MP 5 and a bit Critics Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 17481836 Abbé Thomas Paine 17371809 Robert Owen 17711858 Henri Saint Simon 17601825 Antoine Destutt de Tracy 17541836 ID: 1019544
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "Civilisation, Production, Labour and Soc..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
1. Civilisation, Production, Labour and Society: from Liberal Rights to SocialismMP
2. 5 (and a bit) CriticsEmmanuel Joseph Sieyès 1748-1836 (Abbé)Thomas Paine (1737-1809)Robert Owen (1771-1858) Henri Saint Simon (1760-1825) (Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836))François Marie Charles Fourier(1772-1837)
3. Essay on Privileges (Nov 1788) What is the Third Estate (January 1789)Abbé Sieyes
4. Privilege‘every privilege, without distinction, has certainly for its object, the dispensing with the law of the land; or the giving an exclusive right to something that is not prohibited by the law…[so as] to place the possessor beyond the boundaries of common right.’’Every law […]says “Do wrong to no man”. Where then any class of citizens enjoys an exemption from any particular law, it is directly saying to those citizens, “You are permitted to do wrong.” There is no power on earth …authorised to make such an exception.’
5. ‘All privileges, from the very nature of things, are unjust, odious, and contrary to the supreme end of every political society.’
6. Nature …has placed the real source of respect in the hearts and feelings of the people[If] your insolence and vanity are better pleased with privileges…it is then plain that you wish to be distinguished from your fellow citizens, rather than by your fellow citizensFrom the moment that Ministers imprint the character of privilege on a citizen, they open his mind to a particular interest and close it more or less against the common interest.’
7. What is the Third Estate?
8. What is the Third Estate? EverythingWhat, until now, has it been in the existing political order ? Nothing.What does it want to be? Something.
9. Classes in societyPrivate labour1. All families engaged in work on the land2. All those engaged in the production of goods that adds value to them3. merchants and dealers who act to combine producers and consumers4. activities and personal services – liberal and scientific professions through to domestic servantsPublic servicesArmyLaw,3. Church, 4. Administration
10. Third Estate vs Privileged OrderSubtract the privileged order and the nation will not be something less, but something more.19 out of 20 of those in public service are members of the third estate. ‘The difference here is that they are also required to bear the whole burden of all the genuinely hard work, namely, all the things that the privileged order simply refuses to do.’Nothing can go well without the third estate, but everything would go a great deal better without the other two orders.
11. A nation is a body of associates living under a common law - the noble order stands apart from the common order and the common law‘The Third Estate thus encompasses everything pertaining to the Nation, and everyone outside the Third Estate cannot be considered to be a member of the Nation’
12. Representation and ElectionThe true object of the national assembly is to be concerned with the whole mass of citizens seen from the point of view of the common interest. The natural consequence of this proposition is that the right to be represented belongs to citizens only in respect to what they have in common and not to what serves to differentiate them. … It is not, therefore, because one is privileged but because one is a citizen that one has a right to elect deputies. … A privileged class is not something that can be represented. …anything that falls outside the common attributes of citizenship cannot give rise to an entitlement to political rights.Active and passive citizenshipDivision of political labour – increasing specialization reduces abuseConstitutional design ‘It would be a grave misjudgement of human nature to entrust the destiny of societies to the endeavours of virtue.’Constituent Power vs Constituted Powers Sovereign Nation vs constituted authorities
13. Agrarian Justice (1796)Thomas Paine
14. Rights of Man II (1792)1. abolition of the poor rates2. child allowance for 252,000 poor families, plus education3. £6 annuity for over 50s in poverty4. £10 for over 60s5.maternity allowance6. marriage allowance7. funeral allowance8. employment for London’s casual poor1. Abolition of window tax2. allowance for disbanded soldiers3. inc in soldiers’ pay4. same allowances for navy5. progressive tax on inherited wealth to ‘extirpate the unjust and unnatural law of primogeniture.’
