6Vol 7 EFFECT O NURSER PRACTIC O PINUS RADIATA SEEDLIN CHARACTERISTIC - PDF document

6Vol 7 EFFECT O NURSER PRACTIC O PINUS RADIATA SEEDLIN CHARACTERISTIC AN FIEL PERFORMANCEII NURSER ROO WRENCHINA D BENSON an K R SHEPHERDepartmen o Forestry Australia Nationa University Canberr(Receive fo publicatio 2 Octobe 1976ABSTRACSeedling wer raise unde routin nurser No 1 Benso an Shepher — Effec o Nurser Roo Wrenchin 6an latera roo growt i stimulated A a consequence wrenche seedling hav a higheroot shoo rati tha unwrenche seedling (Cameron 1969) Th stem ar browwit littl "soft shoo growt an probabl hav cell wit secondar thickenin almost th ape (Camero an Rook 1969 va Dorsse an Rook 1972) No onl doeth wrenche seedlin hav a mor fibrous, compac roo syste tha a unwrencheseedlin whe plante i th fores bu als i seem t hav a highe roo regeneratiocapacit (Roo an Hobbs 1972 Rook 1973) Wel wrenche plant ar abl tmaintai bette wate relation tha unwrenche seedling whe plante i ho drcondition eve thoug the transpir mor rapidl (Rook 1969) Th wrenche plantals maintai highe rate o net photosynthesisTh qualit o plantin stoc i measure ultimatel b seedlin surviva an growtafte plantin i th forest Ne Zealan experienc suggest tha wrenche seedlinstoc ha bette surviva an mor rapi earl growt rate tha unwrenche plantwhe plante o differen sites bu th dat ar fe (va Dorsser 1967 1969)Th presen stud examine th effec o manua wrenchin practice i combinatiowit fertilisatio o 1- P. radiata seedlings raise unde otherwis norma nurserconditions Surviva i th fores an earl growt wer monitore fo fiv year oa moderatel sever sit followin plantin eithe i lat autum o mid-winterMETHODNursery Study Th nurser experimen wa conducte a th Forestr Commissio o N.S.Wnurser a Canobola Stat Fores nea Orang durin th 1969-7 growin seasonSee wa size-grade befor bein sow i bed 1. m wid wit "Stanhay seeder aabou 5 seed/ i eac o si drill space 2 c apar (nomina sowin densit o21 seed/m2) Emergenc an stockin count wer mad a bimonthl intervalsStockin densit remaine reasonabl constan durin th experimenta perio anclos t th final count give i Tabl 1Treatment wer arrange i a randomise bloc layou wit adjacen seedbeduse a blocks Treatmen plot withi th bed wer 3 m i length Fou treatmentwer establishe durin th growin seaso (Tabl 1)C control n roo wrenchin o fertiliseW roo wrenche twiceW roo wrenche five timesW5 roo wrenche five time wit tw addition o fertiliserTABL 1—Timin o treatment (week fro sowing an seedbe stockin densit(seedlings/m2; mea an s.e. a final harves H2 TreatmenC WWW52020Wrenchin— 22 222 24 26 222 24 26 2OperatioFertilisin— — — — 0 1Liftin an PlantinH2 HHt H2 Hx H.( H H10 ± 7 9 ± 18 ± 9 8 ± 8 Harves Hj 2 weeks an H2, 3 week fro sowing Stockin wa unchangebetwee Hx an H2. 7Ne Zealan Journa o Forestr SciencVol 7 Th wrenchin wa carrie ou manuall usin a spad t undercu th seedlintaproo a abou 1 c dept o bot side an the heavin th soi an plantupward abou 6 cm Thi treatmen metho als result i th latera root beinsevere paralle t th row a th spad i drive int th soi a a angle "Poplaspecial fertilise (6.2 N 5.3 P 4.6 K 10.2 Ca 0.4 Mg 0.065 Zn0.032 B9 0.015 M an 0.13 Cu wa applie a th rat o 630kg/h eithebroadcas a sowin o a a dressin betwee drill a 1 week fro sowingSeedling wer harveste fro th middl fou drill i eac plo o th 29t an38t wee fro sowin t provid a rando sampl fo laborator analysi an fofores plantings A th first harves th plo sampl wa fi\e seedling fo analysian 4 X 1 seedling fo plantin whil