Tuba Göktürk Duygu Yoldaş Rıdvan Gürevin Nihan Ergönül Hüda Karasu Mustafa Murat Ata Politeness Mustafa Murat Ata At all times when people interact identities and senses of selves are jostling for attention A central concept in pragmati ID: 759301
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Slide1
POLITENESS
Semra
Emici
Tuba
Göktürk
Duygu
Yoldaş
Rıdvan
Gürevin
Nihan
Ergönül
Hüda
Karasu
Mustafa
Murat Ata
Slide2Politeness
Mustafa Murat Ata
Slide3At all times when people interact, identities and senses of selves are jostling for attention. A central concept in pragmatics is the concept of face, that is, the public self-image that we all want to maintain
.
Slide4There are two aspects to the concept of face:
Negative face, which basically denotes the need to be independent and free from imposition
.
Example
:
A-
Could
you
lend
me a
pen
?
B- I’m
sorry
to
bother
you
, but can I ask
you
for
a
pen
or
something
?
C- I
know
you
are
busy,but
might
ı ask
you
if-emm
-
if
you
happen
to
have
an
extra
pen
for
me?
Slide5Positive face, which very simplified, denotes the need to belong and be accepted
.
Example
:
Your
friend
asks
for
a
ride
to
the
airport
.
Positive
face
needs
:
You
think
, I
better
take
him
,
because
ı
want
him
to
like
me,
and
I
want
the
reputation
of
being
a
reliable
person
.
In
conclusion
,
negative
face
is
the
need
to
be
independent
,
and
positive
face
is
the
need
to
be
connected
.
Slide6Politeness is a way of interaction which shows awareness of and respect for someone else’s face.
A
face threatening act
is an act that threatens the integrity and self-image of another person. For example, giving someone a direct order such as “Sit down” and “be quit” implies having social power over that person.
Conversely, if we act or behave in a way that lessens a possible threat to another person’s face, we engage in a
face saving act
. If, for example, you wish to get on with the meeting and that your colleague would stop roaming about the room talking on his mobile phone, you might convey this by using an indirect speech act like “Right”, “should we sit down and continue?”
Slide7This section will give a very brief sketch of how indirect speech acts differ from direct speech acts, as well as mention some ways in which languages have
grammaticalized
politeness. It is beyond the scope of this section to give a comprehensive discussion of all the aspects involved in the study of linguistic politeness.
Slide8INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS
Rıdvan
GÜREVİN
Slide9A
speech act
is an utterance that has
performative
function in language and communication. Speech acts may be either direct or indirect. In a direct speech act the content of the utterance corresponds the speaker’s intention of the utterance. So the declarative is a statement uttered with the purpose of giving information whereas interrogative is a question uttered with the purpose of getting information, and the imperative is a command uttered with the purpose of getting someone to do something
.
Slide10Namely; when engaging in direct speech, we mean what we say. When using the direct speech, we must take into account social situations involving the complex structures of cooperation. For example; giving someone a direct command implies that we have power over him or we are very intimate with him or both. A parent can give a command to his child, or close friends sometimes can give commands to each other. But it is not useful for a student to give a command to his teacher. Therefore, we engage in various politeness strategies.
Slide11If we want to save someone’s negative face, we must use some phrases like excuse me, pardon me, I am sorry to bother you, etc. A way of saving someone’s positive face is to increase the sense of group belonging, for example we can use the inclusive
we (You are at a meeting and one of your friend is talking on the phone as well as walking around. And you: Right, should we sit down and continue?).
Although the use of we gives a tone of group belonging, there is one intended addressee.
Slide12When engaging indirect speech, we do not mean exactly what we say. For example, when a stranger asks you
do you know where the Forum is?
You probably answer it by giving directions instead of answering something like yes I know. For example, you and your friend are in your room and your friend says you here is too hot. You probably interpret that as an indirect command ‘’ open the windows.’’ Namely; interrogatives and declaratives can be used as politely disguised request or commands.
