Imperialism , is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and - PowerPoint Presentation

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Imperialism, is "the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination." Imperialism not only describes colonial and territorial policies, but also economic and military dominance and influence.

Imperialism:

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The Age of Imperialism was a time period beginning around 1870 when modern, relatively developed nations were taking over less developed areas, colonizing them, or influencing them in order to expand their own power. Although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term "Age of Imperialism" generally refers to the activities of nations such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United States in the early 18th through the middle 20th centuries,

Age of Imperialism

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policies such as Woodrow Wilson's mission to "make the world safe for democracy"

The United States as "the world's police"

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Pro-Imperialism“…Whether they will or no, Americans must now begin to look outward. The growing production of the country demands it. And increasing volume of public sentiment demands it…”

- Alfred T. Mahan

“But today we are raising more than we can consume. Today we are making more than we can use.

Today our industrial society is congested; there are more workers than there is work, there is more capital

than there is investment. We do not need more money – we need more circulation, more employment.

Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our

labor.” - Senator Albert J. Beveridge

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"The White Man's Burden"

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Anti-Imperialism"For Europe to rule Asia by force for purposes of gain, and to justify that rule by the pretence that she is civilizing Asia and raising her to a higher level of spiritual life, will be adjudged by history, perhaps, to be the crowning wrong and folly of imperialism. What Asia has to give, her priceless stores of wisdom garnered from her experience of ages, we refuse to take; the much or little which we could give we spoil by the brutal manner of our giving. This is what imperialism has done, and is doing, for Asia."

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Effects of ImperialismPositive

new roads & railroads

telegraph & postal systems

irrigation systems improve farming

education

new laws = justice for all classes

Negative

resources go to over-seeing power

cash crop replacing local goods

top jobs go to over-seeing power

Natives treated as inferiors

replacement of local customs and beliefs w/ new

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Social Darwinism in World AffairsMany contended that nations or races struggled constantly for existence and only the fittest could survive.

Strong nations would dominate weak ones

John Burgess flatly stated that Anglo-Saxon possessed the highest political talents. therefore it was their duty to uplift the less fortunate peoples, even to force superior institutions on them if necessary.

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Reasons for ImperialismNew Markets

Raw materials

Social Darwinism

Naval Bases to defend trade routes

desire for prestige & power

security

spread Christianity

spread democracy

over population = need for resources

cash crops

Cheap labor force

Climate

competition

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Economic reasonsReasons to become an imperialist nation

Political reasons

Moral reasons

Militaristic Reasons

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HawaiiHawaii = Self-sufficient society = agricultural & fishing

Americans brought disease: decimating half the pop.

Sugar cane plantations --> American Investors

--> sugar production boomed --> influence of Americans increased

U.S. officials demanded control of Pearl Harbor in exchange for tax-free status of Hawaiian sugar

Many Natives did not want to become apart of the U.S.

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Long Term EffectsTransportation, education, and medical care improved

nationalist Movements

Competition for empires leads to war

Industrial nations control new global economy

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Nationalismnational pride or loyalty

emphasizes collective identity - a people who are autonomous, united, and express a single national culture

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Isolationismnational policy of avoiding involvement in the affairs of other nations

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Exit TicketTo justify their policies, the new American expansionists of the late 1800s offered all of the following

reasons except

A) strong nations were destined by natural law to dominate weak ones

B) the United States had a duty to spread its superior institutions to less civilized people

C) the United States should try to create a community of nations to guarantee world peace

D) a strong navy was the key to becoming a great nation, and colonies would serve as bases for such a navy

E) selling goods in foreign nations would bolster the economy

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Humanitarianism

Americans were outraged by the treatment of Cubans

Placed in concentration camps to prevent them from joining the revolution against Spain

200,000 died from hunger and disease

Gen. Valeriano Weyler: "The Butcher"

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The Spanish Navy 1880-1920

Spain's decline as a world power in the 19th century was marked. As prosperity flooded the industrializing parts of Europe, Spain falls behind, without the $ to invest in great fleets. Europe's once leading power, could no longer compete

as late as the 1880's, Spain was still building her cruisers of wood and even her 1st steel ship commissioned with a full sail rig.

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U.S.S MaineThe Maine was sent to Cuba early in 1898 to protect American lives and interests on the island, where the local insurgents were on the victory over the Spanish Empire.

at first the Maine's presence in Havana had exacerbated relations w/ Spanish authorities; but things eventually calmed down.

