PRACTICE CLASS 2 3 20120306 TWO EXERCISES THAT WE WERE SUPPOSED TO DO LAST WEEK BUT WE WERE NOT FAST ENOUGH PAGE 105 exercise 6 a responsible girl the person responsible ID: 217460
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Slide1
ADJECTIVES AND THE AP
PRACTICE CLASS #
2 (#3)
2012-03-06Slide2
TWO EXERCISES THAT WE WERE SUPPOSED TO DO LAST WEEK…Slide3
…BUT WE WERE NOT FAST ENOUGH :(Slide4
PAGE 105 – exercise 6
a responsible girl / the person responsible
…the students present…/ …those absent….
her late husband / …wasn’t conscious… / conscious effort
…all the people involved…/ involved inquirySlide5
PAGE 105
– exercise 7
Is this an easy camera to use?
His was too strong an argument to be expressed in public.
It is big enough a house for two families to live in.
I need as big a table as possible.Slide6
NOW SOMETHING THAT WAS ACTUALLY PLANNED FOR TODAY…Slide7
Fascinated with her inner beauty
, he sat in silent admiration and ...
Uneasy
, he just sat and waited to receive
an email.
When nervous
,
count to ten
. When
really nervous, count to twenty.Magnificent!
How nice of you!WHAT ARE THESE STRUCTURES? HOW SHOULD WE CLASSIFY THEM?Slide8
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (pg. 96)Slide9
PAGE 106 – exercise 10
Eager to start the climb, the students rose at first light.
When not used to the climate, dress sensibly.
Excited, they shouted loud.
If possible, try to work out every day.Slide10
INHERENT vs. NON-INHERENT
inherent
,
adj
. =a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it
Not all adjectives
characterize the referent of the noun directly
:
an
old friend ≠ my friend is old
Here “old” refers to the friendship and it does not characterize the person.Adjectives that characterize the referent of the noun directly are called INHERENT, and those that do not are called NON-INHERENT
.Slide11
Who/what can be INHERENTLY happy?
happy girl
happy rockSlide12
Who/what can be INHERENTLY hard?
hard rock
hard RockSlide13
Who/what can be INHERENTLY wooden?
wooden Nichols Cage
wooden tableSlide14
PAGE 104 – exercise 3 (a,b,c,d
)
NI
I
NI
= NON-INHERENT;
I
= INHERENT
NI
NI
NI
NI
NI
ISlide15
PAGE 104 – exercise 3 (e,f,g,h
)
NI
= NON-INHERENT;
I
= INHERENT
I
NI
NI
NI
ISlide16
PAGE 104 – exercise 3 (i,j
)
NI
= NON-INHERENT;
I
= INHERENT
NI
ISlide17
SYNTACTIC CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES (pg. 96) i.e. THEIR SYNTACTIC BEHAVIOR
This classification is based on
syntactic functions
which adjectives can perform.
Adjectives that can have
BOTH
attributive
and
predicative
function are called
CENTRAL
. E.g.
a happy girl
vs.
The girl is happy. / He made her happy.
Adjectives that have
EITHER
attributive
or
predicative
function are called
PERIPHERAL
. E.g.
an
utter
fool
vs. *
The fool is
utter
.Slide18
PERIPHERAL As: ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY
Adjectives that are attributive only are adjectives usually
CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR GROUPS
.
INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES
RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES RELATED TO ADVERBIALS
DENOMINAL ADJECTIVESSlide19
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As
There are adjectives that
have a
hightening
effect
on the noun they modify, or the reverse,
lowering effect
. Such adjectives are called
INTENSIFYING ADJECTIVES
.EMPHASIZERS (sheer madness)AMPLIFIERS (complete fool)
DOWNTONERS (slight effort)MOST OF THEM ARE USUALLY ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY.Slide20
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
DOWNTONERS
:
ERROR IN THE WORKBOOK
The adjectives that
have a lowering effect
, i.e.
DOWNTONER ADJECTIVES
are CENTRAL ADJECTIVES (NOT ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY
):a slight effort
= The effort was
slight
.
a
feeble
joke
= The joke was
feeble
.Slide21
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
EMPHASIZERS
The adjectives that
have a GENERAL HEIGHTENING effect
, i.e.
EMPHASIZER ADJECTIVES
are
ATTRIBUTVE ONLY
:
a clear failure
≠ The failure was clear. sheer arrogance
≠
His arrogance was
sheer
.
plain
nonsense
≠
The nonsense was
plain
.
EMPHASIZERS ARE NON-INHERENT.Slide22
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
AMPLIFIERS: confusion in the workbook
The adjectives that
SCALE THE MEANING UPWARDS FROM AN ASSUMED NORM
, i.e.
