Street Angels First Aid Training - PowerPoint Presentation

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Street Angels First Aid Training

Instructor: Ellis King

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Administration

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Learning Outcome By the end of this course you will have gained the basic skills and knowledge to demonstrate that you can work as an

Emergency First Aider in the workplace.

All the skills and knowledge gained on this course will be broken down into smaller objectives throughout the day.

The qualification you will be working toward is the

Emergency First Aid at Work (FAW)

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General Structure

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The Importance of First AidResearch conducted back in the mid part of the 90’s by Hussain and Redmond demonstrated that first aid could have prevented deaths in up to 39% of people who died from a medical emergency before reaching hospital.

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Objectives of First Aid (The Three P’s)Preserve Life

Prevent further injury/condition deteriorating

P

romote recovery

At all times follow the principal of

DO NO HARM

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In a NutshellFirst aid is:Immediate but temporary care

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The Priorities of First Aid

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Primary Survey

Remember DR ABC

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Airway

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BreathingLook, listen and feel for a maximum of 10 seconds for normal breathing

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CirculationIf normal breathing is present, circulation is also present

Be sure to check for, and control any major bleeding

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The Practical Bit

DR. ABC

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The Secondary Survey The secondary survey consists of:

A more detailed examination of the casualty Making a diagnosis via:

History and external clues

Signs

Symptoms

Treating what you find

The recovery position

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History and External Clues History:

The amount of force involved Casualties age and state of health

The environment

Are they suffering from any illnesses?

External clues:

Warning Bracelets

Medicines/inhalers

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Signs The empirical bit. What can you see, feel, hear or smell?:

Bleeding Bruising

Swelling

Deformity

Vomit

Noisy breathing

Alcohol

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Symptoms What the casualty can tell you:

Pain

Loss of sensation

Dizziness

Nausea

Loss of movement

Faintness

Anxiety

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The Recovery Position Used for an unconscious casualty who is

breathingIt:

Prevents the tongue from blocking the throat

Aids drainage

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Further StudyAustin. M, (2014) First Aid Manual, 10th Edition, Published by: Dorling Kindersley (DK), London.

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Any Questions?

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Take a Break

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Basic Life Support

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (C.P.R)

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Cardiac ArrestRelationship between survival rate and time to defibrillation

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Shake and shout

Head tilt/chin lift

Check for max 10 seconds

Hands in centre of chest

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Chest Compressions Rate = 100-120 Per minute

Depth = 5-6 cm Ratio = 30 compressions/2 ventilations

Note – if done correctly this only provides a maximum of 30% normal cardiac output

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Ventilation with a Pocket Mask Advantages

Eliminates direct contact Allows for adequate lung ventilation

Can be attached to supplementary oxygen

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Final Thoughts If you start C.P.R the patient may, or may not, be successfully resuscitated. If you do not start their chance of survival will diminish by 20% per minute

Don’t let your C.P.R skills get rusty, after all a friends life may depend upon them

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The Practical Bit

DR. ABC

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Any Questions?

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Further Study Austin. M, (2014) First Aid Manual, 10th

Edition, Published by: Dorling Kindersley (DK), London.

https

://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=sErVV0ks2YA

https

://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=toStEtTx5zo

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Choking

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Obstruction by a Foreign Body Signs and symptoms

Universal distress signal for choking Victim can not speak or make any sound

Cyanotic skin

Exaggerated but ineffective breathing sounds

Collapse

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Techniques to Relieve ChokingFinger sweep

CoughingBack slaps

Abdominal thrusts

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Finger Sweep Used to clear the airway manually

Do not force the foreign body further down the airway Only go as far as you can see

Only use your fingers

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Coughing Most effective way if the airway is partially blocked

Calm the casualty down Ask them to cough

Don’t continue asking if they cannot expel the foreign body

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Back Slaps Used to create an artificial cough

Delivered between the shoulder blades with the flat of your hand in an upwards motion

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Abdominal Thrusts Used if the patient develops poor air exchange or if the airway is completely blocked

Purpose is to create an artificial cough

Abdominal thrusts can be performed whilst patient is sitting, standing or laying down

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Mild or SevereMild: Patient speaks and answers yes

Patient is able to speak, cough and breathe

Severe:

Patient is unable to speak

Patient is unable to breathe, sounds wheezy, silent coughing

May be unconscious

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Adult Choking

Assess Severity

Mild airway obstruction

Severe airway obstruction

Unconscious start C.P.R

Conscious start 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts

Encourage to cough, continue to monitor

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The Practical Bit

DR. ABC

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Any Questions?

