WELCOME Ⅱ Seminar 1 Extension Plus: A New Face of Extension - PowerPoint Presentation

1. WELCOME Ⅱ Seminar1

2. Extension Plus: A New Face of Extension with Expanding Roles 2

3. Flow of SeminarIntroduction Concept of Extension-plus Key elements of Extension-plusExtension –Extension plus: key shift Research studiesConclusion Government initiatives 3

4. INTRODUCTION4

5. Agricultural extension plays a crucial role in meeting the holistic needs to increase agricultural production in a sustainable manner. Reforms in the system envisage a pluralistic extension system that is more broad-based and holistic in content and scope— beyond agricultural technology transferWhile a production led strategy was the sole focus of extension earlier, this needs to be expanded to include a market led strategy to deal with the new challenges (Sulaiman and Hall, 2004, Rivera and Sulaiman, 2009) 5

6. India's 10th to 12th five-year plans (2002-2017) emphasize innovation in agricultural extension as key to increase agricultural growth by reducing yield gaps in agriculture 12th FYP recognizes innovation as the engine for a national growth and has declared 2010-2020 as the 'Decade of Innovation' which applies also for agriculture (FYP: 2012) source: Agriculture and EnvironmentCont…6

7. Objectives To study the concept of extension plus To analyse difference over shifting extension to extension plus To document research studies 1237

8. Concept of Extension Plus8

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11. Extension PlusExtension plus is a framework for investment in strengthening and reforming extension to be a strong partner and nodal agency with Agricultural Innovation System (AIS), providing technological and non technological services to farmers. source: Agriculture and Environment11

12. Agricultural Innovation System A network of organizations, enterprises and individuals focused on bringing new products, new processes and new reforms of organization into economic use together with the institutions and policies that affect the way different agents interact, share, access, exchange and use knowledge.12

13. The goals of extension-plus are to strengthen, reform, modernize and improve the capacities of national agricultural extension services in ways that would contribute to greater food security.Goal of Extension Plus13

14. The larger goal of investments in extension-plus is to strengthen the capacity of extension and advisory services to play a much wider role (a bridging role) and at the same time enhance the ability of other actors in the AIS to support producers in an integrated way. 14

15. The Global Forum for Agricultural Advisory Service (GFRAS) categorised the extended role of Extension into three broad areas, Technology and information sharing, Advice on farm and business managementFacilitation of value chains and rural development.15

16. Key elements of Extension Plus16

17. 1. A broad scope for service provision (Beyond technology transfer):17

18. Stake holders Private sector (Input firms, Agri-business Consultants)ICT Based ServicesProducer (organizationsInterest groups/self help, cooperatives) NGOs(National and International)Farmer (Key communicators and Progressive farmers)2. The extensive use of partnerships to fulfill an expanded mandate18

19. 3. A learning based approach19

20. 4. Negotiations with a wide range of stakeholders for developing workable and effective service arrangements20

21. 5. An institutional mechanism to represent clients’ interests at the management level, so the program remains accountable to its clientsSource: MPRA21

22. Measures to reform the existing extension arrangementsRigid professional hierarchies and patterns of control, with highly centralized modes of planning. This tends to stifle deviation from prescribed procedures, restricting innovation, particularly by middle and lower level staff.A tradition of assessing performance in terms of technology adoption and hence a focus on improved technology transfer mechanisms at the expense of other activities that may have a perfectly legitimate role in supporting farmers22

23. 3. A history of only rewarding successes and thus a reluctance to report and analyse the reasons of failure of a technology or a new approach.4. A tradition of working independently and a mistrust of other agencies. This is particularly so with regard to external agencies, NGO’s and private sector, but also with other public agencies including research organisations.CONT..23

24. Extension – Extension Plus: Key shiftssource: Policy brief 1724

25. 1. Top down to bottom up approachChanging demands in Extension 2. Donor accountable to farmer accountable3. Input intensive to knowledge intensive agriculture4.Supply driven to demand driven technology development5. Focus from Research-Extension-Farmer to Research-Extension-Farmer-Market25

26. To operationalize extension-plus, there is a need for a broad agreement on the need to reinvent extension as a nodal agency that provides technological and non-technological services to farmers.Extension needs to play a facilitating role enabling access to services by acting as a bridge connecting farmers, the poor and vulnerable groups with different service providers. Operationalising Extension-Plus 26

