The Abacus May have been invented in Babylonia in the fourth century BC Helps the user remember the current state of the calculation httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileBoulier1JPG Napiers Bones ID: 158469
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Slide1
History of ComputingSlide2
The Abacus
May have been invented in Babylonia in the fourth century B.C.
Helps the user remember the current state of the calculation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boulier1.JPGSlide3
Napier’s Bones
Invented by John Napier in the 1600s
Simplifies multiplication and division
Based on logarithms
http://isolatium.uhh.hawaii.edu/m198/w9/bones.gifSlide4
Pascal Calculator
Invented by
Blaise Pascal in 1642Could add and subtract directly
Develeped to reduce the workload of his father who was a tax commissioner
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arts_et_Metiers_Pascaline_dsc03869.jpgSlide5
Jacquard Loom
Mechanical loom invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804
Controlled by punch cards that describe the design of the textile
Precursor to programming
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacquard.loom.cards.jpgSlide6
Babbage’s Difference Engine
Design by Charles Babbage in 1820 or 1821
Mechanical calculator to print astronomical tables
Next idea is the analytical enginehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BlbQsKpq3Ak
http://history-computer.com/Babbage/Images/analiytical_engine1.jpgSlide7
Ada
Lovelace
Augusta Ada Byron described on the Analytical Engine as weaving “algebraic patterns just as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves.”
Published an analysis of the Analytical Engine. In it she outlines the fundamentals of computer programming, including data analysis, looping and memory addressing.
http://www.fathom.com/feature/122251/3134_adalovelace_LG.htmlSlide8
Konrad
ZuseAlmost is unanimously accepted as the inventor of the first programmable computer
The Z3 was completed in 1941http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2a6HMqsYnxk
http://www.konrad-zuse.de/Slide9
Atanasoff
-Berry Computer
The Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) was the first fully electronic computing device. It was successfully tested in 1942.
The ABC used binary arithmetic, electronic switching, and stored programs.The ABC had been examined by John
Mauchly
in June 1941
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyxGIbtMS9E
http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/ABC/Progress.htmlSlide10
Colossus
Colossus, a British computer used for code-breaking, is operational by December of 1943
The Colossus machines were by British
codebreakers to help read encrypted German messages during World War II.An improved Colossus Mark 2 first worked on 1 June 1944, just in time for the Normandy Landings.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colossus.jpgSlide11
The Harvard Mark I
Designed in the 1930s by Howard Aiken. Built in collaboration with IBM
Handled 23-digit numbers and performed all four arithmetic operations
http://www.sviokla.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/1944_harvard_markI_large2.jpgSlide12
Grace Murray Hopper
A pioneer in the field. Worked on the Mark I
“It's easier to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission”
Developed COBOL
U.S. Naval Historical Center Online Library Photograph
NH 96919-KN
Slide13
The First Bug
Discovered a moth stuck in a relay
She remarked that they were “debugging” the system”
U.S. Naval Historical Center Online Library Photograph NH 96566-KNSlide14
ENIAC
In April 1943, the Army contracted with the Moore School to build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).
John
Mauchly led the conceptual design while J. Presper Eckert led the hardware engineering on ENIAC.
Programming was initially accomplished with patch cords and switches, and reprogramming took days.
U.S. Army Photo" from K.
KempfSlide15
Mauchly
and Eckert
John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert designed ENIAC, as well as EDVAC, BINAC, and the UNIVAC I the first commercial computer made in the US.Together they started the first computer company, the Eckert-Mauchley
Computer Corporation (EMCC), and pioneered fundamental computer concepts.
Mauchley’s
visit to
Atanasoff
to see the ABC led to a lawsuit.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4wQJfdhOlU
http://www.library.upenn.edu/exhibits/rbm/mauchly/jwmconc.htmlSlide16
Women and Programming
Interestingly most of the programming of the early computers were done by women.
Men built the hardware, women did most of the programming
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Jh5SCM75Xg
U.S. Army Photo" number 163-12-62.Slide17
John Von Neumann
A mathematician who made major contributions to a vast range of fields
Was a key player in the development of the atomic bomb
Credited with developing the stored program concept.Worked with Mauchley
and Eckert on EDVAC
http://www.lanl.gov/history/atomicbomb/images/NeumannL.GIFSlide18
UNIVAC
The UNIVAC I (
UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J.
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Design work was begun by their company, Eckert-
Mauchly
Computer Corporation, and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand.