Feb 15, 1898 the Maine exploded. the explosion blew out the bottom of the ship, breaking her in two and sinking within 10 min.

226 American servicemen were killed

This gave the war hawks in US gov what they were looking for: By March, the march to war was complete

Spain stood convicted of sabotage by public opinion

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Private Letter from Spanish AmbassadorWithin weeks of the sinking of the

Maine

, intelligence operatives intercepted a private letter between the Spanish Ambassador to the United States and a friend in Havana, Cuba.

The letter disparaged U.S. President McKinley, and hinted at plans to commit acts of sabotage against American property in Cuba.

The letter was published by several newspapers, further agitating public opinion. On April 19, 1898, Congress resolved to end Spanish rule in Cuba.

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War Declared(Sinking of the U.S.S Maine, Feb 15, 1898)

Spain declares war on US, April 23, 1898

US declares war on Spain, April 25

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Yellow JournalismIn Havana, Hearst press illustrator Fredric Remington cabled New York that there was no action to illustrate. W.R. Hearst cabled back, "you provide the pictures and I'll provide the war." Remington obliged with lurid sketches

With the of the Maine, yellow journalist were quick to blame Spain for the incident. Newspapers headlined: "Remember the Maine - To Hell with Spain."

Spain stood convicted of sabotage by public opinion

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American Intervention in

Spanish-Cuban Affairs

Spanish Response to the Revolt in Cuba

exiled many leaders of the independence movement

sent soldiers to battle rebels

sent Weyler to put down revolt

Major Causes of the Spanish-American War

Imperialist ambitions

humanitarian sympathy for the rebels

the destruction of the U.S.S. Maine

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Battle of San Juan Hilldecisive battle of the war. one of the bloodiest and most famous

San Juan Heights was a north-south elevation, with Spanish hill-top entrenchments: making return fire more difficult for the Spanish

Also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders

Roosevelt was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions

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"A Splendid Little War" In August, an armistice ended the fighting

War lasted four months

Under the terms of the armistice, Spain recognized the independence of Cuba

Spain also ceded Puerto Rico and the pacific islands of Guam to the US

December, Treaty of Paris officially ends the war

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Outcome - U.S.Conclusion will help to maintain peace and protect life and property in Cuba

Must release all prisoners of war

must agree to mutual shipping rights for Spain

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Outcome - SpainMust give up all claims to Cuba

Must give the U.S. control of Puerto Rico and Guam

Spanish citizens are free to stay in Cuba

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Outcome - Cuba

Platt Amendment --> makes Cuba a protectorate of the U.S.

Could not sign any treaty that would threaten its independence (in effect giving the US control of Cuban foreign policy)

Gave US the right to intervene to preserve independence, life, and property.

U.S. Naval base at Guantanamo Bay

Left Cuba with nominal political independence

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Outcome - Puerto Rico & PhilippinesPuerto Rico - Under control of the US

Philippines - sold to the US for 20 million

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Exit TicketThe Platt Amendment, incorporated into the Cuban constitution, gave Cuba

A) full independence

B) economic independence

C) nominal political independence

D) an American colonial government

E) an equal partnership with American interests

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Seizing the PhilippinesCommander of the Navy's Pacific squadron,

George Dewey

, attacked the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines

US Navy completed destroyed the aging Spanish fleet stationed there.

only 1 American sailor died in the battle (of heatstroke). Dewey instantly became the first hero of the war

Months later, the city of Manila was surrendered.

What had begun as a war to free Cuba was becoming a war to strip Spain of its colonies. Yet there was no plan as to what the US would do with the newly acquired possessions

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Annexation of the PhilippinesMcKinley was reluctant to annex the Philippines, but ultimately decided to accept responsibility for the islands.

