What is drug misuse and drug abuse What is addiction Understand basic ideas about how drugs may influence transmission of action potentials from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron You do NOT need to memorize the individual effects of each of the drugs You SHOULD be able to understan ID: 661594
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Slide1
DrugsSlide2
Learning objectives
What is drug misuse and drug abuse?
What is addiction?
Understand basic ideas about how drugs may influence transmission of action potentials from pre-synaptic neuron to post-synaptic neuron.
You do NOT need to memorize the individual effects of each of the drugs. You SHOULD be able to understand and explain such statements as “Drug X blocks the serotonin re-uptake protein on the pre-synaptic neuron”.
What are some effects of stimulants?
What are some effects of depressants?
What are some effects of cannabinoids?
What is the active ingredient of marijuana?Slide3
Drug (ab
)useSlide4Slide5Slide6
Drug use and misuse and abuse
Misuse
Prescription drugs used for other purposes
Abuse
Use of drugs in an amount, a situation or a manner that causes problems or increases risk of problemsSlide7
Dependence and Addiction
Dependence – Physiological – Body relies on the drug in order to avoid withdrawal
Addiction – Uncontrollable cravings, inability to control drug use (or behavior) despite doing harm to oneself and othersSlide8Slide9Slide10
Stimulants
Cocaine (and crack)
Amphetamines (
A
dderall)
Methylphenydate
(Ritalin,
Concerta
)
Methamphetamine (meth)
MDMA (ecstasy, also hallucinogenic)
Bath salts
CaffeineSlide11Slide12Slide13
Action of depressants
Depressants increase binding of GABA, which
enhances
GABA’s
inhibitory effectSlide14Slide15
THC
GABA usually reduces amount of dopamine released
THC binds (and blocks) GABA.
Post-synaptic neuron releases more dopamine in next step
Increased
dopamine release by this neuronSlide16
Opioids (Narcotics)
Mimics endorphin (endogenous morphine)
Depresses some parts of the brain
Stimulate other
parts, including reward pathways
Opioids – general term that includes:
Heroin, morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone,
codein
,
thebaineSlide17
Opioids
Primary action of opioids
Opioids affect ion balance in pre-synaptic cell, preventing neurotransmitter release.
Pathways affected
Brain
Activates reward system (leads to addiction)
Brainstem
Depresses respiration (often the cause of death in overdoses)
Spinal chord
Dampens transmission of pain-related signals
Intestines
Reduces peristalsis, causing constipationSlide18
Opioids
Overdose treatment
Naloxone (
Narcan
)
Binds to opioid receptors
Prevents binding by opioids
Acts very quicklySlide19
Opiate withdrawal
Initial Withdrawal symptoms
Muscle aches and spasms
Trouble
sleeping
Racing heart
Sweating
Anxiety
Yawning
Hypertension
Fever
agitationSlide20
Opioid detox
Medical
Methadone (
D
olophine
,
Methadose
) and Buprenorphine (
Subutex
)
Stimulate opioid pathways
Dampened ‘high’
Reduce withdrawal symptoms
Naltrexone (
Depade
,
Revia
)
Blocks action of opioids
Prevents getting high
Long-acting formulations (
Vivitrol
) administered once per
month
Compliance often difficult because no high is created
Behavioral therapies
Contingency management – rewards for negative drug tests
Cognitive-behavior therapy – increase skills to cope with life stressorsSlide21
LSD activates serotonin receptors
MDMA causes excessive serotonin and dopamine release
PCP affects many neurotransmitter systems
Affects region of brain dealing with perception.
May include mixing senses (‘hearing’ colors and ‘seeing’ sounds)
‘Trips’ may be pleasurable or a ‘bad trip’ may include terrifying thoughts or nightmares
Some are addictive (PCP, MDMA)
Some are not (LSD)
Some users develop chronic mental disorders