Slide13Indirect speech acts are commonly used to reject proposals and to make requests. For example, a speaker asks, "Would you like to meet me for coffee?" and another replies, "I have class." The second speaker used an indirect speech act to reject the proposal. This is indirect because the literal meaning of "I have class" does not
entail
any
sort of rejection.
Slide14When interpreting speech acts, there is always a misunderstanding between individuals and cultures. What is polite for someone may not be for the other and so on. For example; the individual who has been raised to never directly ask for something might, when having dinner with his colleagues, ask her neighbor
would you like some more potatoes?
in the expectation that the neighbor will then ask the same question to which she can safely say yes.
Slide15But if the neighbor does not think it impolite to ask for something, he might not understand the question as an indirect speech act, and might therefore simply answer
no thank you,
in which case there has been a miscommunication. This is true for clashes between people of different cultures.
Slide16Honorifics
Hüda
Karasu
Slide17Honorifics
Many
languages
grammaticalize
various
politeness
strategies
.
Honorifics
can be
thought
as
devices
for
marking
social
distinction
.
Following
Brown
and
Levinson
we
can
classify
honorifics
in
three
types
depending
on
the
relationship
between
the
speaker
and
others
.
The
referent
honorifics
,
which
have
to
do
with
the
relationship
between
the
speaker
and
things
or
persons
referred
to
.
Addressee
honorifics
,
which
have
to
do
with
the
relationship
between
the
speaker
and
addressee
.
Bystander
honorifics
,
which
have
to
do
with
the
relationship
between
the
speaker
and
the
“
bystanders
”
or
overhearers
.
Slide18Referent
honorifics
With
a
referent
honorific
the
politeness
or
respect
distinctions
are
conveyed
by
referring
to
the
target
of
the
respect
,
that
is,
the
choice
of
the
linguistic
form is
dependent
on
what
is
referred
to
. A
well
known
instance
of
referent
honorifics
is
the
choice
of
pronoun
when
addressing
a
person
.
In
Europpean
languages
it is
very
common
to
have
a
binary
distinction
of
politeness
,
where
one
form is
considered
familiar
and
the
other
polite
, as in
the
French
distinction
tu/
vous
,
both
of
which
refer
to
a
single
person
.
This
binary
distinction
in
pronouns
of
address
is
often
called
T/V
pronouns
,
tu
‘
you.SG.NOM
’
and
vous
‘
you.PL.NOM
’.
Slide19In
his
sample
of 207
languages
on
politeness
distinctions
in
second
person
pronouns
,
Helmbrecht
found
that
49
languages
(23.7 %)
make
use
of
this
kind
of
binary
distinction
,
many
of
which
cluster
in Europe, but
these
languages
shows
vastly
different
levels
of T/V
pronoun
usage
.
For
example
, in
German
the
polite
form
Sie
is
the
Standard
form of
address
between
adults
who
are
not in a
close
social
relation
.
In
Swedish
,
however
, it is
imaginable
to
use
the
plural
pronoun
form
ni
to
address
a
single
person
,
the
context
would
be
highly
marked
indeed
.
Slide20Addressing
between
adults
who
don’t
know
each
other
is
with
the
singular
du
.
The
usage
of
universal
du
in
Swedish
is a
rather
recent
phenomenon
and
,
interestingly
enough
, it
seems
that
the
language
might
be
changing
back
to
making
politeness
distinctions
.
Slide21Some
languages
, 15 (7.2%) in
Helmbrecht’s
database
,
mainly
clustered
in South
Asia
but
also
found
elsewhere
,
use
multiple
politeness
distinctions
fort he
second
person
pronoun
.
Nepali
is an
example
of a
language
with
three
levels
of
politeness
distinctions
in
the
singular
and
two
in
the
plural
.
Slide22Nepali (Indo-European (Indic): Nepal
SINGULAR
PLURAL
LOW GRADE HONORIFIC (‘
informal
’)
ta
timi-
haru
MID GRADE HONORIFIC(‘
polite
’)
timi
timi-
haru
HIGH GRADE HONORIFIC
(‘
superpolite
’)
tapai
tapai-haru
Slide23PRONOUN AVOIDANCE
Nihan
Ergönül
Slide24►
There
are
also
languages
where
a
pronoun
is
avoided
for
the
sake
of
politeness
.