US paid $20 million for the islands

Returning them to Spain would be "cowardly & dishonorable," turning them over to another imperialistic power would be "bad business & discreditable," and granting the islands independence would be irresponsible. For the were "unfit for self government."

only solution = educate & Christianize the Filipinos

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The Philippine WarIn the midst of the US trying to educate & Christianize the Filipinos,

insurgent forces began fighting for independence

One of American longest and bloodiest wars; lasted 4 years; resulted in 4,300 American deaths (nearly 10x the amount killed during the Spanish American war) along with an estimated

50,000

Filipino natives

US soon found themselves drawn into the same pattern of brutality that had outraged so many Americans when Weyler had used them in the Caribbean

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The Philippines WarCaptured Filipinos guerrillas were not treated as prisoners of war, but as murderers --> executed.

entire communities were evacuated - the residents forced into concentration camps while US troops destroyed their villages, farms, crops and livestock. Orders were given "to kill everyone over the age of 10."

the rebellion has eventually exhausted itself

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Governance of the Philippines1901, US military transferred authority over the islands to

William Taft --> 1st civilian Governor

Taft announced that the

American mission was to prepare the Philippines for independence

, and he gave the Filipinos broad local autonomy

US built roads, schools, bridges & sewers; instituted major administrative and financial reforms; & established a public health system.

1946 the islands finally gained their Independence

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John Hay's Open Doorbusiness policy in China

equal trading rights for all

Everyone agreed. Besides China.

Chinese martial-arts society with nationalist convictions launched a revolt against foreigners in China.

Boxer Rebellion

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Panama CanalReasons -

provide mobility for the Navy

protect US colonies

Increase trade with the far east

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Roosevelt CorollaryExtension of the Monroe Doctrine

Doctrine cast the US as protector of the Western Hemisphere

"Chronic wrongdoing...in the Western Hemisphere...may force the United States...to the exercise of an international police power."

US should restore law and order around the world

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Big Stick Policy - Roosevelt"Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far."

Use whatever means necessary to defend our interests by the use of force

Tour of the "Great White Fleet". Circumnavigated the globe in 1907. This was to demonstrate America's growing military might

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"Dollar Diplomacy" - William TaftExpanded US influence in Latin America and protecting US interests

encouraged US banks & corporations to invest $$ into the Caribbean. Replacing European loans w/ American ones

thus keeping European countries out

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Moral Diplomacy - Woodrow WilsonThe president hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, only supporting Latin American governments that were democratic or otherwise supported United States interests.

By refusing to support non-democratic countries, he hoped to hurt them economically and thus force them into submission.

"the force of America is the force of moral principle." Moral Diplomacy encouraged the spread of human rights and the development of "constitutional liberty" throughout the world.

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ReviewNationalism:

devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

Imperialism:

nation building – extending political control over various people of the world

Militarism:

development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy

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What were the causes of WWI?World War I was the biggest war the world had ever seen. Nearly

10 million soldiers died

. New war technology was partly responsible for this devastation. Before the war, no European country held power over the others. Instead,

two groups of nations - the Central Powers and the Allies - kept a kind of balance of power

. the nations made many complicated, and sometimes secret, agreements to help defend each other.

When any country threatened another, all were involved.

The

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

was in line to be the ruler of Austria-Hungary. In June 1914 he was visiting Bosnia, when a

terrorist from Serbia shot and killed him

. That bullet started it all.

Austria-Hungary (a Central Power) responded by declaring war on Serbia (one of the Allies), and the other nations of Europe began honoring their agreements.

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M.A.N.I.A - causes of WWIM

- Militarism: build up of armed forces

A

- Alliances:

The Allies - France, England, Russia

The Central Powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary

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- Nationalism: pride in your country. National interest 1st

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- Imperialism: extending authority over another country

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- Assassination: June 28th, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed

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Neutrality & partiality Wilson called on American’s to remain “impartial in thought as well as deed”

However, many American’s were not. Many sympathized with Britain, such as Wilson, who admired England along with its traditions, its culture, and political system. These ideals would sway many American’s to side with the Allies. Lurid reports of German atrocities in Belgium and France, skillfully exaggerated by British propagandists, strengthened the hostility of many Americans toward Germany and the Central Powers

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Economic TiesTo prevent Germany from obtaining munitions and supplies,

Britain placed a Naval blockade on Germany.

As a neutral, America, in theory, could continue to trade with Germany. However a truly neutral response would be to stop trading with both Germany and Britain.