a th secon harvest 4 X 1 seedling werharveste fo analysi an agai 4 X 1 seedling fo planting Plan height roo colladiamete (r.c.d.) fres weight to an roo dr weigh wer obtained Foliag samplewer analyse fo N P K Ca Mg Zn Mn Fe N an A usin publishe methoddescribe full b Benso (1974)Field Study Fiel performanc o th fou nurser stoc type wa evaluate i a experimenestablishe i a routinel prepare plantatio area Th site nea th to o a exposehillsid o Vulca Stat Fores nea Oberon N.S.W. wa on considere likel tprovid sever tes condition fo th plants Th plantin are ha bee cleare oEucalyptus fores an th debri bulldoze int windrow aligne paralle t th directioo slop (Stewart 1970) Th ba betwee th windrow wa ploughe an eighblock wer lai ou i pair acros th ba wit successiv pair locate a loweelevation dow th slope Plant lifte a 2 week afte plantin (2 April an3 week afte plantin (2 June wer plante int on o othe o th paire blocksthi operatio bein repeate fo eac o th fou bloc replicates Withi eac bloc nurser replication (4 wer randomise an withi eac o th sub-blocks th treatment (4 wer i tur randomised Seedling eac o th individuatreatment wer plante i straigh lin plot o 1 tree a a spacin o 1. X 1. mTh entir experimen occupie approximatel 0. haA eac plantin date lot o 1 seedling wer lifte fro th nurser treatmentspacked transporte t th sit an plante i thei allotte plac withi th spaco 1 hour t reduc th likelihoo o damag du t moistur stres o exposureSpecia car wa take t ensur tha mino difference i plantin technique wersprea randoml throughou th trial Assessmen fo height diamete an dr weighwer th sam a describe earlie (Benso an Shepherd 1976) Foliag samplefro C an W wer als collecte a tw an a hal year fro plantin an analysefo th element previousl listedRESULTNursery Study Seedlin siz decrease wit increase severit o roo wrenchin (Tabl 2) Thplant wrenche five time wer ver smal wit a significan proportio o th loweneedle "browning-off o dead Thes plant wer abou hal th heigh o controseedling an woul no b considere acceptabl plantin stoc accordin t curren No 1 Benso an Shepher — Effec o Nurser Roo Wrenchin 7plan gradin standards Fertilise addition t th frequentl wrenche treatmenresulte i les needl deat an a sligh increas i shoo heigh an dr weightShoo developmen wa curtaile mor drasticall tha roo developmen i rootwrenche seedlings Mea shoo lengt remaine th same a sligh declin betweeth Apri 2 an Jun 2 harvest i du t samplin error Th roo weigh increasesignificantl betwee th harvests an fo fertilise plant it wa a five-fold increaseHoweve a th wee 3 harvest ther wa n significan differenc betwee treatmenti roo weigh i spit o th substantia los o root du t roo wrenchin (evidenfro th harves figure a wee 29) Ther wer qualitativ difference betwee th system a th final harvest Contro plant ha a thic ta roo an onl a fewver spar laterals Wrenche seedling ha a muc finer roo syste wit man slendelateral an abundan mycorrhizaeTh moistur conten o wrenche seedling wa significantl lowe tha tha ocontro plant a th final harvest reflectin n doub th har wood natur o thste an th lac o sof apica tissue (Tabl 2)TABL 2—Seedlin characteristic a eac harvest Dat fo Uv fro 5 seedling petreatment provid indication only Dat fo H2 ar th mean o 4 replicateseac consistin o 1 seedlings Letter indicat value not significantl differena p 0.0Treatmen Shoo lengt Dr weigh (g Shoo moistur conten(cm Shoo Roo (%drywt.H H9 H H H H H Hc WWW524.20.13.15.23.17.11.214.01.81.30.90.92.61.80.851.201.91.10.50.52.892.731.862.7030222121187176176Ther