ATERIMESONROBLEMAND - PDF document

1 ATERIMESONROBLEMAND ATEU.S. Department o
ATERIMESONROBLEMAND ATEU.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice ProgramsBureau of Justice Assistance ATERIMESONROBLEMAND Monograph Monograph U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice Programs810 Seventh Street NW.Washington,DC 20531John AshcroftAttorney GeneralAssistant Attorney GeneralRichard R. NedelkoffDirector,Bureau of Justice Assistance Office of Justice ProgramsWorld Wide Web Home Pagewww.ojp.usdoj.gov Bureau of Justice AssistanceWorld Wide Web Home Pagewww.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA For grant and funding information contactU.S. Department of Justice Response Center This project was supported by Cooperative Agreement No.95ÐDDÐBXÐK001,awardedby the Bureau of Justice Assistance,Office of Justice Programs,U.S.Department ofJustice,to Community Research Associates,Inc.This document was prepared by theCenter for the Prevention of Hate Violence,University of Southern Maine,under con-tract with Community Research Associates,Inc.The opinions,findings,and conclusionsor recommendations expressed in this document are those of the authors and do notnecessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S.Department of Justice.The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of

2 Justice Programs,which alsoincludes the
Justice Programs,which alsoincludes the Bureau of Justice Statistics,the National Institute of Justice,the Office of Juvenile Justiceand Delinquency Prevention,and the Office for Victims of Crime. ATERIMESONROBLEMANDPrepared by Stephen Wessler,Directorand Margaret Moss,Assistant DirectorCenter for the Prevention of Hate Violence University of Southern Maine BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCE I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II. Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents on Campus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Hate Crimes on Campus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Bias Incidents on Campus: The Prevalence and Impact ofPrejudice and Harassment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5III. Response to Campus Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Problem 1: Campus Police Officers Need Adequate Training. . . . 7Problem 2: Hate Crimes and Serious Bias Incidents Are Not Reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Problem 3: Police

3 Do Not Report Hate Crimes to Campus Admi
Do Not Report Hate Crimes to Campus Administrators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Problem 4: Students, Staff, and Faculty Do Not Report Incidents Up the Administrative Ladder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Problem 5: Administrators Do Not Disseminate Information to the Campus Community. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10IV. Promising Efforts: Responding to and Preventing Hate Crimes. . . . . 11Campuswide Response to Hate Crimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Hate Crimes Awareness and Prevention Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Combating Prejudice and Hate on Campus: A National Student Colloquium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Anti-Defamation League. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Peer Diversity Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Campus Civility Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13V. Conclusion. . . . . . . .

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ATERIMESON VI. Appendix: Commonly Asked Questions About Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17VII. For More Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCEversity as a place for learning andgrowth is ruptured. Bias-motivatedviolence or threats targeting stu-dents, staff, or faculty not onlyan institution of higher learningbutalso deprive young men andlearn in an atmosphere free of fearthe U.S. Department of Justice hasbrought criminal civil rights actionstions ranging from small liberal artsinFlorida and California.aspects of the problem of bias, prejudice, and hate crimes on ourprevalence of hate crimes on cam-puses, who is targeted, what kindsof crime are committed, and the fre-common problems college commu-nities have experienced in respond-ing to hate crimes and providesrecommendations for prompt, effec-tive, and appropriate responses.eral promising efforts to respond toprevention programs. Finally, themonogr

5 aph explains the differencepolice consid
aph explains the differencepolice consider to determinecommitted. I. Introduction Hate Crimes on CampusFederal and State EnforcementActivitya range of criminal conduct fromthreats to bombings to violent phys-ical assaults. They occur at virtuallyevery type of college and universityand in every part of the nation. Per-current and former students andnonstudents. Listed below is a sam-pling of recent federal and statemotivated violence and threats onv. Samar.Samar, a college student, was in-dicted on three counts of usingthreats of force to interfere with thefederally protected rights of threeSemitic slurs, threatened two fellowstudents, and threatened to kill oneered photographs of holocaust vic-tographs were Òa reminder of whathappened to your relatives becausethey too made a mockery of Chris-tianity.Ó Samar entered a pleaagreement. BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCEII. Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents on Campusracially derogatory comments andthreats to 59 college students,nearly all of whom were of AsianTozier.gay slurs and threats at a fellowstudent who was working in a stu-dent lounge and, in three consecu-consent decree in a civil rights casebrought by MaineÕs attorney general.telephone calls w