Ultimately

America ignored the blockade and continued trading w/ Britain

. In doing so, by 1915, America gradually transformed itself from a neutral power into the arsenal of the Allies

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Unrestricted Sub warfareGerman U boats interfered with freedom of seas. Announced enemy vessels would be sunk on sight

Attacked US merchant ships

1915 – Sinking of the Luisitania

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Sinking of the LusitaniaMay 1915, a German submarine sank the British passenger liner without warning

1,198 people perished, 128 were American

It later became clear that the Lusitania was in fact not only carrying passengers but munitions as well

But most Americans considered the attack what T. Roosevelt called it: “an act of piracy”

Sussex pledge – Germans promised to warn ships

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Zimmermann TelegramAfter months of inconclusive warfare in the trenches with France, Germany decided on a risky plan

February → the British gave Wilson a telegram →intercepted from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, to the Mexican government.

proposed that if America joined the war, the Mexicans should join with Germany

German’s promised that Mexico would regain their “lost provinces”

Widely publicized by British propagandists & American press, the telegram inflamed public opinion & helped build popular sentiment for war

April → Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of War

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Exit TicketThe Zimmermann telegram stirred up anti-German sentiment in the United States because it revealed German plans to

A) destroy the Panama Canal

B) deploy submarines along the Atlantic coast of the United States

C) return to Mexico her lost provinces in the American Southwest in exchange for a Mexican declaration of war on the United States

D) recruit German and Irish-Americans for use as spies and saboteurs in the United States

E) subvert the Open Door policy in the Far East

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Choose 2 new technologies that were introduced in WWI that you feel are the most influential in the transformation on modern warfareExplain what each item is: what it is, who invented it, who first used it, how many countries used it during the war?

What were the pro’s & con’s with its use?

How did it forever transform warfare? Do we still use it today?

Homework

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Warm-UpIdentify and explain the 5 major causes of WWI?

Why was the U.S. partial to Great Britain? and how did this affect our economic ties with them and Germany?

In reference to President Wilson's address to Congress, what were his reasons/justifications for America to join WWI?

The German government believed that the sinking of the Lusitania was a legitimate act because the ship was

A) given ample warning

B) sailing into German waters

C) armed with deck guns

D) trying to blockade German food supplies

E) carrying munitions to Great Britain

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as hostilities in Europe began to suggest the horrible possibility of war, many U.S. leaders began thinking about how to prepare the military for a large-scale conflict. Some such as t. Roosevelt advocated compulsory military training for all American men. It was argued, "the volunteer system is not dependable because of the uncertainty as to returns, and in any case because of lack of time for training and organization." Others argued against compulsory service. Max Eastman, editor of the Masses: "for my part I do not recognize the right of the government to draft me to a war whose purpose I do not believe in. but to draft me to a war whose purposes it will not so much as communicate to my ear, seems an act of tyranny"

Military Service

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Selective Service ActPresident Wilson & the Secretary of War decided on a national draft, immediately following our declaration of war (1917)

the draft brought nearly 3 million men into the military

another 2 million joined voluntarily

collectively they formed the American Expeditionary Force

The AEF was the most diverse fighting force the U.S. had ever assembled --> women permitted to enlist --> over 10,000 in the Navy and hundreds in the Marines

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Draft EligibilityEligible & Liable for Military service

: unmarried registrants with no dependents. Married registrants with

one or more dependent children over 16 with sufficient family income.

Temporarily deferred, but available for military service

:

Married registrants with dependent spouse and / or dependent children under 16 with sufficient family income

Exempt

:

Local officials, Registrants who provide sole family income for dependent parents and / or siblings under 16, Registrants employed in agricultural labor or industrial enterprises essential to the war effort.

Ineligible

:

State or Federal officials, Members of the clergy, Registrants who were deemed either medically disabled or "morally unfit" for military service, Enemy aliens.

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Conscientious ObjectorsIn the United States during World War I, conscientious objectors were permitted to serve in noncombatant military roles. About 2000 absolute conscientious objectors refused to cooperate in any way with the military. These men were imprisoned in military facilities such as Fort Lewis (Washington), Alcatraz Island (California) and Fort Leavenworth (Kansas). Some were subjected to treatment such as short rations, solitary confinement and physical abuse severe enough as to cause the deaths of two draftees.

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U.S. enters the WarAmerican intervention had its most immediate effect on conflict at sea.

Britain --> vast loses by German U-boats --> 1 in 4 British ships never returned

within weeks, America turned the tide--> U.S. ships destroyed U-boats and escorted merchant vessels across the Atlantic

Sinking of Allied ships had = 900,000 tons in April 1917 --> by October 1918, declined to 112,000

No American ship was lost at sea during WWI

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African American Soldiersnearly 400,000 black soldiers enlisted or were drafted into the Army and Navy (Marines would not accept them)

served in segregated regiments, under white commanders

most were assigned to noncombat duties

but some black units fought valiantly in the great offensives of 1918

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Life in the Trenchesfrequently shelled & even when calm were muddy, cold, polluted, and infested with rats and lice.

some men lived in the trenches for months or even years

ate mostly rotten food

trench foot

shell shock:

psychiatric illness resulting from injury to the nerves during combat.