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Further StudyAustin. M, (2014) First Aid Manual, 10th Edition, Published by: Dorling Kindersley (DK), London.

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Take a Break

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Unconsciousness

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Unconsciousness“A state of complete or partial unawareness, or lack of response to stimuli.”

Results from an interruption of the brains normal activity Prone to secondary injury

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CausesFISH

Fainting

I

ntoxication

S

hock

H

ead injury

sHAPED

S

troke

H

eart attack

A

sphyxia/Asthma

P

oisoning

E

pilepsy

D

iabetes

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Head Injuries

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Types of Head Injury Scalp

Skull Brain:

Concussion

Compression

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Concussion Results from the brain being shaken

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ConcussionSigns and symptoms: Unconscious for a short period

Memory loss

Dizziness or nausea

Treatment:

A.B.C’S and monitor

If recovered within 3 minutes watch closely, if not seek medical help

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CompressionBruising or bleeding into the cranial cavity causing an increase of pressure on the brain

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CompressionSigns and symptoms: Deteriorating levels of response

Apparent full recovery followed by a deterioration

Unequal pupils/weakness on one side

Slow/full pulse

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Pupil ResponseDilated – O O

Constricted – o oUnequal – O

o

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Treatment of CompressionConscious: Support in a comfortable position

Monitor

Seek urgent help

Unconscious:

A.B.C’s

Recovery Position

Monitor

Seek urgent medical help

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Stroke

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StrokeWhat? Disruption of blood flow to the brain

Caused by a clot or bleed

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StrokeSigns and symptoms: Headache

Confusion

Weakness/paralysis

Speech problems

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Stroke

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StrokeTreatment: A.B.C’s

Head and shoulders raised

Recovery position?

Seek medical help

Rest and reassure

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Heart Conditions

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The Coronary Arteries

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Signs and Symptoms A persistent crushing/vice like central chest pain may radiate to the jaw/arms

Ashen skin (sweating)

Rapid, weak or irregular pulse

Rapid breathing

Faintness or giddiness

Sense of impending doom

Not relieved by GTN

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Angina Supply of oxygen is insufficient

Normally caused by a narrowing of the arteries Usually occurs on exertion or stress

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Signs and Symptoms Chest pain (cramp/indigestion)

Shortness of breath Sweating/nausea

Increased pulse rate

Feeling of weakness

Anxiety

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Treatment Aim to ease the strain on the heart

Sit casualty down, and encourage them to rest Reassure

Help administer GTN

Send for help

If pain persists suspect heart attack

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Heart Attack Occurs when a portion of the cardiac muscle is deprived of oxygen and dies (cardiac infarction)

The larger the blockage, the larger the attack

Possible causes include:

Embolism

Blood clot

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Treatment Put patient at ease

Minimise the work of the heart Sit casualty at rest – Half sitting, head and shoulders supported and knees bent

Seek urgent medical attention

Monitor

Be prepared to resuscitate

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Asthma

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Asthma What?

“Reversible airway obstruction” Signs:

Difficulty breathing

Wheezing

Tight chest

Treatment:

Help self-medicate

Rest and reassure

Seek medical help

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Epilepsy

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Epilepsy What?

Disturbance of the brains normal activity Why?

Head injury

Disease

Lack of oxygen

Some Poisons

60% are unknown

Treatment:

Protect from further harm

Loosen clothing

Keep people away

Encourage to attend hospital

Do not:

Use force

Put anything in the mouth

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Diabetes

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Diabetes What?

Body fails to regulate blood sugar levels Why?

Normally regulated by insulin from the pancreas

Variations of insulin lead to a build up of glucose

Two types:

Hyperglycaemia (little or no insulin)

Hypoglycaemia (too much insulin and/or little sugar)

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Signs and SymptomsHyper

Hours to days

Skin

Dry/flushed

Breath

Sweet/fruity

Associated symptoms

Nausea

Vomiting

Extreme thirst

Behaviour

Restless/drowsy

Hypo

Minutes

Skin

Pale/sweating

Breath

Normal

Associated symptoms

Hunger

Headache

Dizziness

Behaviour

Appears drunk

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The Big Giveaway

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TreatmentsHyper

A.B.C’s

Urgent medical help

If in doubt give sugar

Hypo

A.B.C’s

If alert give sugar

Never give anything by mouth if not conscious

Advise to seek medical help

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Assessing Levels of Consciousness

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General Treatment Treat the A.B.C’s

Recovery position Treat the obvious cause

Observations every 10 minutes

Protect from the elements

Nil by mouth

Care of eyes

Do not leave unattended/seek help

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Final Thoughts Ensure the airway is clear

Keep checking the response level Examine the casualty thoroughly (secondary survey)

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Any Questions?