27. Next steps to developing the new culture includes:Capacity DevelopmentNew skillsO&M review (organizational and management review)Better informed policy processCont…27

28. Activities to ensure successful operation of Extension –Plus Approach source: Agriculture and Environment28

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30. Institutional and Human Development230

31. Technical SupportIdentify best technologies and refine or adapt them to local conditionsRecruit qualified technical staff and train them so that they remain up to dateMake available on time the best and most efficient inputs, either by producing themdirectly or brokering arrangements with other suppliersIf necessary, adaptive research331

32. Understand the financial/creditLinking with financing agenciesGuarantee transactions, set up fundsOrganize producers for group lendingCredit and Financial Support432

33. Organizational DevelopmentForm producer organization ( Self-help groups, commodity interest groups, federation of self-help groups, producer, companies, and similar groups)Enhance skills through appropriate training programs(Skills in group dynamics or office management , including financial management).533

34. Market Development Analyze and strengthen market chain. Negotiate with different actors in the value chain.Develop new products.634

35. Indicators for evaluating and monitoring Extension Plus Approacha. Farmers groups or producer associations formedb. Formation of new marketsc. Distribution and use of new inputs and technologiesd. Credit use and repaymente. New value added productsf. Partnership and quality of interactionsg. Increased income and additional employment created35

36. Government Initiatives36

37. Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension ReformsExtension Reforms in India were pilot tested in 28 Districts of 7 States under Innovations in Technology Dissemination (ITD) component of World Bank funded National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) during the period from November,1998 to April, 2005. This successful experiment served as a basis to launch the Scheme “Support to State Extension Programmes for Extension Reforms” in its first phase since 2005-06. The Scheme was later up-scaled to 252 districts during the 10th Plan.137

38. The resolution made by the National Development Council (NDC) in the year 2007 highlighted the need for revamping & strengthening the extension system to provide for improving the skill levels of the farming community and harnessing the potential of ICT in villages.Financial allocations to the States will be in proportion to the number of blocks being covered. The funding support under the Revised Scheme shall continue to be in the ratio of 90:10 (Centre : State) for all components.38

39. ● Providing innovative, restructured and autonomous institutions at the state/district/ block level.● Ensuring an integrated, broad-based extension delivery mechanism consistent with farming system approach.● Addressing gender concerns by mobilizing farm women into groups and providing training to them.● Moving towards sustainability of extension services through beneficiary contribution.The Revised Scheme (2010) shall focus on the following key extension reforms as objectives of the Scheme:39

40. Training and Extension for FarmersExtension Reforms Scheme: 2016-17Set up or participate in Farm school or Demonstration plotTune in to agriculture related programmes on Dooradarshan (18 Regional, 1National, 180 Power transmitters), FM Radio Stations(96) kisan channel or even private channel to get latest knowledge and information.Exposer visits and trainings for progressive farmersGet selected information and services from the web through interactive SMS without internet on mobile240

41. Support to state extension programmes for extension reforms scheme (ATMA scheme)-2018This scheme has now been included as a component of the sub-Mission on Agriculture Extension (SAME) under umbrella scheme “ Green Revolution Krishonnati Yojana” with some cost revision.This scheme promotes decentralized farmer-driven and farmer accountable extension system through an institutional arrangement for technology dissemination in the form of an Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA).Objective: To support State Government efforts of revitalization of the latest agricultural technologies in different thematic areas to increase agricultural production through extension activities. 341

42. MANAGE-TNAU Collaborative Training Programme on Extension Plus: Expanding the roles of Extension, 18-22 July 2016, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), CoimbatoreTwenty-Four participants across the country representing different professional (extension, teaching, research, etc) fields and disciplines participated in the six-day programmeThe programme started with brief remarks by Dr R. Saravanan, Director (Agricultural Extension), MANAGE. He outlined the objectives of the training and the training methodology. 42

43. Your text hereRESEARCH STUDIES 43

44. ObjectivesTo study the “Extension approaches and methods adopted by the allied sector departments in providing extension services to farmers.”.Kareem & Phand (2018)Extension Approaches and Methods Adopted by the Agri-Allied Sector Departments of Maharashtra State144