15. Francois Noel (Gracchus) Babeuf (1764-1797)The conspiracy of equals
16. Agrarian JusticeAgrarian Law -Roman Republic and the distribution of conquered landsOriginal natural propertyLockeian account of improvement vs PaineAccepts need for cultivation to support more extensive populationBut argues that people might be in a worse state than in the state of nature‘the earth, in its natural uncultivated state, was, and ever would have continued to be, the COMMON PROPERTY OF THE HUMAN RACE.’
17. Natural right to inheritanceDifficulty of separating value of land and value of cultivation.Value of cultivation must be respected.But every proprietor of cultivated land owes the community a ground rent, for the land he holds.Owed as a right not charity1. create a fund giving each person £15 on reaching age of majority, as a capital to start with2. and a pension for all those over 50
18. Natural property/personal propertyTaxation on landed estates on death10% tax on inherited propertyPersonal property is the effect of societyAll accumulation of personal property beyond what a man’s hands produce, is derived to him from living in society; and he owes, on every principle of justice, of gratitude, and of civilization, a part of that accumulation back again to society.Exploitation of labour.
19. The Right to VoteDissertation on First Principles of Government (1795)The right of voting is the primary right by which other rights are protected. To take away this right is to reduce a man to a state of slavery….It is possible to exclude men from the right of voting; but it is impossible to exclude them from rebelling against that exclusion; and when all other rights are taken away, the right of rebellion is made perfect.
20. Basic income/sovereign wealth funds
21. principles1. Natural right2. Right to product of labour3. benefits and burdens of social cooperation4. Unjust institution of primogeniture 5.exploitation
22. Robert Owen, A new View of Society 1813
23. A new view…‘I am a manufacturer for pecuniary profit’Mechanical vs living machineryMan treated as a secondary and inferior machinePoor and WC =3/4 of the populationNo investment in them.‘Any general character, from the best to the worst, from the most ignorant to the most enlightened, may be given to any community, even to the world at large, by the application of proper means; which means are to a great extent at the command and under the control of those who have influence in the affairs of men.’
24. Training for happinessBasic principle: ‘The happiness of self clearly understood and uniformly practised; which can only be attained by conduct that must promote the happiness of the community.’Need for rational plans for education and formation of characterThese plans must be devised to train children from their earliest infancy in good habits of every description. They must afterward be rationally educated, and their labour usefully directed. Such habits and education will impress them with an active and ardent desire to promote the happiness of every individual…They will also insure, with the fewest possible exceptions, health, strength, and vigour of body; for the happiness of man can be erected only on the foundations of health and body and peace of mind.Hostility to religion as dividing people and keeping them in ignorance
25. EducationChildren are, without exception, passive and wonderfully contrived compounds; which, by an accurate previous and subsequent attention, founded on a correct knowledge of the subject, may be formed collectively to have any human character. And although these compounds, like all the other works of nature, possess endless varieties, yet they partake of that plastic quality, which, by perseverance under judicious management, may be ultimately moulded into the very image of rational wishes and desires.Will also come to see others as formed by education, and thus will treat them with due allowance, enhancing cooperation, and demonstrating the irrationality of feeling anger at behaviour that has been shaped for the passive being.He will then also strongly entertain the desire to ‘do good to all men’, and even to those who think themselves his enemies.