wa a ver marke chang i moistur conten betwee th first an seconharves reflectin th natura processe o hardening-of i respons t seaso bu thchang wa mos marke i th controlI term o tw measure o plan type shoot re rati an root shoo dr weighratio ther wa a marke chang du t treatmen (Tabl 3) Roo wrenchin producea muc shorter stockie seedlin typ wit a significantl lowe shoot red Root shoodr weigh rati wa no altere significantl b tw roo wrenchin treatment ispit o a reduce tota dr weigh du t wrenchin ( 5. g W 4. g bu botW treatment wer significantl differen wit ver hig ratio i exces o twoShoo tissu concentration o N an P decrease wit increase wrenchin severit(Tabl 3) Fertilisatio increase concentration i th W plant t level intermediatbetwee thos fo W an W plants Concentration o othe nutrient wer nosignificantl affecte b wrenchin o fertilisation 7Ne Zealan Journa o Forestr SciencVol 7 TABL 3—Seedling a fina harvest ratio o shoo lengt t roo colla diamete(1/r.c.d. X10 an roo t shoo dr weigh (r/s) togethe wit concentrationo nutrien element i shoo tissue Result ar mean fro 4 replicate o1 seedling (thos fo analysis bulked) Letter indicat thos no significantldifferen a p 0.0Treatmen r.c.d (mm 1/r.c.d r/ N (% P (ppm K (ppmC 4. 5.9 1.10 1.9 175 10290W 3. 4.99 1.56 1.39 1320 8240W 2.8 3.9 2.27 1.21 890 7540W5 3.1 4.53 2.31 1.31a 1120a 7270Field Study Th mos obviou differenc betwee th seedling afte plantin i th fiel was th exten o damag t th leader Contro seedlings neithe roo wrrenche no fertilisedsuffere sever leade damag i th winte an sprin month followin plantin(Tabl 4) Mor tha sevent percen o th unwrenche seedling ha damage leadinshoot wherea damag t roo wrenche seedling wa insignificant Th weathedurin th firs summe wa relativel mil s tha overal surviva a tw year wahigh Onl th earl planting o Apri 2 o unwrenche seedling suffere ansignifican losse a establishmentA direc resul o th leade damag wa a differenc i growt habi o th yountree a tw years Tree originatin fro th contro treatmen wer "bushy anbranche i appearanc wit frequen multipl leaderin wher competin lateralforme a "nest o leader aroun th original dea leader Roo wrenche seedlingdevelope int tree wit a mor pronounce singl leade wit a slender les brancheappearanceA tw year fro plantin th tree fro th earl harves plante i Apri wersignificantl shorter wit smalle ste diamete an a tw an a hal year ha mucTABL 4—Recorde damag t leadin shoot o seedling b treatment 5 month afteplantin out i th forest an surviva a 2 years Mean o fou blockconsistin o sample o 1 plante seedling (dat afte angula transformationNurser Leade deat (% Surviva (%treatmen ^ H2 HT H2 C 73. 79. 82. 95.W 4. 2. 97. 96.W 5. 0. 93. 98.W5 3. 1. 95. 99. No 1 Benso an Shepher — Effec o Nurser Roo Wrenchin 7reduce shoo dr weigh tha seedling harveste an plante i Jun (Tabl 5)However a fiv year fro plantin thi differenc ha largel disappeared a leasfo heigh an diameter dr weigh no bein recorded Th effect o nurser treatmenwer maintaine throughou th fiv yea perio resultin i a decreasin orde operformance W2 C W5F W (Tabl 5) bu agai mea heigh an diametedifference ha decreased I contras t th resul fo plantin date ther wer markedifference i stan ste volum b treatment a fiv year fro plantingDifference i foliag nutrien concentration ha als largel disappeare a2. years Wrenche stoc plante i Jun ha marginall highe N level tha stocplante i Apri o unwrenche stoc plante a eithe dat bu th differenc wano statisticall significantTABL 5—Plan characteristic b plantin dat an nurser treatmen a tw year anfiv year fro plantin i th forest Letter sho mean not significantldifferen a p 0.0fo plantin dat(a A 2 yearApri 2Jun 2(b A 5 yearApri 2Jun 2fo nurser treatmen(a A 2 yearC WWW5(b A 5 yearC WWW5Shooheigh(mm4549166171478514524391720b17601670b1600Stediamete(mm911131310119599140150130110Shoo drweigh(g(2. years38.62.