U.S. made it possible for the Allies to break out of their entrenchment positions and advance against the German's --> by July the Allies had halted the German advance and were beginning a successful offensive of their own

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Death Tollabout 5 Million Allied soldiers

about 3.5 Million Central Power soldiers

20 million injured

devastated an entire generation of men

in France, for example, 90% of the healthy young men had served in WWI. More than 7 out of 10 of these men were killed or wounded

116,000 Americans killed. 200,000 wounded

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Warm-up (Quiz)1. How did trench warfare influence the war? -pro's & con's -result2. What was the American Expeditionary Force?3. How did America's enter into the war change the course of the war? -how did the war change?

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Aim: How did WWI affect the US at home?How has the War in Iraq changed your life?ie: USA PATRIOT Act. Uniting (and) Strengthening America (by) providing Appropriate Tools Required (to) Intercept (and) Obstruct Terrorism. 2001Passed in the House by 357 to 66 and the Senate by 98 to 1 and was supported by members of both parties

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World War Iwas a TOTAL WARThe entire country “goes to war”Military DraftAll citizens do their part

rations, Victory Gardens, Liberty Bonds

All businesses focus on production for the war

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Propagandain 1917, Wilson commissioned the establishment of the

Committee on Public Information

-->

led a propaganda campaign to encourage the American public to support the war

fact-based to present upbeat version of the war --> raw propaganda that depicted Germans as evil monsters

CPI pamphlets warned citizens to be on the look out for spies

led to strong anti-German sentiments

--> German books disappeared from library bookshelves, no more German in schools, no more German music, publicly humiliated people of German heritage by forcing them to kiss the flag, recite the Pledge of Allegiance, and buy war bonds

--> 100% "Americanism"

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Economy & IndustryWar Industries Board –allocated raw materials, eliminate waste, expand productionFood Administration – increase output, wheatless and meatless daysFuel Administration – increase production of fuel and oil

Rations - butter, salt, meats, milk, heat

Financing the war = Liberty Bonds (low-interest loans by civilians to the Gov't) – WWI cost $35 Billion. Americans helped pay $21 billion through war bonds

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Children in the War Effortchildren & young adults volunteered both money & labor to help win the warcontributed money they would earn on side jobs to purchase war bondssome 2 million boys & girls joined the US Garden Army & grew $480 Million worth of produceNew York passed laws so that 12 year old children could miss up to 7 months of school in order to work on farms.

Boys 16 and older were let out of school to help plant wheat crops during the spring and were given extra credit

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Punishing SeditionEspionage Act (1917)--> penalties for obstructing war effort. notify the justice dept when you encounter men "who spreads the pessimistic stories, cries for peace, or belittles our efforts to win the war."

Schenck vs. US

(1919) –> Charles Schenck was a critic of the war. Arrested under Espionage Act

**Clear and Present Danger to the US**

Sedition Act

(1918) –> punished anyone who spoke or wrote against the war or the president

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Woman, Minorities & LaborBegan to replace men in jobslabor shortage strengthened unions and brought about changes in the workforceAfrican Americans migrate north for jobs --> Great Migration

Opportunities not there after the war

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End of the Great Warthe armistice between the Allied and Central powers went into effect on the 11th hour, of the 11th day of the 11th month of the year (1918)about 5 Million Allied soldiersabout 3.5 Million Central Power soldiers20 million injureddevastated an entire generation of men

in France, for example, 90% of the healthy young men had served in WWI. More than 7 out of 10 of these men were killed or wounded

116,000 Americans killed. 200,000 wounded

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14 points: Wilson’s Plan for PeaceEnd secret alliancesspecific recommendation for adjusting postwar boundariesRestore freedom of the seas

Reduce arms

Austria Hungary decide their own fate

Association to secure world peace (League of Nations): goal was to prevent future wars

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Treaty of Versaillestied up the loose ends of the warGermany admit responsibility for warPay $56 billion to pay for damages to civilians

Dissolve Austria Hungary

Germany lost colonies

occupation of Germany by the Liies

Free trade

League of Nations

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Why did US reject the Treaty US did not agree with Article 10Felt it could drag us into future warsSenate supported ISOLATIONISM