6 ere made to theThree white stu-anonymous
ere made to theThree white stu-anonymous racist and threateningstudentÕs answering machine. TheI wonder what youÕre gonna lookcolor. Like the blood starts to ATERIMESON leave your body and youÕregonna . . . start deterioratingand blood starts to leave yourskin. . . . Youget the picture?YouÕre *** dead.orders in a civil rights case broughtby MaineÕs attorney general.dant, Robert Allen Little, was chargedin the dorm room of two African-pus in Utah. The letters ÒKKKÓ werepainted in red fingernail polish onthe bombÕs firing device. The bombbuilding and destroyed the belong-bombing, Little returned to thedormand left a threatening andwassentenced to 12 years in prison,fined $12,000, and ordered to payCampus Hate Crime StatisticsThe available data on the preva-dents on college campuses are notcomprehensive, because they arebased on information from relativelyfew reporting campuses. Three pri-mary sources of data are the Fed-eral Bureau of Investigation (FBI)Uniform Crime Reports on hatecrime statistics, the U.S. Depart-Statistics, and the Internationalannual survey on campus crimeU.S. Department of Educationdata are collected pursuant to theClery Act (20 U.S.C. ¤ 1092(f)),requires colleges and un

7 iversitiesacross the nation to report ca
iversitiesacross the nation to report campusthe campus community and the U.S.Department of Education. In addi-tion to policy and reporting require-report separately those crimes thatprejudice. The U.S. Department ofEducation is currently working withcolleges and universities to ensurethat Clery Act data are completeand current.Even statistics based on a rela-tively small number of reportingoncampus are a significant prob-lem. Moreover, there are strong rea-sons to believe that the problem ofhate crimes is more widespreadthan any statistics are likely toreveal. First, many students, faculty,and staff members are unsure ofwhat to report, when to report anreport an incident. Second, and per-haps most important, victims ofhate crimes often are reluctant tocome forward because they feel iso-lated and fear the potential reper-cussions of a perpetrator. Gay andin states that do not have laws pro-tecting individuals from job or reporting a hate crime will placethem at risk of further discrimina-tion. For these and other reasons,reliable statistics regarding on-campushate crimes are elusive.and IACLEA annual survey ofcrimes on campuses are based ondata from a relatively small numberof reporting inst

8 itutions. The limitednumber of reporting
itutions. The limitednumber of reporting institutions andvaried survey instruments alsoaccount for a disparity in the resultsof the two surveys. Both reportsindicate, however, that manyThe Federal Bureau of Investiga-tion Uniform Crime Report on hateThe FBI report on1998 hate crime statistics is basedon reports from 450 colleges anduniversities from 40 states. Of theseuniversities, 222 reported 241 inci-dents of hate crime during the year.cent of hate crimes were motivatedby race, 18percent were motivatedwere motivated by bias based onThe International Association ofCollege Law Enforcement Adminis-trators survey. The IACLEA reportfor 1998 surveyed 411 campuses.Of these campuses, 88 reportedThe reporting institutions designatedreligion, disability, sexual orienta-The IACLEA report did not include a separate category for hate crimesmotivated by bias based on gender.IACLEA statistics indicate that morethan 80 percent of reported hatecrimes were motivated by biasBias Incidents on Campus:The Prevalence and Impactof Prejudice and HarassmentFortunately, hate crimes occurwith relative infrequency on mostprejudice that are not accompaniedby violence, the threat of violence,property damage, or other

9 illegalconduct) are far more common.camp
illegalconduct) are far more common.campus disciplinary or harassmentpolicies (making them reportableunder the Clery Act), but they doand informal surveys with hundredsof students from institutions rangingfrom large state universities to smallliberal arts colleges, students con-sistently report the widespread useguage and slurs byother students dirple of color, women, homosexuals,groups that have traditionally been Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents on Campus BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCE the target of bias, prejudice, andviolence. Students report hearingslurs on a regular but less frequentThe widespread use of degradinglanguage and slurs directed at tradi-tionally targeted groups has twoof such language creates an atmos-phere that permits conduct to esca-late from mere words to strongerwords to threats and, ultimately, toviolence. In a significant portion offromlower levels of harassment,If not challenged or interrupted, thethat bias and prejudice are acceptedwithin a campus community. Somestudents interpret this message tomean that more aggressive conductatraumatic impact on students,staff, and faculty. Members of aence fear when they are on theor slurs or see graffiti that targetsgroups in

