Unit 11 The Cold War Begins - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Unit 11

The Cold War Begins

Slide2

The Origins of the Cold War

Slide3

How did the conferences at Dumbarton Oaks and Yalta attempt to shape the postwar world?

Why did the Potsdam Conference further increase tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union?

Guiding Questions

Slide4

CharterSatellite nations

Iron Curtain

Liberate

Terms to Know

Slide5

The United

Nations

The

Yalta Conference

Delegates from 39 countries met at Dumbarton

Oaks, D.C. in 1944

Created the United Nations

UN would be composed of a General Assembly (Members would have 1 vote) and a Security Council with 11 members(5 permanent members would have veto power (Britain, France, China, USSR, U.S.))

April 25, 1945- 50 countries met in San Francisco to design the UN charter (constitution)General Assembly- vote on resolutions and choose non-permanent members of Security CouncilSecurity Council- responsible for international peace and security and ask members to use military force to uphold a UN resolutionRoosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in Yalta in Feb. 1945Agreed to recognize the Polish government set up by USSR as long as members of prewar Polish government were included and free elections were heldDeclaration of Liberated Europe- stated all people could choose form of government they wanted. Europeans could create democratic organizations and temporary governments and promised free elections and a government that represented the peopleGermany was split into 4 zones with Britain, France, U.S. and USSR controlling one zone; Berlin was split as well (Inside USSR zone)Germany forced to pay reparations

Building A new world

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Soviets began breaking the agreements made at Yalta shortly after the meeting

Pressured the Romanian king into creating a Communist government

Decided not to allow more than 3 non-Communist Poles to serve in the 18-member Polish government

Did not allow free elections in Poland

United States and Soviet Union became more hostile to each other after WWII leading to the Cold War

Era of conflict and competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union- Lasted from 1946-1990

No actual fighting took place

Conflict leads to Cold War

Slide7

Soviet Union

United

States

United Nations

Policy

Wanted to keep Germany weak

Wanted countries

between them and Germany under Soviet control

Wanted to spread communism Wary of capitalist nationsBelieved Depression was caused by decrease in tradeDecrease in trade could also cause warFelt increase in trade was way to economic growth and would lead to peaceBelieved free enterprise system, focusing on private property and little government involvement in economy, was best route to prosperityMet in December 1946; Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of GenocidePassed the first U.N. human rights treaty- made genocide punishable internationally

Eleanor Roosevelt oversaw UN Commission on Human Rights in 1948

Wrote the Universal Declaration of Human rights- stated rights every human being is born with

Post-WWII Issues

Slide8

President Truman and Stalin met in Potsdam in July 1945

Truman was convinced industry was key to Germany’s survival

Wanted economy to grow stronger so people did not turn to communism

Agreements:

Stalin and USSR could take reparations from their zone of Germany

Machinery and equipment

Allows would allow industry to grow in other zones

Offered Stalin a small amount of industrial equipment from other zones

USSR zone was mostly agriculturalSoviets had to pay a portion with food shipmentsTruman offered to accept the new German-Polish border the Soviets establishedPotsDam Conference

Slide9

Soviet army presence in Eastern Europe aided in creation of pro-Communist governments

Satellite nations- countries under the control of the Soviet Union; Had to remain Communist and follow USSR policy

Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia

Formation of the Iron Curtain

Division of Europe between Communist Eastern Europe and Democratic Western Europe

Coined by Winston Churchill in a 1946 speech

The iron curtain

Slide10

In what way could Roosevelt and Churchill be said to have “given in” to Stalin

?

How did the UN agreement against genocide address issues that had arisen in World War II?

Discussion Questions

Slide11

Early Cold War

YEars

Slide12

What was the policy of containment?

Why was the Korean War a major turning point in the Cold War?

Guiding Questions

Slide13

ContainmentLimited war

Terms to

KNow

Slide14

Containment- Taking measures to prevent the spread and extension of communism in other countries

Truman believed that keeping communism within its present territory through either diplomatic, economic, or military actions would result in the downfall of communism

Iran Crisis

Soviets did not withdraw troops from northern Iran after WWII as promised

U.S. told Soviets to withdraw and sent the USS Missouri into eastern Mediterranean Sea

Soviet forces withdrew

Truman’s Containment Policy

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Truman

Doctrine

Marshall Plan

“ Must be the policy of

the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”

Promised to fight the spread of communism worldwide

Sent $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece to help prevent the spread of communism

Offered American financial assistance to European countries

to help rebuild their economiesOffered to Soviet Union and satellite nations but was rejectedGreatly aided in the recovery in economies of Western European nations, weakened people’s interest in communism, and opened new markets for tradeSent over $13 billion in aid to 16 countries in a 4 year periodContainment Policies