— — (2. years57.260.341.443.6—— — — Stan stevolum(m3/ha— — 0.30.4— — — 0.40.50.30.2DISCUSSIOSeedlin siz i a majo facto determinin earl growt rat afte plantin i thfores (Pawsey 1972 Benso an Shepherd 1976)A eve mor importan criteri i th capacit o th plantin stoc t survivan incu littl physiologica damag whe plante out Th nurser stoc i thpresen experimen wa raise a seedbe densitie comparabl wit th "lo density 7Ne Zealan Journa o Forestr SciencVol 7 treatmen (Benso an Shepherd 1976 whic produce th bes field performanc oseedling afte transfe t th forest Bu whe plante i th fores th unwrenchestoc suffere considerabl leade damag an fo th earl harves th surviva wareduce (Tabl 4) Thi damag occurre despit havin undergon a for o conditionin o "hardenin off wit th onse o norma autum weather reflecte i thdecrease moistur conten o th seedling betwee th harves o Apri 2 an th o Jun 2 (Tabl 2) Roo (1973 note simila seasona change i unwrencheP radiata seedling i Ne ZealandRoo wrenchin applie twic durin th nurser perio produce stoc similat tha describe i man Ne Zealan studie (va Dorsse an Rook 1972) I causea marke reductio i moistur content simila t tha o naturall hardene plants ver muc earlie i th season Thi stoc becam establishe wit littl damagt th leadin shoot ha a hig percentag surviva a tw year an slightl improvegrowt a th en o five years Stoc root-wrenche fiv time wa ver reliabl ifield surviva wit littl leade damag bu growt a th en o five year wa reducedAdditiona fertilise di no entirel offse thi undesirabl effec o th mor frequenroo wrenching Thu th roo wrenchin applie onl twic durin th nurser phaso growt conditione th plant wel t th shoc o liftin an transfe t thfores an conferre o the a capacit fo rapi establishmen an growt o thesfertil soilsFoliag nutrien concentration hav bee use a a inde o seedlin qualit(Armso an Sadreika 1974)Richards Lea an Bickelhaup (1973 foun as concentration decrease witincrease seedbe densit i 1 conife species a increas foun i ou previou wort reduc field growt i P. radiata (Benso an Shepherd 1976) I thi experimenwrenche seedling ha distinctl chloroti foliag an concentration o nitroge anphosphoru wer nea o belo th critica level o 1.6 an 0.1 (Will 1961)Adde fertilise partiall improve foliag colou a wel a N an P level i thseverel wrenche plant bu th poo nutrien statu o wrenche plant di noapparentl limi th capacit fo surviva an subsequen growthTh multileadere habi o th contro stoc resultin fro leade deat afteplantin di no persis fo muc mor tha thre years i keepin wit th strontendenc o P radiata seedling t exer apica growt dominanc (Burdo anBannister 1972) However a five year W stoc ha produce 25 mor stevolum pe hectar tha unwrenche stoc an experienc i Australi generall witth establishmen an earl growt o P. radiata woul indicat tha thi earl advantagwil b retaine (Waring 1973)Th root-wrenchin treatment whic wer applie i thi experimen werrelativel severe resultin i a marke chec t seedlin growt i th nursery Moderroot-wrenchin equipment whe use properly ca resul i muc mor carefull effect o seedlin developmen (va Dorsser 1969 