Lesson 1 TITLE: What are the treatments for depression? – Biological - PowerPoint Presentation

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Lesson 1

TITLE: What are the treatments for depression? – Biological

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LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

TITLE: What are the treatments for depression?

Monday, 28 December 2020

Last lesson

Last week

Last month

Last year

Identify 3 key factors (key terms) used when describing the psychological theory for depression.

What are some of the physical effects of having low levels of serotonin? How does this relate to the biological theory for depression?

Describe the method used by Yuki in his emoticon study.

Using an example, describe the difference between a fixed and growth mindset.

Outline one evaluation of Dweck’s mindset theory of learning.

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For each explanation of depression (biological and psychological) come up with a treatment that could be used to treat depression.

Then write one sentence explaining how this treatment links to the theory.

e.g. biological – medication (then explain how the medications will work)

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

Biological treatments – antidepressant medication (SSRI’s)

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What are the treatments for depression?

Biological treatment – Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or ‘antidepressants’

S

elective

S

erotonin R

euptake Inhibitor

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

The drug selectively

targets serotonin

in the synapse.

The drug

inhibits

the

reuptake

of the serotonin molecules.

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What are the treatments for depression?

Biological treatment – Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or ‘antidepressants’

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

Presynaptic neuron

– Serotonin is stored at the end of a transmitting (presynaptic) neuron in sacs called vesicles. The electrical signal travelling through the neuron causes the vesicles to release serotonin into the synaptic cleft. Synaptic cleft – Serotonin locks into the postsynaptic receptors, chemically transmitting the signal from the presynaptic neuron.

Reuptake – Normally serotonin is taken back into the presynaptic neuron, broken down and reused.SSRI’s block this reuptake so when new serotonin is released it adds to the amount held in the synaptic cleft.

1

2

3

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LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

Side effects

– One weakness is SSRIs have serious

side effects. The side effects include nausea, insomnia, dizziness, weight loss or gain, anxiety and, most seriously, suicidal thoughts. Side effects mean that people stop taking the drugs,

reducing the effectiveness of drug therapies. Questionable evidence – Another weakness of antidepressant medication is that the evidence for the effectiveness of it is questionable. Research shows that the serotonin levels of depressed people may not actually be that different from the normal population. This suggests that the effectiveness of the drug may not be related to serotonin, it may be a

placebo effect. Reductionist approach

– Another weakness of antidepressant medication is that it is regarded as a REDUCTIONIST explanation. Antidepressant medication targets serotonin (and sometimes norepinephrine) so focuses on only one kind of factor. This suggests that other treatments are not necessary but a more successful treatment might include both

biological and psychological approaches (a holistic approach).

Evaluating SSRI’s

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LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

Complete these tasks in your booklets.

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2

3

In your own words, write a 100 word summary of how anti-depressant medication works.

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Q1. SSRI stands for:

Standard Serotonin Recycling Indicator

Selective Serotonin Reduction Instigator

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Standard Serotonin Reabsorption Implicator

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q1. SSRI stands for:

Standard Serotonin Recycling Indicator

Selective Serotonin Reduction Instigator

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Standard Serotonin Reabsorption Implicator

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q2. Serotonin is released from structures called:

Neurotransmitters

Receptors

Vesicles

Transporters

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q2. Serotonin is released from structures called:

Neurotransmitters

Receptors

Vesicles

Transporters

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q3. Blocking reuptake means:

Less serotonin in the synapse

A normal amount of serotonin in the synapse

Higher levels of depression

More serotonin in the synapse

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q3. Blocking reuptake means:

Less serotonin in the synapse

A normal amount of serotonin in the synapse

Higher levels of depression

More serotonin in the synapse

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q4. A side effect of SSRIs is:

More thoughts of suicide

Muscle spasms

Migraines

Epilepsy

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q5. A strength of Dweck’s mindset theory is:

Doesn’t place too much emphasis on effort

Explains why ‘natural’ ability leads to success

Identifies differences between people who do and do not succeedExplains why praise is always a good thing.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q5. A strength of Dweck’s mindset theory is:

Doesn’t place too much emphasis on effort

Explains why ‘natural’ ability leads to success

Identifies differences between people who do and do not succeedExplains why praise is always a good thing.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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NEXT Lesson – Knowledge Organiser Quiz –

Theories for depression (Biological and Psychological)

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Lesson 2

TITLE: What are the treatments for depression? – Psychological

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Theories for depression

Your scores will be recorded at the end.

Answer ALL the questions the best you can.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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KO Quiz – Theories of depression

Q1. What are the two key terms used when describing the biological theory of depression. 2 marks

1. 2.

Q2. List 3 symptoms of low serotonin levels. 3 marks

1. 2. 3.Q3. List two types of attributions associated with someone with depression. 2 marks 1. 2.

Q4. How does this theory link to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? 2 marksQ5. Does the psychological theory for depression support nature or nurture as an explanation for depression? 1 mark

Score: /10

KO Quiz – Theories of depression

Q1. What are the two key terms used when describing the biological theory of depression. 2 marks 1.

2. Q2. List 3 symptoms of low serotonin levels. 3 marks

1. 2.

3.Q3. List two types of attributions associated with someone with depression.

2 marks 1. 2.