The first UNIVAC was delivered to the United States Census Bureau on March 31, 1951
Department of the Army, Ballistic Research Laboratories Slide19
IBM and the Seven Dwarfs
In 1964, IBM owned 70% of the computing market
There were seven other companies producing a competing product:
Remington RandBurroughsNCRControl Data CorporationGeneral Electric
RCA
HoneywellSlide20
IBM 700/7000 Series
The IBM 700/7000 series was a series of large scale (mainframe) computer systems made by IBM through the 1950s and early 1960s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibm704.gifSlide21
IBM 360 Series
The IBM System/360 (S/360) was a mainframe computer system family first announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and sold between 1964 and 1978
It was the first family of computers designed to cover the complete range of applications, from small to large, both commercial and scientific
The chief architect of the S/360 was Gene Amdahl, and the project was managed by Fred Brooks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IBM360-65-1.corestore.jpgSlide22
The Transistor
Vacuum tubes were extremely unreliable, used too much power and produced too much heat
The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell Labs by a team led by physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley
http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/transistorexperiments.htmlSlide23
The Integrated Circuit
Transistors had become commonplace they were smaller and more reliable than vacuum tubes. But there was a limit on how small you could make each transistor.
Jack
Kilby in 1958 working at Texas Instruments realized that all parts of a circuit, not just the transistor, could be made out of silicon by September 12 he had built a working modelIn January of 1959, Robert
Noyce
working at Fairchild Semiconductor also realized a whole circuit could be made on a single chip.
http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/downloadphotos.shtmlSlide24
Digital Equipment Corporation
Founded by Ken Olsen and Harlan Anderson in 1958
Sold minicomputers. Probably the most famous were the PDP and VAX computers
In 1984 introduced networking to their computers. They were the 5th company to register a .com domain name.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDP-8.jpgSlide25
The Altair
The MITS Altair 8800 was a microcomputer design from 1975 based on the Intel 8080 CPU
The Altair is widely recognized as the spark that led to the microcomputer revolution of the next few yearsSlide26
Microsoft
Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800
IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP/M OS, which was set to be used in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC).
For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, which IBM rebranded to PC-DOS.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izrlj2Swsbc
http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/presskits/leadership/gallery.mspxSlide27
Apple
Apple was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne
The Apple I personal computer kit was hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club
The Lisa in 1983 became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI
In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_I.jpgSlide28
IBM PC
The IBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the IBM PC was introduced on August 12, 1981.
Made of off the shelf parts and had an open architecture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibm_pc_5150.jpgSlide29
Further Resources
Triumph of the Nerds (PBS)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xi-g0ievM-4&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKw3KM3MmLo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com
/
watch?v
=
qrnmMgBBfNI
The Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999)Slide30
Xerox Star
Introduced by Xerox Corporation in 1981. It was the first commercial system to incorporate
A bitmapped displayA window-based graphical user interface
IconsFoldersMouseEthernet networking
File servers, print servers and e-mail.
Not meant to be a stand-alone computer, but to be part of an integrated Xerox "personal office system”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rank_Xerox_8010%2B40_brochure_front.jpgSlide31
Influence of the Star
Was the blueprint for what we call a computer today
Members of the Apple Lisa team saw Star at its introduction at NCC '81 and converted their desktop manager to an icon-based interface modeled on the Star
Microsoft worked with Apple Computer to develop several Desk Accessories and other minor pieces of software that were included with early Macintosh system softwareLarry Tesler
left Xerox to join Apple in 1980 and joined the Lisa team
Charles Simonyi left to join Microsoft in 1981. He later led the development of Microsoft office.Slide32
The Internet
The origins of the Internet reach back to research in the 1960s commissioned by the United States government
Today, after more than a century of electric technology, we have extended our central nervous system itself in a global embrace, abolishing both space and time as far as our planet is concerned
Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media, 1964.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birth_of_the_Internet.jpgSlide33
The World Wide Web
Arthur C. Clarke predicted that satellites would one day
"bring the accumulated knowledge of the world to our fingertips”
Tim Berners-Lee developed the system that we refer to as the world wide web.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tim_Berners-Lee.jpgSlide34
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is Internet-based computing, where shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand, like the electricity grid.
Details are abstracted from the users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.
The picture on the right is one of Google's data centers in Oregon, which is the size of a football field and holds thousands of servers.
Craig
Mitchelldyer
/Getty ImagesSlide35
iPod
The iPod is a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple and launched on October 23, 2001
Still a computer, but looks very different. Focuses on one application instead of being general purpose
http://www.flickr.com/photos/84018923@N00/338087372/Slide36
iPad
A tablet computer designed and developed by Apple marketed as a platform for audio and visual media such as books, periodicals, movies, music, and games, as well as web content
Controlled by a multi-touch display
Uses Wi-Fi or a 3G mobile data connection to connect to the Internet
http://www.apple.com/ipad/Slide37
StartrekSlide38
A Review
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfU___GMMJw&feature=related