va Dorsse an Rook1972) Th dept o undercuttin an th frequenc o bot horizonta an verticaroo severanc ca b carefull controlled Thes ca b applie whe soi moisturan weathe condition ar suc tha th leas damag t seedling wil resul anver hig qualit stoc ca b producedI ha bee show tha root-wrenche nurser seedling o P radiata exhibi th No 1 Benso an Shepher — Effec o Nurser Roo Wrenchin 7sam tendenc fo improve surviva an rapi establishmen whe plante undeAustralia condition a reporte fo Ne Zealan forests I addition unde conditiono carefu sit preparatio i th fores a i no commonl practise i Australia th seedlin ha bee show t hav a adde growt rat a th en oth five years Th us o root-wrenche nurser stoc should therefore b adopte wit soi cultivation fertilise applicatio an wee contro i maximu productivit i t b achieve i P. radiata plantationsACKNOWLEDGMENTW than th Forestr Commissio o N.S.W fo financia assistanc an permissiot publis th data M G Bulkele fo assistanc i th field an M F R Humphreyan Mr Marci Lamber fo hel wit chemica analysesREFERENCEARMSON K A an SADREIKA V 1974 Fores tre nurser soi managemen anrelate practices Ontari Ministr o Natura Resources Divisio o Forests 17 ppBENSON A D 1974 Som effect o nurser practic o Pinu radiat D Do seedlingan earl plantatio establishment MSc thesis Australi Nationa UniversityCanberraBENSON A D an SHEPHERD K R 1976 Effec o nurser practic o Pinu radiatseedlin characteristic an fiel performance I Nurser seedbe density N.Z JFor Sci 6 19-26BURDON R D an BANNISTER M H 1972 Malformatio o radiat pin i th nurseryN.Z J For 14 79-80CAMERON R J 1969 "Th effec o wrenchin o roo system o P radiat seedlingP 117- i "Fores nurser an establishmen practic i Ne Zealand (C R GChavass an G C Weston Eds) N.Z For Serv. For Res Inst. Symposiu 9Rotorua 1967CAMERON R J an ROOK D A 1969 Wrenchin a a mean o conditionin plantinstock P 111- i "Fores nurser an establishmen practic i Ne Zealand(C R G Chavass an G C Weston Eds) N.Z For Serv. For Res Inst.Symposiu 9 Rotorua 1967GOUDIE H A 1935 Tre growin i th nursery th practic an valu o wrenchingN.Z J For 3 212-4PAWSEY C K 1972 Surviva an earl developmen o Pinu radiat a influence bsiz o plantin stock Aust For Res 5 13-24RICHARDS N A. LEAF A L an BICKELHAUPT D H 1973 Growt an nutrienuptak o coniferou seedlings compariso o 1 specie a variou seedbe densitiesPlan an Soi 38 125-43ROOK D A 1969 Wate relation o wrenche an unwrenche P radiat seedling obein transplante int condition o sever wate stress N.Z J For 14 50-81971 Effec o undercuttin an wrenchin o growt o Pinu radiat D Doseedlings J appl Ecol 8 477-901973 Conditionin o Pinu radiat seedling t transplantin b restricte wateringN.Z J For Sci 3 54-69ROOK D A an HOBBS J F 1972 Physiolog o P radiata N.Z For Serv. For ResInst. Ann Rep. 28STEWART J P 1970 Sit preparation Aust Timb J 36 69-75va DORSSER J C 1967 Plantin stoc — productio o wrenche stoc an effec owrenchin o survival N.Z For Serv. For Res Inst. Ann Rep. 351959 Conditionin tree b wrenching N.Z For Serv. For Res Inst Ann Rep36-7 7Ne Zealan Journa o Forestr SciencVol 7 va DORSSER J C an ROOK D A 1972 Conditionin o radiat pin seedling bundercuttin an wrenching Descriptio o methods equipmen an seedlinresponse N.Z J For 17 61-73WARING H D 1973 Earl fertilisatio fo maximu production Ite 1 Fertilisatioo fores stand a differen stages A Youn stands FAO/IUFR Int Symp eFores Fertilisation Paris Dec 1973WILL G M 1981 Th minera requirement o radiat pin seedlings N.Z J agric Res4 309-27