Q4. How does this theory link to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? 2 marks

Q5. Does the psychological theory for depression support nature or nurture as an explanation for depression? 1 mark

Score: /10

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KO Quiz – Theories of depression

Q1. What are the two key terms used when describing the biological theory of depression. 2 marks

1. Neurotransmitters

2. SerotoninQ2. List 3 symptoms of low serotonin levels.

3 marks1. Lack of concentration 2. Disturbed sleep 3.

Reduced appetite. Other answers could include: affects memory. Q3. List two types of attributions associated with someone with depression. 2 marks

1. Internal attribution – ‘It’s my fault’ ‘I’m stupid’ 2. Stable attribution – ‘People will never like me again.’

Or Global attribution – ‘Everything I do goes wrong.’ Q4. How does this theory link to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? 2 marksPiaget’s theory describes schemas which are mental representations which contain the information we have about the world. Someone who suffers from depression will have negative schemas about themselves.

Q5. Does the psychological theory for depression support nature or nurture as an explanation for depression? 1 mark Nurture

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CBT Lesson #1: Thoughts are not facts

It is common to assume that thoughts are equivalent to facts. This is not always the case, however, it often takes a bit of practice to work out whether one of our thoughts is a fact or an opinion.

For the statements below, practice deciding whether it is a fact or an opinion.

CBT Lesson #1: Thoughts are not factsIt is common to assume that thoughts are equivalent to facts. This is not always the case, however, it often takes a bit of practice to work out whether one of our thoughts is a fact or an opinion.

For the statements below, practice deciding whether it is a fact or an opinion.

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LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

CBT Lesson #1: Thoughts are not facts

It is common to assume that thoughts are equivalent to facts. This is not always the case, however, it often takes a bit of practice to work out whether one of our thoughts is a fact or an opinion.

For the statements below, practice deciding whether it is a fact or an opinion.

Complete the CBT lesson. Be prepared to justify your responses.

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What are the treatments for depression?

Psychological treatment – Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

CBT

– focuses on what a person thinks. Negative, irrational or faulty thinking causes depression because people tend to catastrophise and think in all-or-nothing terms.

Aim of the therapist is to change this to rational thinking to reduce depression.

Behaviour

– CBT aims to change behaviour indirectly through changing thinking. Behaviour also changed directly, e.g. behavioural activation where a pleasant activity is planned each day, creates more positive emotions and mood.

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What are the treatments for depression?

Psychological treatment – Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

Therapist deals with irrational thoughts

– ‘Disputing’ is used to deal with the negative and irrational thoughts experienced by a depressed person, i.e. the thoughts are challenged. More rational thinking leads to greater self-belief and self-liking.

Client deals with irrational thoughts

– Any negative emotions experienced are recorded in a ‘thought diary’, where the client also records the ‘automatic’ thoughts created by these emotions. The client rates how much they believe in these thoughts. A rational response to the automatic thoughts is then recorded and rated.

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LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

With the person next to you, bullet point down some other thoughts, emotions and behaviours that Pharell could have had in the scenario given.

Be prepared to feedback to the class.

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LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

Lasting effectiveness

– One strength of using CBT to treat depression is that it has

lasting effectiveness.

The ‘tools’ learned in CBT to help challenge irrational thoughts can help the client deal with future episodes of depression. Therefore, this therapy offers a long-term solution

where the client can draw on the skills they learned in the future.

It’s not for everyone – One weakness is that it takes a lot of time and thought

for CBT to be successful. Therapy takes months, homework is expected so a lot of effort is needed in comparison to just taking a pill. This means that many people

drop out or fail to engage enough for it to work.

Holistic approach

– Another strength of CBT is that it is

holistic. CBT focuses on treating the whole person and what they think/feel. This may be preferable because it

deals with the core symptoms of depression (e.g. feeling sad).

Evaluating CBT

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LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

Complete these tasks in your booklets.

1

2

Bessie is talking to her doctor about treatment options for her depression. Her doctor says that the best options would be antidepressant medication or CBT.

Briefly outline how these

two

treatments would be used to treat Bessie’s depression and give

one

evaluation point for each treatment.

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Q1. CBT treats depression by:

Reducing serotonin level

Changing the client’s diet

Increasing exercise

Helping the client to think in rational ways

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q1. CBT treats depression by:

Reducing serotonin level

Changing the client’s diet

Increasing exercise

Helping the client to think in rational ways

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q2. A common CBT technique is:

Keeping a thought diary

Relaxation

Meditation

Analysing dreams

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q2. A common CBT technique is:

Keeping a thought diary

Relaxation

Meditation

Analysing dreams

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q3. Blocking reuptake means:

Less serotonin in the synapse

A normal amount of serotonin in the synapse

Higher levels of depression

More serotonin in the synapse

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q3. Blocking reuptake means:

Less serotonin in the synapse

A normal amount of serotonin in the synapse

Higher levels of depression

More serotonin in the synapse

.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q4. Participant variables are a problem in which experimental design:

Independent groups

Matched pairs

Repeated measuresCounterbalancing.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q4. Participant variables are a problem in which experimental design:

Independent groups

Matched pairs

Repeated measuresCounterbalancing.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q5. Choosing every nth name from a list is:

A systematic sample

A random sample

An opportunity sampleA stratified sample.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.

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Q5. Choosing every nth name from a list is:

A systematic sample

A random sample

An opportunity sampleA stratified sample.

LO: To understand how and why different therapies work to treat depression.