In
these
languages
it
may
be
considered
face
threatening
to
directly
address
a
person
,
so
other
kinds
of
terms
are
used
instead
,
such
as
status
and
kindship
terms
or
various
kinds
of
titles
,
and
so
on.
Slide25►
In
Indonesian
,
for
example
,
kinship
terms
:
Saudara
‘
sibling;relative
of
same
generation
’
function
as an
impersonal
pronoun
used
between
speakers
of
the
same
generation
(
or
by
a
speaker
to
somebody
younger
)
when
they
are
not
well
acquainted
.
While
such
term
as
bapak
‘
father
’
or
ibu
‘
mother
’
are
used
as a
respectful
address
to
people
older
than
the
speaker
and
between
adults
of
marriable
age.
►
Very
often
people
will
avoid
using
the
pronoun
even
when
on an
equal
status
level
,
and
instead
use
the
addressee’s
name.
Effectively
saying
something
like
‘
Does
Tom
want
more
tea
?’
when
addressing
Tom
.
Slide26►The majority of the languages in Helmbrecht’s database, however, do not make any politeness distinctions for the second person pronominals. The languages in APICS display an almost identical patterns, as shown in the Table below.
Value
WALS (200)
APICS (201)
1.No politeness distinction
66.4 % (136)
63.5 % (47)
2. Binary politeness distinction
22.9 % (47)
24.3 % (18)
3. Multiple politeness distinction
7.3 % (15)
5.4 % (4)
4. Pronoun avoidance
3.4 % (7)
6.8 % (5)
Total
205
74
Slide27►
Referent
honorifics
which
pronoun
politeness
is a
part
of
the
choice
of form is
dependent
on
who
or
what
is
being
referred
to
.
With
second
person
pronouns
the
referent
and
the
target
happen
to
be
the
same
. But
we
may
also
have
honorific
distinctions
in
the
third
person
.
In
Korean
,
for
example
,
the
choice
of
the
third
person
pronoun
is
dependent
on
what
is
being
referred
to
and
what
level
of
politeness
is
required
:
Slide283rd
PERSON SINGULAR
PLURAL
THING
D-kes ‘it’
D-kes-tul
‘
they
’
CHILD
D-ay ‘s/he’
D-ay-tul
‘
they
’
ADULT:FAMILIAR
D-salam
‘s/he’
D-salam-tul
‘
they
’
ADULT:BLUNT
D-i ‘s/he’
D-i-tul
‘
they
’
ADULT:POLITE
D-
pun
‘s/he’
D-
pun
-tul
‘
they
’
Slide29ADDRESSEE HONORIFICS
Semra Emici
Slide30Addressee
honorifics
:
express
social
status
of
person
being
spoken
to
(
the
hearer
)
regardless
of
what
is
being
talked
about
.
For
example
,
Javanese
has
three
different
words
for
“
house
”
depending
on
the
status
level
of
the
person
spoken
to
.
An
addressee
honorific
system
:
linguistic
form
choice
is
dependent
on
the
addressee
of
the
utterance
.
●
Languages
may
have
morphologically
variable
forms
depending
on
levels
of
politeness
.
This
may
be
seen
in
verb
forms
(
different
kinds
of
imperatives
carrying
different
kinds
of
politeness
connotations
.
Languages
may
make
a
distinction
between
immediate
and
distal
imperatives
(
immediate
imperative
is a
familiar
command
while
the
distal
imperative
is a
polite
command
).
Slide31Epena
Pedeee
(
Choco
(
Choco
):
Colombia
)
a.
phata
kho
-ti
plantain
eat
- IMP. PL
‘
Eat
the
plantain
!’
b.
thipi
phua-pheda
a-
hi
firewood
blow
- POL. IMP say- PAST
‘ He
said
, “
you
will
have
to
fan
the
fire
’’’.
