The Rock Cycle Defined The process by which all rocks on Earth are formed and how basic Earth materials are recycled over time Note A very very long time The Rock Cycle Three main types of rock on Earth ID: 1025864
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1. The Rock CycleWhat is the Rock Cycle?
2. The Rock CycleDefined: The process by which all rocks on Earth are formed and how basic Earth materials are recycled over time Note: A very, very long time
3. The Rock Cycle
4. Three main types of rock on EarthIgneous Rock: Forms from molten rock that cools and hardens either above or below Earth surfaceTwo Types: Intrusive/ExtrusiveSedimentary Rock: formed either by pieces of rock being bound together or by chemical precipitationTwo types: Clastic/Non clasticMetamorphic Rock: Form when any type of rock is altered by the effects of heat, pressure, or chemical actionTwo Types: Foliated/ unfoliated
5. Watch the Video and fill in this Chart!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7YQ5vwaL98
6. Why does the Rock Cycle even exist?DENSITY (again)When rock is heated up and melted inside the Earth, it becomes hot liquid (magma) hot liquids are less dense then solid rock. The magma moves up through any cracks or openings (volcanoes, fissures) until it reaches the surfaces. Then spreads out, cools, and turns solid.
7. Why does the Rock Cycle even exist? Cont’dAfter rock is formed, one of two things will occur. 1. Rock will begin to erode into small sediments and settle somewhere else on Earth’s surface (sedimentary)2. That rock will cool, turn solid, and become more dense, where over a long time period, will begin to sink. Thus causing a cycle!
8. Next time we will introduce Igneous Rocks, their formation, and types
9. IGNEOUS ROCKSIgneous Rock: Forms from molten rock that cools and hardens either above or below Earth surface.Igneous rocks are often defined by texture and chemical composition.
10. Igneous RocksIdentification of igneous rocks factorsTexture: The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance. (Simply what the rock type looks and feels like)mineral and chemical composition: What minerals does the rock consist of?
11. Igneous RocksIgneous Rocks are made from volcanic activity and form when magma or lava coolsMagma: Hot molten material INSIDE of the Earth’s surfaceLava: Hot molten material OUTSIDE of the Earth’s surfaceMAJOR ELEMENTS PRESENT IN MAGMAOxygen, Aluminum, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium, Potassium, and Sodium.
12. Igneous Rocks by Physical and Chemical CharacteristicsIntrusive Igneous Rocks:Course-grained igneous rock that cools slowly beneath the Earth’s surface.Extrusive Igneous RocksFine-grained igneous rocks that cool quickly on Earths surface overnight
13. Intrusive Igneous RockCools and turns solid very, very slowly below the Earths surface. Typically have large crystals present in the rock due to the slow cooling process.
14. Intrusive Igneous RocksGranite is a coarse-grained, light colored, intrusive igneous rock that contains mainly quartz and feldspar minerals. The specimen above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.Diorite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock that contains a mixture of feldspar, pyroxene, hornblende and sometimes quartz. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
15. Extrusive Igneous RocksFined grained (smooth) rock that cools quickly on Earth's surface. Cools quickly due to exposure to the atmosphere, interaction with water, etc.
16. Extrusive Igneous RocksBasalt is a fine-grained, dark-colored extrusive igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene. The specimen shown is about two inches (five centimeters) across.Hawaiian IslandsObsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. The specimen shown above is about two inches (five centimeters) across.
17. Identifying Igneous Rock by ColorFELSIC and MAFIC Igneous RockFelsic: Light-colored Igneous Rocks. They are light in color due the minerals Feldspar and Silica being present in the mineralMafic: Igneous Rocks that are dark in color due to the presence of Magnesium and Iron
18. Overview of Identification of Igneous RocksIDENTIFICATIONDEFINITIONEXAMPLESIntrusiveCools and turns solid very, very slowly below the Earths surface. Typically have large crystals present in the rock due to the slow cooling process.GraniteDioriteExtrusiveFined grained (smooth) rock that cools quickly on Earth's surfaceBasaltObsidianMaficIgneous Rocks that are dark in color due to the presence of Magnesium and IronObsidianBasaltFelsicLight-colored Igneous Rocks. They are light in color due the minerals Feldspar and Silica being present in the mineralGraniteDiorite
19. Regents Scheme for Identifying Igneous Rocks
20. Sedimentary Rocks2nd most Abundant type of rock in the Earth system.
21. Sedimentary RocksDefined:Rocks formed either by rock fragments or organic matter being bound together or by chemical precipitation.
