slide527Runtime verification - Formal Systems Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign [http://fsl.cs.uiuc.edu]
:Work within the Formal Systems Laboratory focuses on [http://fsl.cs.uiuc.edu/index.php/MOP Monitoring], [http://fsl.cs.uiuc.edu/index.php/jPredictor Prediction], and [http://fsl.cs.uiuc.edu/index.php/jMiner Mining].
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Slide528Runtime verification - Commercial Systems
* [http://contrastsecurity.com/ 'Contrast Security']
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Slide529Runtime verification - Commercial Systems
* [http://runtimeverification.com/ 'Runtime Verification, Inc.']
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Slide530File verification
'File verification' is the process of using an algorithm for verifying the integrity or authentication|authenticity of a computer file. This can be done by comparing two files bit-by-bit, but requires two copies of the same file, and may miss systematic corruptions which might occur to both files. A more popular approach is to also store checksums (hashes) (digests) of files for later comparison.
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Slide531File verification - Integrity verification
File integrity can be compromised, usually referred to as the file becoming Data corruption|corrupted. A file can become corrupted by a variety of ways: faulty storage media, errors in transmission, write errors during copying or moving, software bugs, and so on.
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Slide532File verification - Integrity verification
hash function|Hash-based verification ensures that a file has not been corrupted by comparing the file's hash value to a previously calculated value. If these values match, the file is presumed to be unmodified. Due to the nature of hash functions, hash collisions may result in false positives, but the likelihood of collisions is often negligible with random corruption.
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Slide533File verification - Authenticity verification
It is often desirable to verify that a file hasn't been modified in transmission or storage by untrusted parties, for example, to include malicious code such as viruses or Backdoor (computing)|backdoors
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Slide534File verification - Authenticity verification
For this purpose, cryptographic hash functions are employed often. As long as the hash sums cannot be tampered with mdash; for example, if they are communicated over a secure channel mdash; the files can be presumed to be intact. Alternatively, digital signatures can be employed to assure tamper resistance.
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Slide535File verification - File formats
A 'checksum file' is a small file that contains the checksums of other files.
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Slide536File verification - File formats
There are a few well-known checksum file formats.
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Slide537File verification - File formats
Several utilities, such as md5deep, can use such checksum files to automatically verify an entire directory of files in one operation.
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Slide538File verification - File formats
The particular hash algorithm used is often indicated by the file extension of the checksum file.
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Slide539File verification - File formats
The .sha1 file extension indicates a checksum file containing 160-bit-bit SHA-1 hashes in sha1sum format.
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Slide540File verification - File formats
The .md5 file extension, or a file named MD5SUMS, indicates a checksum file containing 128-bit MD5 hashes in md5sum format.
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Slide541File verification - File formats
The .sfv file extension indicates a checksum file containing 32-bit CRC32 checksums in simple file verification format.
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Slide542File verification - Products
* [http://www.guardtime.com/signatures/ KSI]
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Slide543File verification - Products
* [http://www.ov2.eu/programs/rapidcrc-unicode RapidCRC Unicode (Open Source)]
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Slide544Forecast verification
'Forecast verification' is a subfield of the climate, atmospheric and ocean sciences dealing with validating, verifying as well as determining the predictive power of prognostic model forecasts. Because of the complexity of these models, forecast verification goes a good deal beyond simple measures of association (statistics)|statistical association or mean squared error|mean error calculations.
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Slide545Forecast verification - Defining the problem
To determine the value of a forecasting|forecast, we need to measure it against some baseline, or minimally accurate forecast
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Slide546Forecast verification - Defining the problem
The second example suggests a good method of normalizing a forecast before applying any skill measure
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Slide547Forecast verification - Defining the problem
One way of thinking about it is, how much does the forecast reduce our uncertainty? Tang et al. (2005)
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Slide548Forecast verification - Defining the problem
used the conditional entropy to characterize the uncertainty of ensemble forecasting|ensemble predictions of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation|El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO):
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Slide549Forecast verification - Defining the problem
where p is the ensemble distribution and q is the climatological distribution.
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Slide550Forecast verification - For more information
The World Meteorological Organization maintains a useful web page on forecast verification.