26. Hierarchy and orderEmphasis on WC and paupersBut education for acquiescence in a social order that would remain unequalEmphasis on productivity, profit and happiness being reconcilableInc.rejects the consumer-based societyCompetitive manufacturing seen as producing exploitation and miseryDissolution of ties between owners and workers to cash nexusTechnological unemploymentPastoralism
27. Villages of Cooperation
28. Letter to the Earl of Liverpool on the employment of Children in Manufactures 1818‘The value of mere manual labour has been so much reduced that the working man….is now placed under circumstances far more unfavourable to his happiness than the serf or villein under the feudal system…Yet is it from this class the wealthy derive all they hold. The rich wallow in an excess of luxuries injurious to themselves , solely by the labour of men who are debarred from acquiring for their own use a sufficiency even of the indispensable articles of life…The time never existed when knowledge and misery were closely and extensively united.’Cooperative village – conservative and socialist.Attacked by Malthus and RicardoGatrell ‘…the last influential statement of a rationalist doctrine to be published in England’Shift from anti-religion/pro-rationalism to concern about a destructive industrial order
29. Claude -Henri Saint-simon1760-1825
30. Life and WorkAristocratic familyEnlisted in Army at 17Fought for France in the American RevolutionWounded and captured.On release visited Mexico, and proposed Panama Canal1787 Plan for Madrid/Atlantic canalCareers open to talentsAimed to found a scientific school for improvementRenounced titleArrested under RobespierreReleased after July 1794.Active in businessEcole polytechniqueInterest in physiology
31. Religion of NewtonI believe that all social classes would benefit from this organization: spiritual power in the hands of the savants; temporal power in the hands of the property owners; the power to elect the leaders of humanity in the hands of everyone; the reward of the rulers…respect.All men will work. They will all regard themselves as workers attached to a workshop.Newton as the basis for a cult of reason. I propose to substitute the following principle for that of the Gospel:Man must workThe happiest man is the worker…The happiest nation is the one with fewest idlersAny functionary, any person involved in the sciences, the fine arts, manufacturing or agricultural industry works as positively as the labourer digging the earth…But a rentier, a property owner who has no profession and who does not direct the work necessary to render his property profitable, is a burden to society…
32. European political order…Europe would have the best possible organization if all its constituent nations were governed by parliaments, and if they recognised the supremacy of a common parliament set above all national governments and invested with the powers of settling their disputes.RationalismScientismContributing vs non-contributing classesNeed for a quasi religionImportant role for honour 6th Letter (202-206)
33. Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de Tracy 1754-1836Coiner of ‘ideology’Connection between Enlightenment and early 19th CShares view of importance of labourTurns society wholly into commerceRejects Physiocrats emphasis on agricultureFirst two works on MontesquieuLauded by StendhalDescribed by Marx as: ‘A fish blooded bourgeois doctrinaire’
34. Charles Fourier
35. The most eccentric utopian socialistAnti-industrialistAnti political- economyLabour as a burdenBut not interested in the work ethic.Wanted to turn degrading and debilitating labour of industrial society, into something else.
36. phalanstere810 Psychological types x 2 (men and women) = 1,620a self-contained community housing 1,620 members with a myriad of subdivisions designed to encourage a dynamic interplay of various human passions.twelve fundamental passions: five of the senses (touch, taste, hearing, sight and smell); four of the soul (friendship, love, ambition and parenthood); and three distributional:la Papillone or the love of varietyla Cabaliste, concerning rivalry and conspiracyla Composite, combination of two or more types of passion (the sharing of a good meal (senses) in good company (soul) while conspiring (la Cabaliste) to arrange a sexual orgy with the couple at the next table)
37. phalanstere
38. Fourier and UtopiaBeliever in sexual liberationAnything acceptable within the bounds of consentRejected taboos of incest etc.Anti-monogamyPro-divorceAnd in favour of pleasureEqual rights for men and womenLevel of civilisation determined by level of women’s liberationInvolves a fundamental re-thinking of nature of pleasure and happiness, and of the social organisation necessary to realize it. Rooted in claims about human nature and passions and inclinations, and the need to make social organisation serve those ends.
39. …and……following his idiosyncratic astrological readings, he prophesied a beneficial increase in the passionate intensity of the Earth which would gradually transform the briny seas into a tangy lemonade flavour, the neutral smelling atmosphere into a perfumed mist, and the pests of man, fleas, rats, crocodiles, and lions, into far more pleasant species, anti-fleas, anti-rats, anti-crocodiles, and anti-lions.