10 which they are members.This fear can int
which they are members.This fear can interfere with the abili-are the target of bias-motivatedharassment do not react with fearbut with anger. Campus or munici-pal police may be called to addressphysical confrontations betweenstudents who are experiencing bias- ATERIMESON The responses of campus admin-police departments to hate crimeslege campuses have varied greatly.Although there is no one correctway to handle every hate crime, thedirect experiences of police officersto identify common problems theyencounter in responding to campushate crimes and those responsesthat permit effective investigationand appropriate communitySome of the most common prob-lems in responding to hate crimesare that police are inadequatelytrained; students, staff, faculty, andadministrators do not report theadequately disseminate informationto the campus community. Listedbelow are descriptions ofcommonproblems, followed by recommend-ed steps for effectively dealingwiththese frequently encounteredProblem 1: Campus PoliceOfficers Need AdequateTrainingCampus police officers who havenot been trained to identify and re-prepared to properly investigate III. Response to Campus Hate Crimes and Bias IncidentsBUREAU OF JUS

11 TICE ASSISTANCEincidents and recognize p
TICE ASSISTANCEincidents and recognize potentialpolice officers do not identify an acthate crime and do not report it to thesity may be hampered in its effortsto identify trends and begin appropri-ate prevention and intervention work.RecommendationsImplement a training program forallmembers of campus police de-partments (and municipal policedepartments that have colleges orreceive training in responding toofficers within a department, includ-ing command officers, patrol offi-training sessions. Police depart-ments have an array of training pro-the U.S. Department of JusticeTraining Initiative. This initiativedeveloped curricula for trainingpolice officers in how to respondtoand investigate hate crimes andconferences around the nation. Theinitiative has taught trainers in everycourses. Additionally, the Bureau of ATERIMESON 20-minute training film for officers,and the International Association ofpage guide for officers that coversing and responding to hate crimes.Designate a civil rights officer foreach department.Every campusand municipal police departmenting at least one officer (preferablytwo) to serve as the designated civilrights officer. A designated civilrights officer is the primary l

12 iaisonadvocacy groups, and other lawpros
iaisonadvocacy groups, and other lawprosecutorial offices). Appointingadesignated civil rights officer letsthe entire campus community knowthat responding to andinvestigatinghate crimes is a priority, and hatenated and consistent way. For moreinformation about designating a civilrights officer, seeAddressing HateCrimes: Six Initiatives That AreEnhancing the Efforts of Criminal(February2000, Bureau of Justice AssistanceHate Crimes Series).Problem 2: Hate Crimesand Serious Bias IncidentsAre Not ReportedPolice believe that students, staff,faculty, and administratorsoften donot report possible hate crimes andIf police are not informed promptlytion. As a result, physical evidence(such as graffiti or recorded tele-interviewed. The nonreporting ofsuch incidents is particularly seriouscrimes repeat and escalate theirbehavior until they are confronted byauthorities. Consequently, police aredeprived of information that mayenable them to halt this pattern ofescalation before a more seriousRecommendationCampus officials should developabrochure that defines what shouldbe reported, to whom an incidentshould be reported, and when anincident should be reported. Thebrochure should provide clear direc-tives

13 and be distributed broadlytofaculty, sta
and be distributed broadlytofaculty, staff, and students. It isparticularly important that thesebrochures be distributed to thosepersons on campus who are mostlikely to learn about possible hateandathletics departments, includingstudent life staff, resident advisors,all receive and review the reportingguidelines. Student leaders through-out the university community,whether or not they are directly in-departments, should also receiveand review reporting guidelines. BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCE TheRecommendation section underProblem 4 sets forth guidelines.Problem 3: Police Do NotReport Hate Crimes toCampus Administratorsmay not have a procedure for regu-larly informing college administra-incidents that occur in or around acollege campus, particularly whenreporting of such incidents by policeopportunity to support studentsfrom the affected or targeted groups,provide reasonable warnings tomembers of the campus community,and put prevention efforts in place.Recommendationcampus and municipal police depart-ments reporting guidelines must be con-cise, identifying who should receivean initial report and who shouldreceive followup information. Theguidelines should include informationvacations to avo