Above
, it is
seen
that
There
is
polite
imperative
receiving
its
own
morphological
marking
.
Compare
–ti in (a)
with
–
pheda
in (b).
This
shows
that
action
is
going
to
have
to
be
carried
out
some
point
in
the
future
.
The
distal
natüre of
this
kind
of
imperative
makes
it
less
direct
and
so
logically
more
polite
.
Slide32Korean
:
Korean honorifics
Korean
honorific
speech
is a
mixture
of
subject
honorification
,
object
exaltation
,
and
the
various
speech
styles
.
Depending
on how
these
three
factors
are
used
,
the
speaker
highlights
different
aspects
of
the
relationship
between
the
speaker
,
the
subject
,
and
the
listener
(
who
may
also
be
the
subject
).
The
Korean
language
incorporates
a
hierarchy
of
speech styles
divided
according
to
its
system
of
honorifics
each
with
its
own
set of
verb
endings
.
The
six
speech
styles
from
lowest
to
highest
are
:
Slide331. P
lain
style
(
haerache
or
해라체
)
Formal
S
ignals
more
social
distance
between
the
speaker
and
addressee
than
that
when
using
intimate
style
G
enerally
used
when
writing
for
a general
audience
G
enerally
used
in
written
language
, but
when
it
used
in
spoken
language
, it
represents
admiration
.
Slide342.
B
anmal
or
intimate style
(
haeche
or
해체
)
Informal
.
T
ypically
used
with
close
friends
,
by
parents
to
their
children
,
by
a
relatively
older
speaker
to
a
child
,
by
children
to
children
,
or
by
youngsters
to
the
same-ages
.
R
ecently
,
many
children
use
banmal
to
their
parents
.
Slide353.
familiar
style
(
hageche
or
하게체
)
M
ore
formal
than
banmal
style
S
ignals
that
the
speaker
will
treat
the
listener
with
consideration
and
courtesy
T
ypically
used
when
the
addressee
is
below
the
speaker
in
age
or
social
rank
(
e.g
.
the
speaker
is at
least
thirty
years
old
and
the
addressee
is of
college
age
)
The
familiar
style
generally
implies
the
speaker
is
showing
authority
therefore
typically
requires
the
speaker
to
be
sufficiently
mature
.
Women
seldom
use
familiar
style
because
it is
commonly
associated
with
male
authority
.
Generally
, it is
used
by
senior
citizens
,
getting
out
of
use
by
most
of
people
in
everyday
language
.
Slide364.
semiformal
or blunt style
(
haoche
or
하오체
)
M
ore
formal
than
familiar
style
with
neutral
politeness
U
sed
to
address
someone
in an
inferior
position
(
e.g
.
age
or
social
rank
)
A
speaker
will
use
semiformal
style
with
a
stranger
whose
social
rank
is
clear
but not
particularly
lower
compared
to
the
speaker
.
It
is
generally
used
by
senior
citizens
,
getting
out
of
used
by
most
of
people
in
everyday
language
.
When
semiformal
style
is
used
by
young
people
, it
also
represents
humorous
sense,
and
is
thought
to
be
unsuitable
for
serious
situations
.
Slide375.
polite
style
(
haeyoche
or
해요체
)
I
nformal
but
polite
.
T
ypically
used
when
the
addressee
is a
superior
(
e.g
.
by
children
to
their
parents
,
students
to
teachers
)
This
is
the
most
common
speech
style
and
is
commonly
used
between
strangers
.
Slide386.
formal
or deferential style
(
hapshoche
or
합쇼체
)
U
sed
to
treat
superiors
with
the
most
reserve
and
the
most
respect
C
ommonly
used
in
speeches
delivered
to
large
audiences
, in
news
reports
,
radio
broadcasts
,
business
,
and
formal
discussions
.
I
n
most
of
cases
,
books
are
written
in
plain
style
(
herache
),
or
formal
style
(
hapshoche
).