22. Formation of Sedimentary RockVery cool process Sedimentary rocks formed over millions of years. The form through a variety of processes beginning with Weathering and ErosionStep one.Weathering: General process where rocks are broken down at Earths surface to produce sediment particlesErosion: The process of individual sediments being carried down hill.
23. Two Types of WeatheringPhysical and ChemicalPhysical: occurs when solid rock is broken into smaller pieces by mechanical process that does not change the chemicals in the rockChemical: Occurs when the minerals in a rock are chemical altered or disolved
24. Examples of physical weathering
25. Examples of Chemical Weathering
26. Formation of Sedimentary RockWeathering occurs when either rain, Ice, wind, or water, breaks down solid rock over time into small, individual sedimentsErosion: Sediments are carried from high energy to low energy areas. Typically occurs by water transporting the sediment down hill. Also by wind.
27. Transportation and DepositionStep two: Transportation: currents of wind and water or the moving ice of glaciers transport sediment to new locations down hill or down stream.Deposition: Occurs when sediment particles settle out as wind dies down, water currents slow, or glacier edges melt.
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29. Step 3: Compaction and CementationCompaction: Process of sediments building up in layers on top of each other over timeCementation: hardening of clastic sediments by the precipitation of mineral matter in the pore spaces. It is the last stage in the formation of a sedimentary rock.
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31. Two Main Types of sedimentary RockClastic or Non-ClasticClastic Sedimentary Rock-Made of small pieces of other types of rocks (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary). And are cemented together after deposition.Non-clastic sedimentary rock: Non-clastic sedimentary rocks form from the precipitation (Precipitation is the separating of a solid from a solution) of minerals from ocean water or from the breakdown of the shells and bones of sea creatures.
32. Examples of Clastic Sedimentary RockSandstone: a clastic sedimentary rock made up mainly of sand-size weathering debrisConglomerate: a clastic sedimentary rock that contains large rounded clasts. generally filled with smaller particles and/or a chemical cement that binds the rock together. Shale: a fine-grained sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles that we commonly call "mud".
33. Examples of Non- ClasticLimestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters. It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris. It can also be a chemical sedimentary rock formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lake or ocean water.Rock Salt is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the evaporation of ocean or saline lake waters. It is also known by the mineral name "halite". It is rarely found at Earth's surface, except in areas of very arid climate. It is often mined for use in the chemical industry or for use as a winter highway treatment.
34. ESRT Scheme for Identifying Sedimentary Rocks
35. Last but Not Least,Metamorphic RockDefined:form when any rock is changed by the effects of heat, pressure, or chemical action. Two types of MetamorphismRegional or ContactMetamorphic rocks are typically characterized as: unfoliated or foliated.
36. Metamorphic RockMetamorphic rocks form from either Igneous or Sedimentary rocks that are effected by pressure and heat within the Earths surface.
37. Metamorphic RockNew types of Metamorphic rock are formed depending on the amount of heat and pressure present around the rock.Example: Sedimentary Rock – Shale
38. Regional Metamorphism
39. Contact MetamorphismWhen molten rock come into contact with local rocks in a small area
40. Foliated Metamorphic RocksFoliated Metamorphic RockDefinition:Metamorphic rocks whose minerals are squeezed together under high pressure and arranged in wavy layers or bandsExamples:Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains. It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals. Schist is metamorphic rock with well developed foliation. It often contains significant amounts of mica which allow the rock to split into thin pieces
41. Joke of the day….If it looks nice, it is probably Gneiss… If it looks like Schist, it is probably Schist…. Get it???One more Example….Slate is a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock that is created by the alteration of shale or mudstone by low-grade regional metamorphism
42. Nonfoliated Metamorphic RocksDefinition:Metamorphic rock that lacks mineral grains that are banded.ExamplesMarble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestoneQuartzite is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced by the metamorphism of sandstone.
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