45. MethodologyLocale of the StudyThe study was conducted in four major Indian states viz., Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha and Karnataka. The states were selected purposively wherein; all the allied sectors viz., Animal Husbandry, Horticulture, Sericulture and Fisheries department were present and operational. A total 480 respondents (240 Government Officers and 240 Farmers) were selected randomly from the two districts of each state.Data Collection ToolWell-structured interview schedule was finalized and data was collected personally.N=48045

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47. ResultsKnowledge level of officers of agri-allied department of Maharashtra about various extension approaches47

48. Table: General extension approaches followed by the agri-allied department officers in Maharashtra48

49. Sl. NoGeneral Extension ApproachSericulture Officersn= 10Fisheries Officersn=10Animal Husbandry Officersn=20Horticulture officersn=20TotalN=60YesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNo1Central and State level schemes implementation10(100)0(0)10(100)0(0)20(100)0(0)20(100)0(0)60(100)0(0)2Knowledge about different schemes10(100)0(0)10(100)0(0)20(100)0(0)20(100)0(0)60(100)0(0)3Farmers adopt a new technology without subsidy component2(20)8(80)10(100)0(0)19(95)1(5)20(100)0(0)51(85)9(3)4Farmers participate in implementation of the implementation of the participation in planning?10(100)0(0)10(100)0(0)17(85)3(15)20(100)0(0)57(95)3(5)5Beneficiary selection is a difficult task in the prevailing political situation in the villages?0(0)10(100)1(10)9(90)2(10)18(90)3(15)17(85)6(10)56(90)Total average of agri-allied departement782249

50. Table : Extension reforms approach i.e. ATMA followed by the agri-allied department officers in Maharashtra50

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52. Sl. NoGeneral Extension Approach(ATMA)Sericulture Officersn= 10Fisheries Officersn=10Animal Husbandry Officersn=20Horticulture officersn=20TotalN=60YesNoYesNoYesNoYesNoYesNo8Prepared the action plan by taking the farmer advice 1(10)9(90)1(10)9(90)2(10)18(90)11(55)9(45)15(25)45(75)9Refer SREP prepared for the district to prepare the action plan0(0)10(100)1(10)9(90)17(85)3(15)10(50)10(50)14(23)46(77)10Feel extra burden working in ATMA or convergent mode 1(10)9(90)0(0)10(100)20(100)0(0)3(15)17(85)4(7)56(93)11Get the fund as proposed in the BAP/DAP from ATMA3(30)7(70)0(0)10(100)19(95)1(5)1(5)19(95)5(8)55(92)12Face problem in adjustment of the expenditure bills with BTT convener/P.D. ATMA28(80)0(0)10(100)20(100)0(0)0(0)20(100)2(3)5897Total average of agri-allied departement316952

53. ObjectivesTo assess the approach, extent of delivery of farm advisory services provided by various extension service organizationsTo analyze the effectiveness of extension service organization in delivering advisory services.Chiru (2020)Effectiveness of delivering farm advisory services by public and private extension systems in Meghalaya253

54. Research design: Ex-post facto Locale of the study: The study was conducted in Meghalaya. The Ri-Bhoi district was selected purposively as presence of many NGOs, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Post Graduate Institute (CAU), KVK are situated in this district. MethodologyN=12054

55. Table: Extent of delivery of Farm Extension Services by KVK,Ri-Bhoi and RRTC55

56. Components of extent of delivery during last three year (Number) KVK, Ri-BhoiRRTC1. Number of awareness camps organised by extension service organisations15202. Number of demonstrations organized by the village extension worker30303. Number of farmers’ trainings (on-campus / off-campus) conducted by extension workers15020004. Number of field days organized by village extension workers18105. Number of exhibitions organised by extension organization10156. Number of scheduled discussion meetings held between farmers and extension workers60307. Mobile advisory services provided by extension organization3001008. Number of exposure visits of farmers (to research farms) conducted by extension organization15459. Leaflets, folders and other extension literature provided to farmers2050010. Field day conducted by the organization151011. Office calls and Kisan Calls (toll-free phone services) received and attended to by extension organisation staff.24003012. Input support services (in terms of mini kits–improved crop seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, weedicides, improved livestock (poultry, fisheries, goats, rabbits, etc., provided to farmers)6530013. Services provided to farmers (in terms of poultry vaccination, artificial insemination of cattle, FMD-HSBQ vaccination services, etc.)7020014. Number of farmers trained by the extension service organisation4200350015. New farm techniques provided by extension organisation1550016. Number of farmers attended awareness camps of extension services600120056

