The Respiratory System Mrs. Legro’s  - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Respiratory System

Mrs. Legro’s Science 2017-2018

Slide2

What You Need to Know…

Describe the functions of the respiratory systemExplain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and in tissuesIdentify

the pathway of air in and out of the lungs

Explain

the effects of smoking on the respiratory system

Slide3

What’s in the Air We Breathe?

Slide4

Functions of the Respiratory System

Breathing

and

Respiration

Breathing

is the movement of the chest that brings air into the lungs and removes waste gases. Breathing uses muscles.

Slide5

Functions of the Respiratory System

Respiration

is movement of air in and out of the lungs. It is the chemical reaction that happens during this process:

Air entering the lungs contains oxygen.

It passes from the lungs into the circulatory system (because there is less oxygen in the blood than in cells of the lungs).

Blood carries oxygen to individual cells.

At the same time, the digestive system supplies glucose from digested food to the same cells.

The oxygen delivered to the cells is used to release energy from glucose.

Slide6

Functions of the Respiratory System

Slide7

Structures & Organs of the Respiratory System

Mouth

and

Nostrils:

how air enters your body

Fine hairs inside nostrils trap dust from the air.

Air passes through your

nasal cavity

, where it gets moistened and warmed by the body’s heat

Glands that produce sticky mucus line the

nasal cavity

This mucus traps dust, pollen, and other materials not trapped by nasal hairs

This process helps filter and clean the air you breathe.

Cilia

, tiny hair-like structures, sweep mucus and trapped material to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.

Slide8

Structures & Organs of the Respiratory System

Pharynx: the warmed, moist air enters this tube like passageway used by food, liquid, and air.

At the lower end of the

pharynx

, is a flap of tissue called the

epiglottis

. When you swallow, the

epiglottis

folds down to prevent food or liquid from entering your airway.

Slide9

Structures & Organs of the Respiratory System

Larynx

:

Next, the air moves into your

larynx

, which is the airway to which two pairs of horizontal folds of tissue, called vocal cords, are attached.

Forcing air between the cords causes them to vibrate and produce sounds.

Slide10

Structures & Organs of the Respiratory System

Trachea

: From the

larynx

, air moves into here, which is a tube about 12cm long. Strong, C-shaped rings of cartilage prevent the

trachea

from collapsing. The trachea is lined with mucous membranes and

cilia

.

Slide11

Structures & Organs of the Respiratory System

Bronchi

: located at the lower end of the trachea, these are two short tubes that carry air into your lungs.

Within the lungs,

bronchi

branch into smaller and smaller tubes. The smallest are

bronchioles

. At the end of each of these are clusters of tiny, thin-walled sacs, called

alveoli

.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the

alveoli

and capillaries.

Slide12

Putting it All Together…

Air enters your body through your mouth and nostrils.

Air passes through your nasal cavity, where it gets moistened and warmed by your body’s heat.

Mucus traps dust, pollen, and other materials not trapped by nasal hairs.

Cilia sweep mucus and trapped material to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.

The warmed, moist air enters the

pharynx

. Next, the air moves into your

larynx

and to the

trachea

.

At the lower end of your

trachea

, air moves into your

bronchi

, which then eventually branch into the

bronchioles

. At the end of each of these are clusters of tiny, thin-walled sacs, called

alveoli

. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the

alveoli

and capillaries.

Oxygen moves through the cell membranes of the

alveoli

and then through the cell membranes of the capillaries into the blood. There, the oxygen is picked up by hemoglobin (a molecule in red blood cells). At the same time, carbon dioxide and other cellular wastes leave the body cells.

The wastes move through the cell membranes of the capillaries and then carried by the blood. In the lungs, waste gases move through the cell membranes of the capillaries and through the cell membranes of the alveoli. Then waste gases leave the

body

during exhalation.

Slide13

Inhaling and Exhaling

Signals from your brain tell the muscles in your chest and abdomen to contract and relax.

Your brain can change your breathing rate depending on the amount of carbon dioxide present in your blood.

As carbon dioxide increases, your breathing rate increases.

Your

diaphragm

is a muscle beneath your lungs that contracts and relaxes to help move gases into and out of your lungs.

Slide14

Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory System

Many serious respiratory diseases are related to smoking.Chemical substances in tobacco (nicotine and tars) are poisons and can destroy cells.The high temperatures, smoke, and carbon monoxide produced when tobacco burns can also injure a smoker’s cells.

Second-hand smoke can be just as harmful.

Slide15

Smoking and Related Risks

Disease

Smokers’ Risk Compared to Nonsmokers’ Risk

Lung Cancer

23 times higher for males

11 times higher for females

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

5 times higher

Heart disease

2 times higher

Slide16

What’s in a Cigarette?

There are approximately 600 ingredients in cigarettes. When burned, they create more than 7,000 chemicals.At least 69 of these chemicals are known to cause cancer, and many are poisonous.

Slide17

What Will Your Lungs Look Like?

Slide18

Respiratory Infections

Bacteria, viruses, and other micro-organisms can cause infections that affect organs of the respiratory system

The common cold: upper part of the respiratory system

Influenza (flu): many of the body's systems

Pneumonia: an infection in the alveoli

Slide19

Chronic Bronchitis

Bronchitis:

when bronchial tubes are irritated and swell and too much mucus is produced

Bronchitis usually clears up within a few weeks with treatment of antibiotics

Chronic:

it happens often and a person must cough often to try to clear excess mucus from airway.

Slide20

Emphysema

A disease in which the alveoli in the lungs enlarge

Makes it difficult to breathe (shortness of breath) and some people require extra oxygen.

Slide21

Asthma

A lung disorder that can cause shortness of breath, wheezing or

coughing

.

Can be caused by allergic reactions, stress, exercise, etc.

Asthma attack = bronchial tubes contract quickly.

An inhaler will help relax the bronchial tubes

Slide22

Lung Cancer

3rd leading cause of death in men and women in the U.S.

More than 85% of all lung cancer is related to smoking. 

 

Inhaling the tar in cigarette smoke is the greatest contributing factor to lung cancer

Smoking has also been linked to the development of cancers of the esophagus, mouth, larynx, pancreas, kidney, and bladder.

Slide23

Nicotine Addiction

Relapse

rates remain high—75-80% of smokers who try to quit relapse within 6 months.

Each day, more than 3,200 people under 18 smoke their first cigarette, and approximately 2,100 youth and young adults become daily smokers.

 9 out of 10 smokers start before the age of 18,

and

98% start smoking by age 26.

1 in 5 adults and teenagers smoke

.

On average, smokers die 13 to 14 years earlier than nonsmokers.