Idea of regional integration or regionalism can be traced back to the 19th century But given serious attention in the 1950s to 1960s However regional integration in many parts of the world except in ID: 1028841
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1. Regional integration
2. Regional integrationIdea of regional integration or regionalism can be traced back to the 19th century. But given serious attention in the 1950s to 1960s.However, regional integration in many parts of the world except in Europe, were not very successful.In the 1990s, regional integration become increasingly wide- spreading due to rising globalization and slow progress in the WTO negotiations.The 19th century is a good example of examples of regionalization.
3. Certain alliances in this century and certain political associations established will constitute serious and important examples of regionalization.This military-political partnership, which started in Europe in 1815 as the:-1-European Harmony 1 and addressed the military unity and political attitude against Napoleon, can be cited as the first regional integration movement. The importance of this is that the common political and economic interests have ensured the cooperation of states against a common enemy and limited it to a region.
4. 2-European Harmony 2 was also a continuation of this process, and the states were oriented towards political and military cooperation. Regionalism emerged a very specific historical context between World War II and the late 80’s: Cold War and the integration of ECSC. State security would replace by old terms and notions.On the other hand economic cooperation organizations have key role for regionalism and also integration processes such as ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation Organizations. Their first purpose to reach economic integration in the region, as all beginnings of regionalism processes.
5. What is Regional integration?Is the process by which two or more nation-states agree to co-operate and work closely together to achieve peace, stability and wealth. Usually integration involves one or more written agreements that describe the areas of cooperation in detail, as well as some coordinating bodies representing the countries involved. This co-operation usually begins with economic integration and as it continues, comes to include political integration.
6. Regional Integration in the Caribbean is mainly through the Caribbean Community, or CARICOM. In addition, member states in the sub-region are members of the Organization of the Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).
7. Benefits of Regional Integration- Reduction in unemployment and underemployment.- Better response to globalization and trade liberalization.- Improvement in the quality of life.- Reduction in the inequality of wealth distribution.- Free movement of goods, labour and capital.- Increased market size.
8. - Improved levels of international competitiveness- Expansion of trade- Increased cooperation among member states- Increased chances of achieving sustainable development
9. What are the advantages of regional integration?Divisions between countries created by geography, poor infrastructure and inefficient policies are an impediment to economic growth. Regional integration allows countries to overcome these costly divisions integrating goods, services and factors’ markets, thus facilitating )ease) the flow of trade, capital, energy, people and ideas.
10. Risks to regional integrationCountries may have different preferences on priorities for regional integration, depending on their connectivity (conection) gaps, economic geography, or preferences for sovereignty in specific areas.Regional integration’s impact on trade and investment flows, allocation of economic activity, growth, income distribution are often difficult to assess.
11. Lack of adequate (enough) complementary policies and institutions may lead to inefficient outcomes (results). For instance, policy barriers at the border may offset the gains transport infrastructure cooperation.Regional integration creates winners and losers, notably within countries. Policies and institutions are needed to ensure that regionalism is inclusive (overall) and social, environmental, governance risks are manage
12. Factors that promote regional integration Common history – Colonialism, slavery . Common cultural heritage – Language, dress, cuisine (kichn), music, general lifestyle. Close proximity . Common economic and social issues. Effects of globalization, trade liberalization and trading blocs. Vulnerability to economic shocks and natural disaster.
13. There are four main types of regional economic integration.Free trade area. This is the most basic form of economic cooperation. Customs union. This type provides for economic cooperation as in a free-trade zone. ...Common market. ...Economic union
14. Regionalism is considered a unity of nations according to:Cultural interests. Economic interests. Political interests. National interests.Integrations is part of regionalism concept and integration levels basically: Economic. Cultural. Political
15. The Various Forms of RegionalismRegionalism in international relations can be varied1. FederalismFederalism is a form regionalism, because how nation states can create a regions among each other.federalism also suggested by Altiero Spinelli and he said that nation as the root of evil. Regional organizations should be reconstructed as a federation, which means political unity with strong constitutional and institutional background.
16. Federalism also splits into 3 groups:-Supranational Bodies.-National Bodies.-Sub-national Bodies
17. 2. Institutionalism – FunctionalismAccording to David Mitrany Westphalian system as outdated. Peace attainable though law. League of Nations failed because of it did not help to control all over the world in a single power. Regionalism as counter productive is better than nation states system.Solution should be searched in international agencies, what kind of benefits do they have?
18. Benefits of international agencies according to functionalist theory:-Functionally constituted.-Authority over specific issue taken over from the state.-Performing very specific tasks.-Transcending national borders.-Eventually a network of organizations.-Governments turn obsolete.-More of a globalism than regionalism theory.
19. 3. Neo-functionalismErnst Haas gives us different point of view and neo–functionalist thinker proposed spill-over effect that means people build nation states and then they need to create companies.institutions which can regulate all process of the world. Those who creates companies or institutions, after a while realize that their devotion gravitates towards to this institutions rather than their nation states.
20. Old regionalism vs. New regionalismNowadays, especially after the 1980s we can see differences between old regionalism and new regionalism.1-Under the old regionalism, the world was divided into two camps in a bi-polar cold war context .the US set up NATO in 1949, whereas the Soviet Union responded by establishing the WARSAW pact in 1955.In economic arena, the US initiated Marshal Plan or European Recovery Program in 1947, while the Soviet Union Assistance (COMECON) IN 1949.
21. 2-The old regionalism was heavily influenced by the outside major powers ( Southeast Asia Treaty Organizations – SEATO, 1954.), while the new regionalism was driven by the need of countries within the region ( ASEAN in1967,ASEAN +3 process in 1997).3-From economic perspective, old regionalism was aimed at protecting industries of the member countries, while the new regionalism is more open to outside competition due to the growing economic interdependence
22. 4- Old regionalism was more specific in its objective ,such as security (NATO), or economic cooperation (COMECON),whereas new regionalism has a wider objectives, ( ASEAN, ASEAN +13 process, East Asia Summit (EAS) ).
23. Approaches to Regional Integrationin theory, regional integration can be divided into two categories:1-Regionalism Is defined as the process of institutionalized cooperation in top – down manner that normally requires formal government approval and includes the establishment of permanent organization ( governmental – driven integration ). European integration is the best example for this approach of integration.
24. 2-RegionalizationIs defined as process in bottom – up cooperation and relationships which take place outside the governmental framework ( market – driven integration). East Asian integration is primarily based on this approach. Regionalization is the process of transferring power from the central government to the regions, for a better application of the subsidiarity principle, within the framework of national or federal solidarity. It includes the establishment, enlargement or empowerment of authorities and the transfer of competences and responsibilities to the regions.
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26. Motivations for Regionalism 1- Political Motivation dynamic.Identity and ideology.Internal and external theaters.Domestic politics.Leadership.2-Economic MotivationExpanding trade and investment opportunities.Providing impetus or incentive to undertake domestic reform.Coping with the dark side of globalization.
27. Important Regional OrganizationsEuropean: NATO, OSCE, EU,CISAmericas: OAS, NAFTA, Mercosur, Andean Community, the Union of South American nationsAsia: ASEAN, ASEAN+3, ARF, APEC, SCD,SAARCAfrica: AU, ECOWAS, SADC Middle east: Arab league, GCC
28. HomeworkWhat are the benefits of regional integration ?