Slide16

In 1948, West Germany was formed (Federal Republic of Germany)

U.S., Britain, and France merged zones (Also merged zones in Berlin)

Allowed Germans to have their own government but could not have a military

Soviet zone was formed into the German Democratic Republic

In June 1948, Soviets blockaded West Berlin

Convinced that they would not be able to get reparations

Wanted to force the U.S. to rethink allowing the formation of West Germany or give up West Berlin

Berlin Airlift began in June 1948 and continued through Spring of 1949

More than 2 million tons of supplies were flown into BerlinStalin lifted the blockade on May 12, 1949Showed how determined the U.S. was to contain communismThe Berlin Airlift

Slide17

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (April 1949)- mutual defense alliance between the United States and many western European countries

Originally included 12 countries

Agreed to come to the aid of any member country that was attacked

West Germany was allowed to rearm and was allowed to join NATO in 1955

Warsaw Pact- mutual military alliance between the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries

In response

to formation of NATO

Creation of

Nato and the warsaw pact

Slide18

Chinese

Revolution

Japanese Policy

Communist

leader Mao Zedong led revolution against Nationalistic government ran by Chiang Kai-Shek

U.S. government sent $2 billion of aid to Nationalistic government starting in the mid-1940s

Communist had taken Beijing by 1949

U.S. stopped sending aid to Chinese Nationalists, who then fled to Taiwan in August 1949

Communist formed the People’s Republic of China in October 1949Early 1950’s, China and USSR signed an alliance treatyU.S. kept diplomatic relations only with Nationalist Chinese in TaiwanKept Communist People’s Republic of China out of the U.N.Douglas MacArthur was in charge of occupied JapanIntroduce democracy and keep Japan from threatening warOnce China became Communist, U.S. adopted policies to encourage quick recovery of Japan’s industrial economyU.S. saw Japan as the key to defending Asia against communismDevelopments in Asia

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U.S. and Soviet troops had entered Korea to disarm the Japanese troops based there after the end of WWII

Korea was divided at the 38

th

parallel

Soviets controlled the north

Formed a Communist government

U.S. troops controlled the south

Formed a U.S.- backed government

On June 25, 1950 North Korean troops invaded the south and quickly pushed back South Korean forcesSoviets had given military aid to North KoreansTruman called on UN to act and ordered U.S. naval and air power to take actionUN troops were pledged to help fightingGeneral MacArthur was sent from Japan to KoreaOn September 15, 1950, MacArthur ordered an attack at Inchon, behind enemy linesWere able to push the North Koreans back across the 38th parallelMacArthur, under orders from Truman, pushed the North Koreans to the Yalu River (The border of China)The Korean War

Slide20

China saw the advancing U.S. troops as a threat

Warned UN troops to stop advance

Chinese forces crossed

Yalu

River in November 1950

Drove the UN forces back across the 38

th

parallel

MacArthur demanded approval to expand war against ChinaAsked for a blockade of Chinese portsUse Chinese Nationalist forcesWanted to use atomic weapons against Chinese citiesChina Enters the War

Slide21

After Truman refused to expand the war, MacArthur began to publically criticize the president

Said it was a mistake to keep the war limited

Felt limited war was a form of appeasement which would lead to a bigger war

Truman fired MacArthur in April 1951 for failing to follow orders

Had to show he was in charge of military

MacArthur remained very popular

Came home to hero’s welcome and parades

Many Americans criticized Truman

Congress and military leaders support Truman’s decisionPolicy of limited war- a war fought to achieve a limited objectiveMacArthur Gets fired

Slide22

By mid-1951, UN forces had pushed Chinese and North Korean forces back across the 38

th

parallel

Small, expensive, and unpopular battles continued

Dwight Eisenhower became president in 1952

H

inted that the U.S. might use a nuclear attack in Korea

July 1953, armistice was signed ending the war

Battle line between the two sides in Korea became the border between North and South Korea Very similar to border before the warSeparated by a Demilitarized zoneU.S. troops still based in Korea to help protect borderNo official peace treaty has been signed ending the warMore than 33,600 U.S. soldiers died in action20,600 died from other accidents or diseaseKorean War ENds

Slide23

Korean War showed that communism had spread outside of Europe into Asia

U.S. states began to build up its military and became more militarily involved in Asia

U.S. signed defense agreements with Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan

U.S. formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1954

U.S. began sending aid to French forces fighting Communists in Vietnam

Korean War Changes Policy

Slide24

Why would Soviet leaders have distrusted American leaders after the war

?

Why would Soviet leaders have wanted a buffer zone around the Western borders of the Soviet Union

?

How did the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan address the spread of communism?

Discussion Questions

Slide25

Cold war and

american

societ

Slide26

How did the post- World War II Red Scare compare and contrast with the one that followed World War I?

