Crop: Acts as a storage tank. Holds food and slowly releases it to the gizzard. - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Crop:Acts as a storage tank. Holds food and slowly releases it to the gizzard.Here are three parts of the earthworm’s digestive system, the crop, gizzard, and intestine. It is the job of the Digestive System to convert an organism’s food intake into useful energy for use in its everyday life.Mouth:Serves the basic function of a gateway between the worm and its surroundings.Esophagus:Connects the mouth to the crop.Gizzard:Includes tiny particles of sand. Muscles grind food into smaller pieces.Digestive System: WormThe earthworm has a mouth, crop, gizzard, esophagus, intestine, and anus.Intestine:Absorbs nutrients from the ground-up food into the body for use by the circulatory system. Contains tiny villa, small finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption.Anus:Excretes undigested food and waste back into the worm’s surroundings.Check out our earthworm digestive system demonstration: different sized and colored balls represent different types of food. Watch as the crop holds food for the gizzard to grind; then watch the intestine separate the food.For more information, check out www.rci.rutgers.edu/~dougproj/earthworm.htm

2. Omasum:This third chamber physically squeezes food particles and many acids are extracted for use in the body.Here are the major parts of the cow’s digestive system, drawn in rough relation to their actual positions. The cow’s digestive system is more complex than the earthworm’s. It includes a mouth, a four-chambered stomach, and both a small and large intestine.Mouth:As the food is chewed, saliva is added to soften it. The saliva is slightly basic, acting as a buffer for the stomach.Rumen/Reticulum:The first two chambers use enzymes and microorganisms to break down food.Abomasum:The final chamber is similar to a human stomach; the pH is very low, and the acid breaks food down to a molecular level.Digestive System: CowSmall Intestine:Consists of the duodenum, the jejunum, and ileum. Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream and converts carbohydrates to simple sugars.Check out our cow digestive system demonstration: different sized and colored balls represent different types of food. Watch as smaller particles are separated first, followed by successively larger particles.For more information, check out http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/livestocksystems/components/DI0469-02.htmlLarge Intestine:Consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream if the cow hasn’t had much to eat; otherwise just absorbs water. E. coli bacteria also live here to aid the digestive process, but they can sometimes

3. 4. Stomach:Strong hydrochloric acid begins chemical digestion of protein while the stomach churning continues mechanical digestion.The human’s digestive system is even more complex than the cow’s. It consists of the gastrointestinal tract, which handles the digestion itself, and accessory glands, which produce enzymes.2. Mouth:Teeth grind food down to begin mechanical digestion. Amylase, an enzyme in saliva, begins digestion of carbohydrates.9. Esophagus:Food passes from the mouth to the stomach through this.6. Small Intestine:Chemical digestion of proteins and fats is completed, and soluble nutrients are absorbed using villa in the intestine wall.Digestive System: Human12. Large Intestine:Water is separated from indigestible materials and absorbed into the body. Waste is stored in the rectum and egested through the anus (14).Check out our human digestive system demonstration: different sized and colored balls represent different types of food. Watch as smaller particles are separated first, followed by successively larger particles.For more information, check out : http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/hdigsys.htm Other Components:Complimenting the gastrointestinal tract, accessory glands assist digestion. Salivary glands produce saliva for use in the mouth, the liver produces bile for use in the intestine to emulsify fats, the pancreas produces a mixture of digestive enzymes to aid in the digestion of proteins and fats.1. pharynx (throat) 2. mouth (teeth) 3. tongue 4. stomach 5. pancreas 6. small intestine 7. rectum 8. salivary glands 9. esophagus 10. liver 11. gall bladder 12. large intestine 13. appendix 14. anus

4. Typically when we think of the circulatory system we think of blood circulating in veins and arteries in the body.Our circulatory system deliver nutrients form the food we eat to our cells.Blood is made up of red blood cells, and white blood cells, platelets, and proteins. Red Blood CellsAccount for 42% of the volume of blood in humansMeasured as your hemoglobin count. Anemia is characterized by low hemoglobin countCarry oxygen to cellWhite Blood CellsAccount for <1% of the volume of blood in humansCan leave the closed systemAre immune cells to fight disease and infectionPlateletsParts of cells, usually red blood cellsImportant in clottingProteinsMaintain a pressure change across capillaries to help move nutrientsMostly made in the liverAlbuminGlobulins (many types)FibrinogenThere are two types of circulatory systems that are present in most creatures. Closed circulatory system Vertebrates, and a few invertebratesThe blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness. Blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities. Open circulatory system Common to mollusks and arthropods. Blood is pumped into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back between cells Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood.www.gsu.edu/~bioasx/ closeopen.html Circulatory System

5. A Bumble BeeBirdsComparing How Animals get FoodAn EarthwormHeartsVesselsVesselsA PerchA SnailA FlatwormSponge

6. NeuronsNeurons are the type of cells that make up the brain and the nervous systemThe myelin sheath is like the insulation on wire and prevents the signal from ‘short-circuiting’ and moves the signal quickly down the axonThere are three different types of nerves:Sensory send signals of the 5 sensesInterneurons carry signals in the brain and spinal cordEfferent nerves carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles

7. The villi protrude from the intestinal lining, and are made up of enterocytes.Enterocytes (specialized epithelial cells that absorb nutrients) contain tiny protrusions called microvilli.Villi and microvilli increase surface area (and thus absorption of nutrients) by 600x! Enzymes are catalysts: speed up a reactionActivation energy (Ea) = the energy needed to start a reaction Break initial bonds, etc.Blue is an uncatalyzed reactionLarge Ea to overcome, so difficult to do Red is the same reaction, but with a catalyst presentReduced Ea, so reaction is easier to doMuscles directly behind the food contract, pushing the food forwardMuscles in front of the food relaxFood moves down, then start the process over again at the new locationPeristalsisHOW FOOD IS DIGESTEDEnzymesVilli and microvilli

8. Skeletons - Inside and OutHydrostatic SkeletonExoskeletonEndoskeletonWhat types of skeletons are there? How do they differ? What kinds of organisms use each type?A fluid-filled gastrovascular cavity lined with both cylindrical and longitudinal muscles.Provides support to the body and resistance to the contraction of muscles Examples: worms, squid, hydraAn external skeleton composed of either calcium carbonate or a protein called chitin Provides protection from predators and prevents tissues from drying out.As the organism ages, the exoskeleton must be periodically shed and regrown.Examples: insects, coral, mollusksAn internal skeleton composed of cartilage and bone.As the organism ages, the bones lengthen and thicken. The large skeletal frame supports the body against the pull of gravity and protects vital organs.Examples: humans, snakes, whalesDiagrams taken from: http:www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookMUSSKEL.htm

9. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles only know how to contract! Muscles can only extend passively, by relaxing.ActinMyosinContracted RelaxedSkeletal MusclesIn all types of muscle the heads of the actin walk on the myosin path to cause contraction.Muscles are able to cause movement by working with the skeleton to create levers.E = Energy F = Fulcrum R = Resistance