14 id lapses in reporting.Problem 4: Studen
id lapses in reporting.Problem 4: Students,Staff, and Faculty Do NotReport Incidents Up theAdministrative LadderWhen students, staff, and facultydo not report (or do not report in aadministrative ladder, senior collegeofficials are denied critical informa-tion. If senior administrators areunaware of possible hate crimes,they will not be prepared to takepreventive measures, or respondpress inquiries.Recommendationclear guidelines for reporting hateaddress the following:¥When and under what circum-stances students, staff, and facul-ty should report hate crimes and¥When and under what circum-stances students, staff, and facul-ty should report hate crimesandbias incidents to college¥When campus and municipalpolice should report hate crimes Response to Campus Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents ATERIMESON Problem 5: AdministratorsDo Not DisseminateInformation to the CampusCommunitycampus, information about the inci-dent spreads quickly throughout thecampus community via informalnot inform the campus about thequences can occur. First, students,staff, and faculty may receive inac-curate information about whatoccurred. Second, the institutionwilllose the opportunity to send astrong message that bias a

15 nd hateFinally, and often most destructi
nd hateFinally, and often most destructive,they may inadvertently create theimpression that the institution isinsensitive to the problem of hateRecommendationsDisseminate information aboutconsider promptly disseminatinginformation through a campuswideletter or e-mail to provide details onalleged hate crimes and to stronglythreats, and property damage.it will be appropriate to follow thisquestions and express their views.Campus disciplinary proceedingsgenerally are confidential; therefore,any dissemination of informationshould take confidentiality restric-Establish a hate crime responseAdministrators may want toestablish a hate crime responseteam that recommends when andHate crime response teams shouldinclude representatives from thepresidentÕs office, the dean of stu-dents office, the multicultural office,the equal opportunity employeroffice, and campus and municipalpolice departments. to and Preventing Hate Crimesprofit organizations are developinginnovative ways to respond to andprevent hate crimes. The effortsdescribed below are only a fewexamples of the creative programsbeing implemented around thehigher learning safe for all students.These programs are replicable andCampuswide Response

16 toHate Crimeshave responded to hate cri
toHate Crimeshave responded to hate crimes ontheir campuses with a broad-basedpublic condemnation of bias, preju-dice, and violence. These responses¥An open letter from the collegeor university president or deantothe campus community thatincident that occurred on cam-crime, and a strong condemna-¥Meetings open to the entirethe president and other seniorhasoccurred and restate the universityÕs position againsthatecrimes. Students, staff,andfaculty often are invited toAs a result of these and othercalmed tensions and fears; addressedthe need of students, staff, and fac-ulty to receive reliable information;and gained the trust and confidenceof the campus community.Hate Crimes Awarenessand Prevention ProjectCalifornia at Berkeley have devel-oped a project to examine hateofbias and prejudice. Through edu-cation and training the project hasincreased awareness of the threatofhate crimes and fostered a cam-crimes. The project includes a Website that provides options for report-campus and community resources.The project sponsored a HateCrimes Awareness Week in spring ATERIMESON Combating PrejudiceandHate on Campus: ANational StudentColloquiumIn March 2000, the BrudnickCenter on Violence and Conflic

17 t atNortheastern University and theCente
t atNortheastern University and theCenter for the Prevention of HateViolence at the University of South-ern Maine cosponsored a nationalstudent colloquium to recognizethose students, and their respectivecampus organizations, who areworking to confront bias, hate, andviolence. The event provided thestudents with the opportunity tobuild skills and learn from eachother. More than 300 students andstaff from more than 70 campusesthroughout the country attendedthecolloquium. The colloquium wasfunded and supported by the U.S.Department of EducationÕs Safe andDrug-Free Schools Program and theBureau of Justice Assistance, U.S.Department of Justice.Anti-Defamation League(ADL) formed its World of Differ-andadvance a discipline of diversityeducation.Ó The instituteÕs Campusof Difference Program providestraining for students in groups of25Ð40. Facilitated by two ADL staffmembers, the programÕs goal is toincrease awareness of bias incidentsversity students to make proactivechanges on campus. The Campusof Difference Program also offerstrain-the-trainer sessions of varyingPeer Diversity Educationed peer diversity education groupsthat promote understanding ofdiversity on campus. At Texas A&MUniversity, Univ