In
some
cases
,
speakers
will
switch
between
polite
and
formal
styles
depending
on
the
situation
and
the
atmosphere
that
one
wishes
to
convey
.
These
six
speech
styles
are
sometimes
divided
into
honorific
and
non-honorific
levels
where
the
formal
and
polite
styles
are
honorific
and
the
rest
are
non-honorific
.
According
to
Strauss
and
Eun
,
the
two
honorific
speech
levels
are
“
prototypically
used
among
non-intimate
adults
of
relatively
equal
rank
”.
Comparatively
,
the
non-honorific
speech
levels
are
typically
used
between
intimates
, in-
group
members
,
or
in “
downward
directions
of
address
by
the
speaker
to
his
or
her
interlocutor
.
Slide39Korean
verbs
are
not
only
marked
with
TMA
and
sentence
type
affixes
but
also
a
host
of
affixes
relating
to
addresee
honorifics
.
For
example
,
statement
like
it is
raining
takes
six
different
forms
depending
on
the
social
relationship
between
the
speaker
and
the
addressee
:
Slide40Korean (Isolate: N, S Korea)
Plain pi RainkaNM o-n-ta come-IN-DCIntimate pi RainkaNM w-a come-INTFamiliar pi RainkaNM o-ney come-FMLBlunt pi Rain kaNM o-o come-BLNPolite pi RainkaNM w-a. yo come-POLDeferential pi RainkaNM o-p-ni-ta come-AH-IN-DCNeutral pi Rain ‘ It is raining’.kaNM o-t-a come-IN -DC
Javanese
has a
so
-
called
‘
honorific
register
’,
the
choice
of
vocabulary
is
addresee
honorific
.
The
choice
of
which
words
to
use
for
an
utterance
is
dependent
on
the
relationship
between
the
speaker
and
the
addressee
.
Three main
speech
levels
:
Ngoko
(
informal
) :
used
only
speaking
to
smo
very
familiar
.
Madyo
(semi-
polite
):
used
with
people
of an
intermediate
level
of
familiarity
,
like
neighbours
.
Kromo
(
polite
) :
used
with
distant
adults
.
Slide42Respect
vocabulary
conveys
an
added
level
of
respect
.
It
has
two
subcategories
1.
Kromo
inggel
:
with
highly
respected
persons
.
2.
Kromo
andap
:
used
in
referring
to
any
person’s
actions
towards
a
highly
respected
person
.
Five
different
words
that
are
translated
the
same
way
into
English,
carry
different
levels
of
politeness
.
Slide43Javanese (Austronesian ( Javanese): Indonesia)
NGOKO MADYO KROMO
KROMO
INGGEL KROMO ANDAP
Akon
ken
kengken
/
pureh
dawoh
ng
-
atur
-I
Above
,
there
are
five
different
words
that
all
translate
into
the
same
thing
in English. But
the
word
choice
is
dependent
on
the
level
of
the
respect
the
speaker
wishes
or
is
obliged
to
show
the
addressee
.
There
are
also
further
distinctions
in
the
choice
of
grammatical
affixes
.
The
combination
of
vocabulary
and
affixes
leads
to
nine
different
levels
of
politeness
.
The
three
main
speech
level
vocabularies
have
different
sizes
:
ngoko
is
the
basic
vocabulary
carrying
every
kind
of
concept
,
kromo
has
about
850
words
,
kromo
inggel
has
about
260
words
,
madyo
has
about
35
words
and
kromo
andap
has
about
20
words
(
Myhill
: 75f).
Slide44BYSTANDER HONOROFICS
Duygu Yoldaş
Slide45Bystander
honorofics
express
the
status
of
someone
who
is
nearby
, but not a
participant
in
the
conversation
.
With
bystander
honorofics
,
the
linguistic
form of
the
language
isn’t
dependent
on
the
speaker
or
on
the
addressee
, but on
who
is
within
earshot
of
the
utterance
.
