1742171 Sung Mi Kim 3 Tense and Aspect - PowerPoint Presentation

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1742171 Sung Mi Kim

3 Tense and Aspect

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Forms of Tense

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Cf

) The time line perspective

1. Forms of tense

Tense

Present tense

Past tense

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Forms of Aspect

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1. Forms

of

Aspect

Aspect

Perfect Aspect (Have

v

erb + en/

ed

)

Progressive Aspect

(Be verb +

ing

)

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B

asic Structure

Tense (Modal) (Perfect) (Progressive) Verb

PAST or PRESENT (WILL) (HAVE + EN) (BE + ING) VERB

1 The left-to-right order of components is fixed.

2 Each component influences the form of the component to its right.

Ex) a. I PRESENT TENSE, HAVE… + EN, BE…+ ING, sleep b. I have been sleeping.

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Meanings of Tense

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1. Meanings of Tense

Factuality

( facture and nonfactual )

Past and Present – factual

Future events – non factual situations

1. That is the worst haircut I have ever seen. (Fact)2. That fat dog ate my lunch. (Fact. It already happened.) 3. My best friend will get married tomorrow. (Not a fact. It didn’t happen yet.)

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1. Meanings of Tense

Remoteness

Remoteness in time

Past tense > Present tense

4. The hippo walks to work every morning to stay healthy.

5. The hippo walks into the room and starts crying like a big baby.

6. The hippo walked to work before it got in a car accident and lost the use of its hind legs.

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1. Meanings of Tense

Remoteness

Remoteness in possibility

Past tense < Present tense

7. I will move to Mombasa next year.

8. I would like to move to Mombasa within the next few years.

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Meanings of Aspect

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1

Lexical Aspect

S

tative

and Dynamic

Stative

: be, like, know … (no

real action) I am knowing how to swim. (x) Dynamic: drive, speak, eat… (situations involving a change) 9. The armadillo likes sand. (

Stative, It does now, did in the past, and always will.)

10. The bear ate the armadillo. (Dynamic, the bear was once hungry but now it is not - or - the armadillo was once alive but is now dead and gone.)

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1

Lexical Aspect

Dynamic

Situations

Punctual and Durative

Punctual situations (non-durative)

in an instantDurative situations over a period of timeNon-durative -vs- Durative 11. The elephant stepped on my foot. (Punctual)

11a. The elephant is stepping on my foot. Help! (Durative) 12. The Han River flows into the Yellow Sea. (Durative)

12a. The Han River is flowing into the city center. Help. (Punctual - kind of)

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2 Grammatical

Aspect

In -vs- Out

13. The elephant is falling down the steps. (Progressive, Inside) (used predominantly in spoken language)

14. The elephant has fallen down the steps. (Perfect, Outside) (used predominantly in written language)

Grammatical Aspect Concept of situation

progressive

viewed from

the inside

,

in

progress

p

erfect

viewed from the

outside

, in

retrospect

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3 Different Meanings

Perfect + Dynamic verb : completed activity

Progressive + Dynamic verb : ongoing activity (Incomplete)

15. John is cooking pork for dinner.

16. John has cooked pork for dinner.

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3 Different Meanings

Stative

Verb

perfect +

Stative progressive + Stative 17. The porcupine has liked chicken for a long time.

Progressive +

Stative : Temporary state

18. Although that is not always the case, the teacher is acting like an idiot today.

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4 components

I have been working very hard.

I PRESENT HAVE + EN/ED BE + ING work very hard.

factual

external view in retrospect

internal

view in progress dynamic activityYou had been learning a lo.You PAST HAVE + EN/ED BE + ING learn a lot.

Remote external view in retrospect internal view in progress dynamic process

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Meanings in Context

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Meanings in Context

In a magazine article

past tense- background information

Present tense- foreground of writer’s focus

In

academic writing

Past- report on research

Present- generalizations by the current writersIn narrativesPast- background for understanding the storyPresent- foreground to look like a present experiencesIn a news reportPresent- HeadlinesPerfect present- recent changes and current situations

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Exercise

He has been learning a lot.

He had been learning a lot.

He had learned a lot. He has learned a lot.

He learned a lot. He is learning a lot.

He will learn a lot.

He

would learn a lot. He would have learned a lot.

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Teaching Activity

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Class Description :

Class :

middle

school,

3

rd

grade 25 people

2. Language Focus :

Grammatical Aspect – The

Present Perfect

Progressive Tenses

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현재완료진행형의 형태

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have〔has

〕 + p.p.

(

현재완료

)

be

+ -

ing

(진행형)

have〔has

〕 + been + -

ing

(

현재완료진행형

)

1.

The Present Perfect Progressive

「

have

〔

has

〕

been+-

ing

」

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현재완료진행형의 의미

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I

 

have been watching

 TV for three hours. 

나는 세 시간 동안

TV

를 보고 있는 중입니다

.1. 현재완료진행형의 의미

과거의 어느 시점부터 지금까지

계속되어 오고 있고

,

또 현재에도

계속 진행

중인 동작을 표현할 때 사용합니다.

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He

 

has been studying

 since then. 

그는

그때부터

공부하고 있습니다

.They have been waiting for you for a long time.

 

그들은 오랫동안 당신을 기다리고 있습니다.

1.

현재완료진행형의 의미

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현재완료

vs.

현재완료진행

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They

 

have lived

 

in Seoul since

1980. 

그들은

1980년 이후로 서울에서 살고 있습니다.계속을 나타내는 현재완료는 동작의 계속과 상태의 계속을 모두 나타낼 수 있습니다

.

1.

현재완료

vs.

현재완료진행

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They 

have been living

 

in Seoul since 1980. 

그들은

1980

년 이후로 서울에서

살고 있습니다.현재완료진행은 동작의 계속만을 나타냅니다.

특히 현재완료의

계속적 의미를 강조할 때는 현재완료진행을 사용할 수 있습니다

.

1.

현재완료

vs.

현재완료진행

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I

have known

her for 10 years. 

나는

10

년 동안 그녀를 알고 지내고 있습니다

. cf. I have been knowing her for 10 years. (X)

현재완료진행은 동작의 계속만을 나타내기 때문에

상태동사는 현재완료진행에 쓰일 수 없습니다.

2.

현재완료진행형의 주의점

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다음 문장 중 어색한

문장을 찾아 봅시다

.

She has been knowing about it since last Friday.

He has been working very hard.

What have you been doing?

기 본 문 제

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It (snow) for two hours.

He (sleep) since this morning.

I (wait) for an hour.

괄호 안의 동사를

현재완료진행형

으로 바꿔 써 봅시다

.

기 본 문 제

has been snowing

has been sleeping

have been waiting

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다음을 시제에 유의하여

영어

로 말해 봅시다

.

그는 아침부터 책을 읽고 있습니다

.

나는 어제부터 편지를 쓰고 있습니다

.

심 화 문 제

He has been reading a book since this morning.

I have been writing a letter since yesterday.

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play basketball

w

atch TV

use a computer

dance

cook

write a letter

r

ead a book

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He

We

John

The children

My dad

They

My

friend

since 7 p.m.

for 3 hours

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

The children

have been reading

books since 7 p.m.

He

has been writing

a letter for 3 hours.

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He

We

John

The children

My dad

They

My

friend

since 7 p.m.

for 3 hours

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Slide39

Thank you!