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Slide551Silentbanker - Out-of-band transaction verification
The downside is that the OOB transaction verification adds to the level of the end-user's frustration with more and slower steps.
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Slide552Tautology (logic) - Efficient verification and the Boolean satisfiability problem
The problem of constructing practical algorithms to determine whether sentences with large numbers of propositional variables are tautologies is an area of contemporary research in the area of automated theorem proving.
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Slide553Tautology (logic) - Efficient verification and the Boolean satisfiability problem
The method of truth tables illustrated above is provably correct – the truth table for a tautology will end in a column with only T, while the truth table for a sentence that is not a tautology will contain a row whose final column is F, and the valuation corresponding to that row is a valuation that does not satisfy the sentence being tested
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Slide554Tautology (logic) - Efficient verification and the Boolean satisfiability problem
As an efficient procedure, however, truth tables are constrained by the fact that the number of valuations that must be checked increases as 2k, where k is the number of variables in the formula. This exponential growth in the computation length renders the truth table method useless for formulas with thousands of propositional variables, as contemporary computing hardware cannot execute the algorithm in a feasible time period.
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Slide555Tautology (logic) - Efficient verification and the Boolean satisfiability problem
The problem of determining whether there is any valuation that makes a formula true is the 'Boolean satisfiability problem'; the problem of checking tautologies is equivalent to this problem, because verifying that a sentence S is a tautology is equivalent to verifying that there is no valuation satisfying \lnot S
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Slide556Verification (disambiguation)
* Verification and validation, in engineering or quality management systems, it is the act of reviewing, inspecting or testing, in order to establish and document that a product, service or system meets regulatory or technical standards.
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Slide557Verification (disambiguation)
* Verification (spaceflight), in the space systems engineering area, covers the processes of qualification and acceptance
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Slide558Verification (disambiguation)
* Third-party verification, use of an independent organization to verify the identity of a customer
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Slide559Verification (disambiguation)
* Authentication
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Slide560Verification (disambiguation)
* Forecast verification, verifying prognostic output from a numerical model
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Slide561Verification (disambiguation) - Computing
** CAPTCHA, device to verify that a user of a web-site is human to prevent automated abuse
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Slide562Verification (disambiguation) - Computing
** Intelligent verification, automatically adapts the testbench to changes in RTL
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Slide563Verification (disambiguation) - Computing
** Runtime verification, during execution
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Slide564Verification (disambiguation) - Computing
** Software verification, An overview of techniques for verifying software
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Slide565Verification (disambiguation) - Computing
** Functional verification of design of digital hardware
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Slide566Verification (disambiguation) - Computing
** Physical verification, design of a circuit
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Slide567Verification (disambiguation) - Computing
** Testing to confirm that the system, subsystem or component meets documented requirements or specifications levied on the design.
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Slide568Analog verification
Discussion of analog verification began in 2005 when it started to become recognized that the analog portion of large mixed-signal chips had become so complex that a significant and ever increasing number of these chips were being designed with functional errors in the analog portion that prevented them from operating correctly.
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Slide569Analog verification - Technical details
Analog verification is built on the idea that transistor level simulation will always be too slow to provide adequate functional verification
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Slide570Analog verification - Technical details
So instead, the verification proceeds hierarchically
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Slide571Intelligent verification
'Intelligent Verification', also referred to as intelligent testbench automation, is a form of functional verification used to verify that an electronic hardware design conforms to specification before device fabrication. Intelligent verification uses information derived from the design and existing test description to automatically update the test description to target design functionality not verified, or covered by the existing tests.
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Slide572Intelligent verification
Intelligent verification software has this key property: given the same test environment, the software will automatically change the tests to improve functional design coverage in response to changes in the design. Other properties of intelligent verification may include:
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Slide573Intelligent verification
* Automatically tracking paths through design structure to coverage points, to create new tests.
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Slide574Intelligent verification
* Ensuring that various aspects of the design are only verified once in the same test sets.
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Slide575Intelligent verification
Intelligent Verification uses existing logic simulation testbenches, and automatically targets and maximizes the following types of design coverage:
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Slide576For More Information, Visit:
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The Art of Service
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