The
linguistic
form of
the
language
isn’t
dependent
on
the
relationship
between
the
speaker
and
the
addresssee
,
nor
it is
dependent
on
what
is
being
referred
to
.
Slide46However
, it
depends
on
anyone
who
can
hear
what
is
being
said
.
Therefore
,
this
covers
participants
,
such
as
audiences
, as
well
as “
non-participants
”
or
“
bystanders
”.
This
is
often
termed
“
avoidance
language
”
or
“
honorofics
register
”.
It
is
the
least
common
,
and
are
found
primarily
in “
avoidance
speech
”
such
as
the
mother
-in-
law
languages
of
aboriginal
Australia
,
where
one
changes
one’s
speech
in
the
presence of an in-
law
or
other
tabooed
relative
.
Many
Australian
languages
have
bystander
honorifics
to
varying
degrees
.
Slide47Dyirbal
is
famous
for
having
had
two
language
variants
such
as
Guwal
and
Dyalɲuy
.
Guwal
was
used
in
all
circumstances
except
when
certain
“
taboo
relatives
”
were
present
.
In
these
kind
of
situations
in
which
taboo
relatives
were
used
Dyalɲuy
had
to
be
used
.
Therefore
the
avoidance
language
,
Dyalɲuy
, had
to
be
used
whenever
a
taboo
relative
was
within
earshot
.
The
taboo
was
symmetrical
for
instance
–
if
X
was
taboo
to
Y
so
was
Y
to
X.
Slide48Taboo
relatives
were
:
1-) a
parent
in-
law
of
the
opposite
sex
;
and
,
by
the
symmetry
rule
, a
child
in-
law
of
the
opposite
sex
.
2-) a
cross-cousin
of
the
opposite
sex
-
that
is,
father’s
or
mother’s
brother’s
child
.
Although
the
two
languages
Guwal
and
Dyalɲuy
differ
completely
in
their
vocabulary
,
they
were
identical
phonologically
and
almost
identical
gramatically
.
Slide49Dyirbal
(
Australian
(
Pama
-
Nyungan
) :
Australia
)
Guwal
Dyalɲuy
yanu
bawalbil
‘
go
’
buɽal
ɲuɽimal
‘
see
,
look
at’
ɲalɲga
ɲalmaru
‘
child
’
ɲinay
madirabil
‘
sit,
stay
,
camp
’
Slide50Taboo
relatives
are
not
identical
cross
-
culturally
whilst
a
number
of
languages
may
have
‘
taboo
relatives
’.
In
Guugu
-
Yimidhirr
, a
traditional
Australian
Aboriginal
language
,
special
avoidance
lexemes
are
used
to
express
deference
when
in
the
presence of
tabooed
in-
law
relatives
.
In
other
words
,
speakers
will
either
be
completely
prohibited
from
speaking
to
one’s
mother
-in-
law
or
must
employ
avoidance
language
to
one’s
brother
in-
law
.
Slide51The
overlap
between
the
two
vocabularies
seen
in
Guwal
and
Dyalɲuy
wasn’t
complete
and
the
basic
,
informal
‘
everyday
lexicon
’ had
more
items
than
the
‘
respectful
lexicon
’.
It
is
possible
to
express
the
same
things
in
both
varieties
.
For
instance
, in
Guugu
Yimidhirr
,
some
everyday
language
words
translate
into
only
one
respectful
language
word
:
Slide52Guugu Yimidhirr (Australian (Pama- Nyungan): Australia)Everyday language Respectful languagedhadaa ‘go’ dharmbil ‘float,sail’yaalgal ‘limp’ balil ‘go’gaynydyarr ‘crawl’biilil ‘paddle’
Slide53Bystander
honorifics
do not
have
to
be
restricted
to
the
lexicon
.
Waray,one
of
the
language
having
an
avoidance
language
,
referred
to
as ‘
sideways
language
’
that
was
used
with
various
in-
law
relatives
and
which
involved
adding
a
suffix
–
lawu
to
nominals
and
using
the
plural
forms
for
verbs
.
