Module 4 Normal Gait 2D: Kinematics of the Trunk and Pelvis During the Gait Cycle - PowerPoint Presentation

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Module 4 Normal Gait

2D: Kinematics of the Trunk and Pelvis During the Gait Cycle

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References

Levangie

, P. and

Norkin

, C. (2005).

Joint Structure & Function: A Comprehensive Analysis 4

th

Edition.

Chapter

4, 141 to 192.

Perry, J and

Burnfield

, J. (2010).

Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function 2

nd

Edition.

Chapter.

7.

Winter, DA. (1995). Human balance and posture control during standing and walking.

Gait & Posture, 3, 193 to 214.

December.

ALL DATA from Northwestern University - VACMARL

Referenced Journal Articles

Referenced Web sources

BioDigital

Human

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Agenda

A. Pelvic Obliquity

B. Pelvic Rotation

C. Pelvic Tilt

D. Trunk Flexion/Extension

E. Trunk Rotation

F. Review of Coronal and Transverse Motions

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Pelvis and Trunk Kinematics

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Pelvis and Trunk Kinematics, continued

Movement of the head, neck, trunk and pelvis is secondary to the function of the lower limbs

Significant events are impact of loading, the changing alignment of stance and swing limbs and the loss of bilateral support of the pelvis

Trunk and hip muscles decelerates the imposed forces

Magnitude and acceleration displacement are least at the HEAD!

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A. Pelvic ObliquityCoronal Plane Motion

During Loading Response Contralateral Pelvis drops an average 4° when demands of loading limb exceed the forces generated by the abductorsDuring Pre SwingIpsilateral Pelvis drops ~ 4° as the contralateral hip abductors yield under increased demands of loading response

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A. Pelvic Obliquity -Coronal Plane: IC and LR

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Pelvic Obliquity Muscle Group EMG=Hip AbductorsCoronal Plane – Loading Response (Foot Flat)

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A. Pelvic Obliquity -Coronal Plane – Mid Stance (Mid Stance)

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Hip Abductor Muscle Group EMG-Coronal Plane – Mid Stance (Mid Stance)

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A. Pelvic Obliquity -Coronal Plane – Terminal Stance (Heel Off)

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Hip Abductor Muscle Group EMG-Coronal Plane – Terminal Stance (Heel Off)

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A. Pelvic Obliquity:Coronal Plane – Pre Swing (Toe Off)

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Hip Abductor Muscle Group EMG-Coronal Plane – Pre Swing (Toe Off)

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A. Pelvic Obliquity -Coronal Plane – Total Stance Phase

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A. Pelvic Obliquity - Coronal Plane – Initial Swing (Acceleration)

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Hip Abductor Muscle Group EMG-Coronal Plane – Initial Swing (Acceleration)

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A. Pelvic Obliquity -Coronal Plane – Mid Swing (Mid Swing)

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Hip Abductor Muscle Group EMG-Coronal Plane – Mid Swing (Mid Swing)

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A. Pelvic Obliquity -Coronal Plane – Terminal Swing (Deceleration)

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Hip Abductor Muscle Group EMG-Coronal Plane – Terminal Swing (Deceleration)

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A. Pelvic Obliquity -Coronal Plane – Swing Phase

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A. Pelvic Obliquity -Coronal Plane Motion

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B. Pelvic RotationTransverse Plane Motion

Pelvis rotates approximately 10 degrees in the transverse planeMaximum forward rotation occurs during Terminal Swing and Initial ContactContributes to increased step length of leading limbMaximum backward rotation occurs during Terminal Stance Contributes to trailing limb postureMid Stance and Mid Swing are phases of transition Pelvis rotates through neutral

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B. Pelvic Rotation -Transverse Plane Motion

No published plots of transverse pelvic rotation….

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C. Pelvic TiltSagittal Plane Pelvic Motion

Approximately 10° anterior tilt (ASIS lower than PSIS)

Observationally, Pelvis appears neutral

Anterior/posterior Pelvic tilt during gait is approximately 4°

Posterior tilt during early single limb support as trunk assumes erect posture

Anterior tilt during terminal swing as trunk flexes anteriorly toward surface and during terminal stance as limb reaches maximum trailing limb posture

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C. Pelvic Tilt -Sagittal Plane Pelvic Motion

Dotted line represents ‘normal’ data

Solid represents ‘double-bump’ pattern with excessive anterior pelvic tilt

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D. Trunk Flexion/ExtensionSagittal Plane Trunk Motion

Trunk sagittal plane kinematics of a typical subject during right limb gait

The dashed curve represents trunk motion relative to room coordinates; the solid line denotes trunk motion relative to pelvis motion

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E. Trunk Rotation-Transverse Plane Trunk Motion

Rotations are almost 180 degrees out of phase with Pelvis rotations

Trunk rotations counteract pelvic and lower limb rotationsHelicopters!!

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Normal Trunk Function in Gait

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Review Pelvic Motion

Review of Pelvic Coronal and Transverse Plane motion broken down into phases of gait cycle

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Pelvic MotionInitial Contact (Heel Contact)

Gait Cycle0% to 2%Pelvic Rotation Forward rotation 5 degreesPelvic Obliquity Approximately level

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Pelvic MotionLoading Response (Foot Flat)

Gait Cycle2% to 12 %Pelvic ObliquityRapid contralateral pelvic dropIpsilateral side appears to be elevatedRapid drop decelerated by Ipsilateral hip abductorsPelvic RotationForward rotation of contralateral side pelvis

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Pelvic MotionMid Stance (Mid Stance)

Gait Cycle12% to 31%Pelvic ObliquityReturns to neutral by middle of mid stancePelvic RotationReturns to neutral by middle of mid stance

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Pelvic MotionTerminal Stance (Heel Off)

Gait Cycle31% to 50%Pelvic ObliquityRemains approximately level during period Pelvic RotationContralateral pelvis continues to rotate forward positioning contralateral swing limb onto leading limb position

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Pelvic MotionPre Swing (Toe Off)

Gait Cycle50% to 62%Pelvic ObliquityIpsilateral Pelvis drops ~ 4 degrees as the limb is unloaded Pelvic RotationBegins forward rotation…along with hip & knee flexion

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Pelvic MotionInitial & Mid Swing

Gait Cycle62% to 87%Pelvic ObliquityIpsilateral pelvis elevates to neutral (potential assist toe clearance)Pelvic RotationForward rotation past neutral

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Pelvic MotionTerminal Swing (Deceleration)

Gait Cycle87% to 100%Pelvic ObliquityHold approximately neutral until Initial ContactPelvic RotationMaximum pelvic rotation

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The End

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Pedorthic Program of Study

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