57. Table: Farmers’ Ranking Extension Methods of farm advisory services57

58. Extension Methods usedKVK (n=30)RRTC (n=30)delivery of FASMeanSDRankMeanSDRank1. Awareness camps51.721.9II40.516.3VII2. Demonstration50.617.09III25.23.98VIII3. training programme21.773.03VII6.30.84XI4. Field day29.88.05VI6729.26I5. Exhibition69.69.64I53.19.17III6. Farmers –extensionpersonal discussion/meeting9.882.86X20.111.79X7. Mobile advisory7.571.41XI24.367.2IX8. Exposure visit1.820.68XIII46.3725.7V9. Provision of extensionliterature: leaflets, folders, manuals, etc.35.713.7IV44.615.5VI10. Farmers field school33.313.4V58.320.5II11. Help through phone orToll free phone (1551)1.980.24XII51.8814.2IV12. New varieties/ inputs (in terms of improved crop seeds, fertilizers,pesticides, weedicides)18.69.7IX7.92.5XIII13. Allied technologies (improved livestock (poultry, fisheries, goats, rabbits, etc.,provided to farmers)194.2VIII12.73.6XII58

59.  KVK(n=30)RRTC(n=30)Mean0.7940.764Standard deviation0.790.76 Frequency%Frequency%V. low(˂0.58)00413Low (0.58-0.68)1313Medium (0.68-0.77)11371137High (0.77-0.87)15501240V. high(˃0.87)31027Comparison of overall effectiveness index of KVK, Ri-Bhoi and RRTC59

60. Reforming India’s Pluralistic Extension System: Some Policy IssuesSingh et al., 2013ObjectiveAnalyse in-depth the various issues of pluralistic extension system in India and the policy reforms carried out to address them.360

61. Issues61

62. To attain food securityPoverty elevationNatural resource managementClimate changeMarket access and prices62

63. Reforms in agricultural extension have been initiated and are to be undertaken on a wider scale,63

64. 1. Policy Reforms Farming Systems Approach Multi-Agency Extension Service Public Extension and Research Services Private Extension Services Mass Media and Information Technology Promotion of Farmer-Participatory ApproachThrust on Market Extension Enabling Farmers with Problem Solving Skills Encouraging Private Sector Involvement in Technology Transfer Public Funds for Private and Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Extension Services2. Institutional RestructuringDeveloping Strategic Research and Extension Plans (SREPs) by first carrying out Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRAs)Block-Level Technology Center (BTC) for Single Window Extension SystemUpgrading and Restructuring the Extension Staff as Farm AdvisorsGroup Approach to ExtensionStrengthening Research-Extension-Farmer LinkagesICAR’s Role in Extension—Better Linking KVKs to Dept. Of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC)64

65. 3. Improving Research-Extension LinkagesPromotion of a Direct Interface between Farmers, Extension Workers and ResearchersSetting Research Priorities Based on SREPs4. Capacity Building of Extension WorkersFormulation of Human Resource Development (HRD) Policy by StatesFormulation of a Training Plan for Extension WorkersUpgrading State-Level Agricultural Management Extension Training Institutions (SAMETIs)5. Empowerment of FarmersInvolving Farmers in Setting Extension’s Agenda Acquisition of Skills by FarmersExpanding the Sphere of Women Extension Workers6. Use of Information Technology (IT)Information Technology Applications in Agricultural MarketingWider Use of Electronic Mass Media for Agricultural ExtensionFarmer Participation in IT Programs65

66. CONCLUSIONA healthy, vibrant and responsive extension system with an aim of faster, sustainable and more inclusive agricultural growth is the need of the hour. Operationalising extension-plus requires a new organizational culture where extension reinvents as a nodal agency that will provide technological and non-technological services to farmers. Extension needs to play a facilitating role enabling access to services by acting as a bridge connecting farmers, the poor and vulnerable groups with different service providers. There is high need for bringing on Extension Revolution.66

67. Thank you67