Hematology The Study of blood - PowerPoint Presentation

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Hematology

The Study of blood

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Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood

Composition:

PLASMA – liquid portion of blood without cellular components

Serum – plasma after a blood clot is formedCellular elements are red cells, white cells and platelets

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PLASMA

Straw colored, contains –

Water

Blood proteins

Plasma proteins

FIBRONOGEN – necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver

ALBUMIN – from the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volumePROTHROMBIN – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis.

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Plasma

Nutrients

Electrolytes

Hormones, vitamins, enzymesMetabolic waster products

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Erythrocytes-Red Blood Cell

Shape = biconcave discs

RBC

HEMOGLOBIN – gives red color, heme is iron and globin

is protein.

Function = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells

Normal – men =14-18 gm, women = 12-16 gm

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Function of Hemoglobin

Red cells travel through the lungs where

O

2 is carried to tissues and releasedCO

2

picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange 

Arterial blood – lots of oxygen = bright redVenous blood – lots of CO2 = dark crimson

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ERYTHROPOIESIS

Manufacture of red blood cells

Occurs in bone marrow

Red cells live 120 daysOld cells broken down by the spleen and liverHEMOLYSIS – rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.

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White Blood Cells – LEUKOCYTES

Larger than erythrocytes

5 types

Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800 Types of White Cells

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

BasophilsLymphocytesMonocytes

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Leukocytes

Basophils

produce HEPARIN – an anticoagulant 

DIAPEDESIS – when white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue.

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PHAGOCYTOSIS – process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria.

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Inflammation

Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma

PATHOGENIC – disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation

Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and painWhy? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)

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HISTAMINE increases the blood flow to the injured area

PUS produced – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma

ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis

PYREXIA – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus – in response to pathogenic invasion

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Abscess

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Inflammation

LEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in the number of white cells in response to infection

LEUKOPENIA – decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation

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Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Smallest of solid components of blood

Synthesized in red marrow

Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes

Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

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Coagulation (Clotting)

Cut or injury



platelets and injured tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN  act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma 

+ Calcium ions converts to THROMBIN



the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGEN  FIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot.

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ANTICOAGULANTS – prevent blood clotting

HEPARIN =

antiprothrombin

PROTHROMBIN – dependent on Vitamin K

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Blood Facts

There are about one

billion

red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every

600

red blood cells, there are about

40 platelets and one white cell.

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Blood Types

Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O

Inherited from parents

Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell

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ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body. 

Someone with type A blood has

b

antibodiesSomeone with type B blood has a antibodies

Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies

Someone with type O blood has

a and b antibodies 

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Blood Types

UNIVERSAL DONOR – O

UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – AB

Red cells also may contain Rh factorIf you have it, you’re

Rh

+

If you don’t, you’re Rh –

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RH Incompatibilties

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Disorders of the Blood

ANEMIA

Deficiency in number or % of red cells 

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IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

Usually in women, children and adolescents

Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesis

Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables

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APLASTIC ANEMIA

Bone marrow does not produce enough red and white blood cells

Caused by drugs or radiation therapy

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SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents

Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape

Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen

Occurs primarily in blacks

Treatment – blood transfusions

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POLYCYTHEMIA

Too many red blood cells are formed

May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude

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EMBOLISM

Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage

Also known as a “moving blood clot”

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THROMBOSIS

The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel

The blood clot is a THROMBUS

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HEMATOMA

Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space.

Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture

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HEMOPHILIA

Hereditary

Missing clotting factor

Blood clots slow or abnormally

Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mothers to sons

Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

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THROMBOCYTOPENIA

Not enough platelets

Blood will not clot properly

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LEUKEMIA

Malignant condition

Overproduction of immature white blood cells

Hinders synthesis of red cells