18 ersity Awareness forCultural Togethernes
ersity Awareness forCultural Togetherness (UÐACT) is apeer diversity education group thatrequires participating students totake a semester-long course incation. Members of the group thenovernight retreats in an effort tobring students together and createan environment that is Òsafe, sup-portive, and educational.ÓNew Jersey City UniversityÕsPeers Educating Peers, or ÒPEP,Óprogram is based in the schoolÕspsychology department. About 25students actively participate in PEP;they provide outreach on campusdiversity efforts into freshman orien-tation, using films, small group dis-cussions, and campus speakers toincrease awareness and promotesafety. Promising Efforts: Responding to and Preventing Hate Crimes BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCECampus Civility ProjectThe Center for the Prevention ofHate Violence at the University ofSouthern Maine has initiated theCampus Civility Project to addressthe climate of bias, prejudice, andnationÕs campuses. Administrators,faculty, staff, and student leaders(such as resident advisors and captains of sports teams) partici-of theharmful effects of degradinglanguage and slurs. Most important,the workshops also provide partici-representatives from each partici-campuse

19 s toconduct their ownworkshops for stude
s toconduct their ownworkshops for student leaders, staff,and faculty year after year. BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCE V. Conclusionthat occur on this nationÕs collegeals but also on entire campuses.College administrators, police offi-around the nation are devotingenergy and creativity to respondingto and preventing bias, prejudice,help ensure that all studentsÑregardless of gender, race/ethnicity,sexual orientation, disability, reli-gion, or ageÑare physically and BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCEVI. Appendix: CommonlyAskedQuestions About Hate Crimes and Bias IncidentsWhat Is a Hate Crime?The Federal Government, moreThese statutes vary in a number ofways. Generally, a hate crime is acrime of violence, property damage,or threat that is motivated in wholeor in part by an offenderÕs biasbased on race, religion, ethnicity,national origin, gender, physical ormental disability, or sexual orienta-race, religion, ethnicity, and nationalstates cover bias based on gender,disability, and sexual orientation.thatauthorize the state attorneygeneral to seek restraining ordersbias-motivated violence, threats, orproperty damage. It is important toWhat Are Hate or BiasIncidents?based on race, religion, ethnicity,na

20 tional origin, gender, disability, orsuc
tional origin, gender, disability, orsuch as assault, threats, or propertycomments often are considered tobe bias incidents. They are not con-sidered to be hate crimes, however,activity.Why Do We Need To Focuson This Issue?Police officers and prosecutorshave learned that hate crimes canrural, large or small, public or pri-vate. Police and prosecutors havefound that the lack of reported hatestaff, or faculty are not reportingincidents, not that hate crimes areabsent. Moreover, even if a campushas not experienced a reported hate ATERIMESON community are hearing and usingdegrading language and slurs direct-ed at those on campus who are ofadifferent race, religion, gender, orsexual orientation. A campus culturebecomes an environment in whichharassment can escalate to threats,and threats can escalate to physicalviolence. As noted previously in thisend result of this pattern. Even ifviolence does not occur, the degrad-impact on certain students, causingsome to feel uncomfortable or unac-cepted and others to feel scared.How Do Police OfficersDetermine Whether a HateCrime Has Occurred?Police officers are trained to ex-tive fact, circumstance, or patternÑthat suggests that the offenderÕsactions were