How did fears of nuclear war affect American society?

Why did many Americans believe Senator McCarthy’s accusations?

Guiding Questions

Slide27

SubversionLoyalty review

Perjury

Censure

Fallout

McCarthyism

blacklist

Terms to know

Slide28

Fear that Communist were trying to take over the world

Soviet defector revealed documents that Soviets were trying to infiltrate American and Canadian agencies

Wanted information on the atomic bomb

Search for spies grew into general fear of Communist subversion

Effort to weaken society and overthrow its

governmnet

A New red scare

Slide29

Started in early 1947Checked, screened, the loyalty of all federal employees in the U.S. government

Between 1947-1951, more than 6 million federal employees were screened for loyalty

Federal Bureau of Investigation looked closely at about 14,000 people

Many people quit their jobs under pressure

Others fired for “questionable loyalty”

Truman loyalty review program

Slide30

Group formed in 1938 to look into activities that could be harmful to the United States

FBI director J. Edgar Hoover urged HUAC to hold public hearings to root out Communists, “Communist sympathizers”, and “fellow travelers”

House

Unamerican

activities committee

Slide31

Hollywood

on Trial

Alger Hiss

The

Rosenbergs

One

of first trials focused on film industry

Ronald Reagan testified that there were Communists in Hollywood

“Hollywood 10”- 10 screenwriters used 5th Amendment rights to protect themselves from self incriminationProducers began to blacklist anyone who might possibly be a Communist and those who refused to cooperate with HUACMagazine editor and former Communist Party member Whitaker Chamber named Alger Hiss as a spyAlger Hiss was a former diplomat who worked in the Roosevelt administration“Pumpkin papers”- Chambers provided secret papers and microfilm proving Hiss had lied to HUACHiss was convicted of perjury, lying under oathJulius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested and charged with being spies for the SovietsThey were sentenced to death and executed in June 1953Many felt the

Rosenbergs

were victims caught in the wave of anti-Communism

Venona

documents gave strong evidence that Rosenbergs were guilty of stealing nuclear secrets for the SovietsHUAC Hearings and cases

Slide32

In February 1950, Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed to have a list of more than 200 Communists who were working inside the State Department

Never shared his list

McCarthy gave out a booklet accusing Democratic Party leaders of corruption and protecting Communists

Targeted Secretary of State Dean Acheson as being a tool of Stalin

Accused George C. Marshall, former army chief of staff and secretary of state, of being

disloyal

Many Americans accepted McCarthy’s claims

Fears about communism

Joseph McCarthy

Slide33

In 1950, Congress passed the Internal Security Act, or McCarran Act

Made it illegal to try and set up a dictator-run government in the United States

Required all Communist-related organizations to publish their records and register with the U.S. attorney general

Restricted Communists from receiving passports

Communists could be arrested and put in jail in cases of national emergency

President Truman vetoed the bill, however Congress easily overrode his veto

Supreme Court cases have since limited the power of the McCarran Act

Mccarran

act

Slide34

McCarthy became chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations in 1953

Forced government officials to testify about suspected Communist influences

Usually had very weak evidence

McCarthyism- McCarthy’s practice of harming reputations with vague or unfounded charges

Made shocking claims that were not backed with evidence

Questioned witnesses harshly and would not accept their answers

People were afraid to challenge him

Support for McCarthy began to fall during televised hearings about Soviet spies in the U.S. Army

Questioned and bullied officersAccused them of misconduct In late 1954, the Senate passed a vote of censure, or formal disapproval, against McCarthyLost all influence in SenateDied in 1957McCarthyism and the fall of mccarthy

Slide35

Facing Atomic

Weapons

Popular

Culture

Americans shocked by Soviets

successfully testing Hydrogen bomb in 1953

Schools built bomb shelters and held bomb drills

Some families built their own fallout shelters to protect them from nuclear fallout- radiation that stays after a nuclear blast

Cold War themes appeared in films, plays, television, music, and popular fictionThe Crucible criticized the Communist with huntsTomorrow written by Philip Wylie described the horrific effects of nuclear war on an unprepared U.S. cityHiroshima gave six original descriptions of the bombing of Hiroshima, JapanLife during the early cold war

Slide36

How did the atmosphere of fear contribute to Americans' initial support of McCarthy

?

How did everyday Americans react to the tensions of the Cold War?

Discussion Questions

Slide37

Eisenhower’s cold war policies

Slide38

How were the policies of massive retaliation and brinkmanship different from previous military policies?

Why did President Eisenhower want to use covert operations to combat the spread of communism??