Slide54Waray
(
Australian
(
Waray
):
Australia
)
nguk-lawu
ban-
ba
-
wu
gan
-a-
ga
-
ng
-u
tobacco
-
avoid
1sg.obj-2pl.s-give
Irr-2pl.s-
have-npst-dat
’
Would
you
(PL)
give
me
any
tobacco
if
you
(PL)
have
any
?
(
addressed
to
one
person
)
Slide55Speech
Acts
in
Sign
Languages
Tuba Göktürk
Slide56Speech
Acts
in
Sign
Languages
●
Like
spoken
languages
,
all
known
sign
languages
have
ways
to
carry
out
the
basic
functions
of
giving
information
,
gleaning
information
and
issuing
commands
.
Slide57●
The
most
common
,
maybe
even
universal
,
negative
marking
head
movement
across
sign
languages
is a
repeated
side-to-side
head
shake
.
The
head
movement
may
combine
with
facial
expressions
,
and
manual
sign
.
●
The
second
strategy
is
to
have
a
single
side-ward
head
turn
,
where
the
head
is
turned
to
one
side
and
is
then
kept
in
that
position
for
the
duration
of
the
negation
.
●
The
third
strategy
involves
a
backward
tilt
of
the
head
,
where
the
head
is
tilted
backwards
and
remains
in
that
position
for
the
duration
of
the
negation
.
Slide58●
Non-manual
facial
negators
tend
to
be
less
grammaticalized
and
therefore
less
systematic
.
They
usually
involve
“
negative
”
mimics
,
such
as
manipulating
the
eye-brows
(
lowering
or
frowning
,
etc
.),
the
eyes
(
narrowing
or
squinting
,
etc
.),
the
mouth
(
drawn
down
,
pursed
or
spreading
the
lips
,
etc
.)
and
the
nose
(
e.g
.
wrinkling
).
Non-manual
facial
negators
tend
to
co-occur
with
the
negative
marking
head
movement
.
Slide59●
Irregular
negatives
typically
involve
signs
of
cognition
.
Most
sign
languages
have
several
such
irregular
negatives
. BSL,
for
instance
, has at
least
eight
:
evaluation
: NOT.GOOD
cognition
: NOT.KNOW
emotional
attitude
:
NOT.WANT
; NOT.LIKE; NOT AGREE;
NOT
BELIEVE
possession
:
NOT.HAVE
tense
:
WILL.NOT
●Ten
languages
in
Zeshan’s
database
have
2-5
irregular
negatives
. LIS,
for
example
, has
four
. Three
languages
,
the
Indian
dialect
of IPSL, KK
and
LSE,
have
only
one
irregular
negative
,
while
only
one
language
,
the
Karachi
dialect
of IPSL, has
none
.
LIS
(
Sign
Language:
Italy
)
KK(
Sign
Language:
Indonesia
)
modality
: CANNOT
aspect
: NOT.YET
evaluation
: NOT.POSSIBLE
emotional
attitude
: NOT.WANT; NOT.LIKE
Slide61●
Interrogatives
are
typically
formed
with
non-manual
facial
signs
.
Sign
languages
also
have
ways
of
forming
polar
questions
and
content
questions
.
Typical
non-manuals
for
polar
questions
are
:
raised
eyebrows
,
wide
open
eyes
,
eye
contact
with
the
addressee
,
head
forward
position
and
body
forward
posture
.
Slide62●
Sign
languages
also
have
politeness
strategies
.
Indirect
speech
acts
may
be
employed
to
form
polite
requests
, but
morphological
politeness
distinctions
can
also
be
found
,
notably
in
referent
and
addressee
honorifics
.
In
terms
of
indirect
speech
acts
, it is
used
to
express
wishes
and
commands
,
just
as in
spoken
languages
. As
for
referent
honorifics
,
pronominal
system
referencing
to
a
person
by
‘
pointing
’
with
an
open
hand
.
Parallel
to
spoken
languages
,
addressee
honorifics
occur
in
sign
languages
,
for
instance
with
imperatives
.
Slide63The
End