21 motivated, in wholeorin part, by bias.
motivated, in wholeorin part, by bias. The presence ofthat a hate crime has occurred.Rather, the presence of bias indica-tors prompts police to investigatethe matter further to determine itsfactor is followed by one or moreRacial, ethnic, gender, and cultur-al differences exist between the¥The racial identity, religion,ethnic/national origin, disability,tim differs from that of theoffender.¥The victim is a member of agroup that is overwhelminglyoutnumbered by members ofanother group in the area wherethe incident occurred.¥The victim was engaged in activ-ities promoting his or her group.¥The incident coincided with aholiday or date of particular sig-nificance to the victimÕs group.Comments, written statements,and gestures were made.ments, or gestures were made bythe offender either during, before, and graffiti were left. Bias-relateddrawings, markings, symbols, orgraffiti were left at the scene of theOrganized hate groups or theirmembers were involved.group has claimed responsibility for Appendix: Commonly Asked Questions About Hate Crimes and Bias Incidents BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCEhate groups were left at the crimeThe victim previously hadreceived bias-motivated harassingmotivated i

22 ncidents have occurredin the same area.
ncidents have occurredin the same area. The victimÕs or witnessÕs percep-tion of the incident may affect theVictims or witnesses¥The victim was in or near a placecommonly associated with or fre-ticular racial identity, religion,ethnic/national origin, disability,sexual orientation, or gender.¥The incident occurred at or neara place of worship, a religiouscemetery, the home of a familythat is a minority within a partic-ular neighborhood, or a gay bar.Can a Hate Crime BeCommitted With NothingMore Than Words?The use of bigoted and prejudicedior is frequently classified as a biasincident. However,apply when words thrSimilarly, graffiti dam-ages or destroys property.Does Bias Have To Be theOnly Motivation To ChargeSomeone With a HateCrime?swer may depend on how courtsin a particular jurisdiction or statehave interpreted hate crime laws.Itis not uncommon for people tocommit crimes for more than onereason. Many hate crimes are suc-cessfully prosecuted even whenmotivations in addition to bias arepresent.Is Domestic Violence orSexual Assault Against aWoman Considered aHateCrime?assault can be prosecuted as a hateor in part, by bias against the victimbecause of her gender.Do Hate Crime LawsProtect Wh

23 ite People?Yes. Hate crime laws are colo
ite People?Yes. Hate crime laws are color-geting people of color, occur andthe perpetrators are prosecuted.by bias against a victimÕs religion,nationality, gender, or sexual orien-tation are directed at white people. ATERIMESON Do Victims FrequentlyFabricate Hate Crimes?occur, but very rarely. In fact, policehave found that victims often arereluctant to report hate crimes orunderreporting more often thantofabrication.Why Should These LawsProtect Homosexuals?Hate crime laws prohibit violence,threats, or property damage moti-choose to be in a targeted group,such as those who choose to convertto a different religion. The resolutionlesbians are genetically predisposednot relevant under the law. No per-threats, or property damage becauserace, ethnicity, nationality, religion,gender, physical or mental disability,Do Hate Crime LawsConfer Special Rights onCertain Groups?Hate crime laws protect everyperson in this country. Anyoneity, ethnicity, physical or mental dis-ability, sexual orientation, gender,orreligion. Some people have beenperpetratorÕs mistaken belief thatthe victim is of a particular race,nationality, ethnicity, or sexual ori-special rights on anyone. Rather,they protect the rights of

24 individualsto conduct their everyday ac
individualsto conduct their everyday activi-their jobs, receive an educationÑwithout being subjected toviolencebecause of who they are or what VII. For More InformationTo learn more about the pro-grams discussed in this monograph,Center for the Prevention of Hate ViolenceUniversity of Southern Maine96 Falmouth StreetP.O. Box 9300Portland, ME 04104Web site: www.cphv.usm.maine.edumonograph and others in BJAÕsBureau of Justice Assistance P.O. Box 6000Web site: www.ncjrs.orgClearinghouse staff are availableMonday through Friday, 8:30 a.m.to 7 p.m. eastern time. Ask to beFor information from other orga-nizations that are addressing hateorganizations listed below.New York, NY 10017Web site: www.adl.org1600 K Street NW., Suite 601Washington, DC 20006Web site: www.aaiusa.orgBureau of Justice Assistance810 Seventh Street NW.Washington, DC 20531Web site: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjaBureau of Justice Statistics810 Seventh Street NW.Washington, DC 20531Web site: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjsCommunity Relations ServiceU.S. Department of Justice600 E Street NW., Suite 6000Washington, DC 20530Web site: www.usdoj.gov/crs11 Beacon Street, Suite 925Web site: www.dlc-ma.org ATERIMESON Facing History and OurselvesBrookline,