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Take a Break

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Wounds and Bleeding

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Incision

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Laceration

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Abrasion

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Arresting External Bleeding A.B.C’s

Sit casualty down Quickly examine the wound – GLOVES!

Apply direct pressure and elevate

Apply a sterile dressing – maximum of two

Rest and reassure

Treat for shock

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Foreign Bodies Small objects and contamination may be removed

Never attempt to remove objects which are embedded

Control bleeding by applying pressure around the site

Stabilise any foreign body

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Any Questions?

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Burns and Scalds

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Superficial Burns

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Partial Thickness Burns

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Full Thickness Burns

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General Treatment of Burns Stop the burning process

Remove rings and constricting clothing Immerse of douse in water for at least 10 minutes

Take care not to cool the whole casualty

Cover in cling film to protect it from infection

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Do Not Burst blisters

Apply lotions or creams Touch the burn

Use fluffy dressings

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Any Questions?

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Fractures and Dislocations

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Closed Versus Open

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Fractures: Signs and Symptoms Pain

Deformity Shortening/bowing

Swelling

Guarding/loss of use

Tender

Bruising

Grating/crepitus

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Treatment Expose the entire extremity

Arrest any bleeding Dress open wounds

Check the circulation

Keep the casualty still

Steady and support the limb

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Do Not Press down on protruding bone ends

Attempt to push exposed bone ends back beneath the skin Move the casualty unnecessarily

Let the casualty eat or drink

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Dislocation Displacement of a bone end from its joint

Signs and symptoms

Pain

Loss of motion

Deformity

Danger lies in the compromise of the nerve and blood supply

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Any Questions?

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Shock

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ShockA temporary or permanent collapse of the circulatory system, leading to a lack of oxygenation of the tissues

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Introduction Normal oxygenation (perfusion) requires:

A functioning pump Adequate fluid volume

Intact tubing

Adequate air exchange

Damage to one, or more, of these will lead to inadequate tissue perfusion which leads to shock

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Low Volume Shock The most common type

Due to loss of body fluid: Blood Haemorrhage

Plasma Burns

Electrolyte Diarrhoea and Vomiting

Water Sweating

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Signs and Symptoms Restlessness and anxiety

Thirsty Pale, cold and clammy skin

Rapid, weak pulse

Rapid, shallow breathing

Weakness and giddiness

Nausea and possible vomiting

Altering levels or consciousness

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General Treatment of Shock A.B.C’s first

Control any external bleeding Lay down-head low/feet raised

Keep them warm

Loosen tight clothing

Monitor

Seek urgent medical help

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Do Not Leave the casualty unattended

Let them eat, drink or smoke Try to warm them with direct heat

Move the casualty unnecessarily

Waste time

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Any Questions?

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Rules and Regulations

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Action After an AccidentAfter every accident/treatment, what should the first aider do?

Record the incident in an accident book

Report this to management

Replenish the first aid kit

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Recording Following an accident the following should be recorded in an Accident Book:

Full name/address/occupation or casualty

Date the entry was made

Date/time of incident

Place and circumstances

Details of injury and treatment given

Signature of person making the entry

As of Dec 31

st

2003 the Accident Book must comply with the data protection act

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Accident Book

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Reporting Governed by the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995

The reporting of accidents and ill health at work is a legal requirement

Identifies where and how accidents happen and allow for investigation of serious accidents

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RIDDOR What needs reporting:

Death or major injury Over seven-day injury

Disease

Dangerous Occurrence

Who to:

Environmental Health Department

Health and Safety Executive

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ReplenishAny items used from the first aid kit

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First Aid Kits Must cater for whatever is considered to be ‘’reasonably practical’’

Stored in a suitable/clearly marked container

Must conform to legal requirements

Readily accessible

Checked and replenished regularly

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Minimum Contents1 – First aid guidance leaflet1 – First aid dressing (18x18cm)12 – Safety pins

20 – Plasters1 – Microporous tape (2.5cmx5m)3 – Finger dressing1 – Foil blanket

1 – Clothing cutters

4 – First aid dressing (12x12cm)

2 – Triangular bandage

2 – Eye dressings

20 – Sterile wipes

6 – Nitrile gloves

(pair)

1 – Face shield

1 – Burn dressing (10x10cm)

1 – Conforming bandage

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Non-permitted Items Tablets and medication of any kind

Antiseptics of any kind Creams and sprays of any kind

Eye baths

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Any Questions?