Guiding questions

Slide39

Massive retaliationBrinkmanship

Covert

Military-industrial complex

Terms to know

Slide40

Many Americans wanted a change in leadership by the end of 1952

Felt that Truman’s foreign policy was not working

Soviets had tested an atomic bomb

China was a Communist nation

Korean War

Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson

Truman did not run for reelection

Stevenson was governor of Illinois

Republicans nominated Dwight D. EisenhowerNational hero who had helped win World War IIEisenhower won the election in landslideElection of 1952

Slide41

Eisenhower believed nuclear weapons provided better value for the money than keeping a large and expensive army

Believed in a policy of massive retaliation

Threatening to use nuclear weapons in order to avoid wars altogether

Eisenhower was able to cut military spending from around $50 billion to about $34 billion

Decreased size of army

Increased the nuclear arsenal from about 1,000 to about 18,000 bombs between

1953-1961

Many critics were worried about President Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten nuclear war to maintain peace

Brinkmanship- the willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back downEisenhower’s foreign Policy

Slide42

Taiwan Crisis

Suez Crisis

In

fall 1954, China threatened to take over two islands off the China’s coast controlled by the Chinese Nationalists

Eisenhower saw Taiwan as an anti-Communist barrier in Asia

China began bombing islands and announced Taiwan would be freed

Eisenhower asked Congress to authorize use of force to defend Taiwan

Eisenhower warned Chinese that U.S. naval forces would fight aby attack on Taiwan

Hinted that nuclear weapons would be used to stop an invasionChina backed downEisenhower did not want Arab nations to side with Soviet Union, so Secretary of State Dulles offered to help Egypt pay for a dam on the Nile RiverCongress would not approve the deal because Egypt had bought weapons from Communist CzechoslovakiaEgyptians took control of the Suez Canal from the Anglo-French company that controlled itBritish and French troops invaded Egypt in Oct. 1956Soviet Union threatened rocket attacks on Britain and France and offered to send troops to help Egypt

Eisenhower put U.S. nuclear forces on alert

British and French called off invasion under pressure from U.S.

Early Crises for Eisenhower

Slide43

Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency to carry out covert, hidden, operations throughout the world

Many CIA operations took place in developing nations, nations with mainly farming economies

Blamed European imperialism and U.S. capitalism for their problems

Leaders looked to the Soviet Union as a model of how to industrialize their nations

Threatened to nationalize foreign businesses operating in their countries

CIA covert operations aimed to replace anti-American leaders with pro-American leaders

Eisenhower and covert operations

Slide44

Iran

Guatemala

Eastern Europe

In 1952, Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad

Mossadegh

nationalized

the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and was posed to make a deal with Soviet Union

Pro-U.S. shah of Iran tried to force

Mossadegh out of power but failed and fled into exileCIA quickly sent in agents to organize riots and to arrange a coupMossadegh was removed from power and the shah returned to IranCommunist Jacobo Arbenz Guzman took office in 1951Land reform program took over large areas of land, including land owned and run by the American-owned United Fruit CompanyCommunist Czechoslovakia delievered arms to Guatemala in 1954CIA gave weapons to the opposition and trained them at secret camps in Nicaragua and HondurasCIA trained forces invaded Guatemala and

Arbenz

Guzman left office

Nikita

Khrushchev took power in Soviet Union in 1956 after death of Stalin (1953)CIA got a copy of a secret speech given by Khrushchev attacking Stalin’s policies and distributed it throughout Eastern EuropeRiots began occurring throughout Eastern EuropeKhrushchev sent tanks and the army in to defeat a rebellion in Hungary

Covert Operations

Slide45

Policy which authorized the use of military force if the president felt it was necessary to help Middle Eastern nations resist communism

Extension of the Truman Doctrine and the policy of containment to the Middle East

In July 1958, the president of Lebanon asked for help from U.S. to prevent spread of communism there

Rebels backed by Egyptian president and Soviets took power in Iraq

Eisenhower ordered 5,000 marines to go to Lebanese capital

Forces withdrew after Lebanese government was safe

Eisenhower Doctrine

Slide46

In 1960, Eisenhower and

Khruschev

were expected to hold a summit in Paris

Shortly before the summit began, the Soviet Union shot down a U.S. U-2 spy plane

Eisenhower claimed the aircraft was a weather plane

Khrushchev produced the pilot, Francis Gary Powers

Eisenhower would not apologize

Khrushchev broke up the summit

Eisenhower prepared to leave presidency Warned about the military-industrial complexRelationship between the military and the defense industryLeft presidency disappointed and saddenedCommunist took hold in Cuba (Castro)Military advisors sent to help South VietnameseLasting peace was not in sightThe U-2 incident

Slide47

How might the rise and spread of communism influence American foreign policy

?

What is one possible strength of Eisenhower’s foreign policy

?

What is one possible weakness of Eisenhower’s foreign policy?

Discussion questions