25 MA 02445Web site: www.facinghistory.org
MA 02445Web site: www.facinghistory.orgFederal Bureau of Investigation935 Pennsylvania Avenue NW.Washington, DC 20535Web site: www.fbi.govFederal Bureau of InvestigationCriminal Justice InformationServices DivisionAttn: Uniform Crime Reports1000 Custer Hollow Road Web site: www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm919 18th Street NW., Suite 800Washington, DC 20006Web site: www.hrc.orgInternational Association of 515 North Washington StreetAlexandria, VA 22314Ð2357Web site: www.theiacp.orgLegal Consortium1140 Connecticut Avenue NW.,Washington, DC 20036Web site: www.napalc.orgNational Conference for475 Park Avenue South,19th FloorNew York, NY 10016Web site: www.nccj.orgNational Congress of American 1301 Connecticut Avenue NW.,Washington, DC 20036Web site: www.ncai.org1111 19th Street NW., Suite 1000Washington, DC 20036Web site: www.nclr.org444 North Capitol Street NW., Washington, DC 20001Web site: www.ncja.org For More Information BUREAU OF JUSTICE ASSISTANCETask Force1700 Kalorama Road NW., Suite 101Washington, DC 20009Web site: www.ngltf.orgNational Partnership forWomen and Families1875 Connecticut Avenue NW.,Washington, DC 20009Web site: www.nationalpartnership.orgNational WomenÕs Law Center11 Dupont C

26 ircle NW., Suite 800Washington, DC 20036
ircle NW., Suite 800Washington, DC 20036Web site: www.nwlc.orgNetwork of ViolencePrevention Practitioners55 Chapel StreetWeb site: www2.edc.org/nvppOffice of Juvenile Justice andDelinquency Prevention810 Seventh Street NW.Washington, DC 20531Web site: www.ojjdp.ncjrs.orgOffice for Victims of Crime810 Seventh Street NW.Washington, DC 20531Web site: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovcSimon Wiesenthal Center1399 South Roxbury DriveLos Angeles, CA 90035Web site: www.wiensenthal.comU.S. Commission on Civil Rights624 Ninth Street NW., Suite 700Washington, DC 20425Web site: www.usccr.govU.S. Department of EducationSafe and Drug-Free Schools400 Maryland Avenue SW.Washington, DC 20202Web site: www.ed.govU.S. Department of Housing and451 Seventh Street SW.Washington, DC 20410Web site: www.hud.govU.S. Department of Justice601 D Street NW.Washington,DC 20530Web site: www.usdoj.gov ATERIMESON Violence Against Women Office810 Seventh Street NW.Washington, DC 20531Web site: www.ojp.usdoj.gov/vawoFor additional information aboutBJA programs, visit the BJA Website at www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bja orBureau of Justice Assistance P.O. Box 6000Web site: www.ncjrs.orgClearinghouse staff are availableMonday through Friday, 8:30 a.m.to

27 7 p.m. eastern time. Ask to beU.S. Depa
7 p.m. eastern time. Ask to beU.S. Department of Justice Response Center staff are availableMonday through Friday, 9 a.m. to5 p.m. eastern time. Bureau of Justice Assistance P.O. Box 6000 Rockville,MD 20849Ð6000Visit2277 Research Boulevard Rockville,MD 20850Telephone FaxFax on DemandCallers may contact the U.S. Department of Justice Response Center for general informa-tion or specific needs,such as assistance in submitting grant applications and informationabout training. To contact the Response Center,call 1Ð800Ð421Ð6770 or write to 1100Vermont Avenue NW.,Washington,DC 20005.For more indepth information aboutBJA,its programs,and its funding opportunities,requesters can call the BJA Clearinghouse. The BJA Clearinghouse,a component of theNational Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS),shares BJA program informationwith state and local agencies and community groups across the country. Information spe-cialists are available to provide reference and referral services,publication distribution,participation and support for conferences,and other networking and outreach activities. BJA Home Pagewww.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJANCJRS Home Page www.ncjrs.orgaskncjrs@ncjrs.orgE-mail to listproc@ncjrs.orgLeav