AMPLIFIER ADJECTIVES
can be
ATTRIBUTVE ONLY
OR
CENTRAL, depending on whether they are INHERENT OR NON-INHERENT.a
complete victory = The victory was complete
. (INHERENT)
a
complete
fool
≠
The fool is
complete
. (NON-INHERENT)
great
destruction
=
The destruction was
great
. (INHERENT)
a
great
fool
≠
The fool is
great
.
(NON-INHERENT)Slide23
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES
The adjectives that
RESTRICT THE REFERENCE OF THE NOUN EXCLUSIVELY, PARTICULARLY OR CHIEFLY
, are called.
RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES
and they are
ATTRIBUTVE ONLY
:
the main reasin
≠ The reason was main. a
certain
person
≠
The person was
certain
.
the
very
man
≠
The man was
very
.Slide24
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES
A
djectives that
ARE DERIVED FROM ADVERBS OR ADVERBIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
, i.e.
ADJECTIVES RELATED TO ADVERBIALS
are
ATTRIBUTVE ONLY
. They are NON-INHERENT.my former friend
≠ My friend is former. (~ formerly my friend)past students
≠
The students are
past
. (~students from the past)
the
late
president
≠
The president is
late
.
SOMETIMES
an adjective related to adverbials can be ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY or CENTRAL, depending on the noun which it modifies.Slide25
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES
a
good
thief
≠
The thief is
good. (~ he thieves well)a good writer
= The writer is good.
a
poor
liar
≠
The liar is
poor
. (~ he lies poorly)
the
poor
man
(who went bankrupt)
=
The man is
poor
. Slide26
ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY: INTENSIFYING As:
DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES
A
djectives that
ARE DERIVED FROM NOUNS
, i.e.
DENOMINAL ADJECTIVES
are
ATTRIBUTVE ONLY
. They are NON-INHERENT.a criminal lawyer
≠ The lawyer is criminal. (~ he specializes in criminal law)an
atomic
scientist
≠
The
scientis
is
atomic
.
(~ he specializes in atomic science)
SOMETIMES
an adjective related to adverbials can be ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY or CENTRAL, depending on the noun which it modifies.Slide27
PAGE 104 – exercise 4 (a, b, c)
CENTRAL
;
PERIPHERAL
(
attributive only
;
predicative only
)
PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter
PERIPHERAL, attributive only, intensifier/amplifier
CENTRALSlide28
PAGE 104 – exercise 4 (d,e,f
)
CENTRAL
;
PERIPHERAL
(
attributive only
;
predicative only
)
PERIPHERAL, predicative only
CENTRAL
PERIPHERAL, attributive only,
denominalSlide29
PAGE 104 – exercise 4 (g,h,i
)
CENTRAL
;
PERIPHERAL
(
attributive only
;
predicative only
)
PERIPHERAL, attributive only, limiter
CENTRAL
PERIPHERAL, attributive only, related to adv.Slide30
Now, let’s introduce
ADVERBS!Slide31
REVIEW: THE
ADVERB PHRASE
The adverb phrase is a phrase that has an adverb as its head.
The
AdvP
can have the following forms:
AdvP
=
Adv e.g. carefully
AdvP = Adv Adv e.g. very carefullyAdvP = Adv
Adv e.g. carefully enoughAdvP = Adv Adv Cl e.g. so fast that I couldn’t see it
fast enough to escape
AdvP
= (Adv)
Adv
PP e.g. (much) better than BillSlide32
PAGE 103 – exercise 1 (d,e,p
)
ADV HEAD
HEAD
HEAD
HEAD PPSlide33
TRANSITIONAL EXERCISES
From ADJECTIVES to ADVERBSSlide34
PAGE 108 – exercise 15Slide35
PAGE 107 – exercise 12 – a&bSlide36
PAGE 107 – exercise 12 – c&dSlide37
PAGE 107 – exercise 12 – e&fSlide38
PAGE 108 – exercise 14
MORE CLEARLY
LAST
HIGH
IN A SILLY WAY / MANNER
EARLY
LATE
IN A MOTHERLY WAY
FIRSTSlide39
PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (
a,b,c,d
)
The Stock Exchange reacted quite calmly.
These almonds taste bitter.
She smiled bitterly.
To a European, Chinese sounds strange.Slide40
PAGE 106 – exercise 11 (
e,f,g,h
)
The sports committee meets monthly / once a month / on a monthly basis.
Her mother had slapped her hard.
She walks in an ugly way/manner.
You acted in a cowardly way/manner. Slide41
PAGE 107 – exercise 11 (
i,j,k,l
)
Bob works much harder than Tom.
The play impressed me considerably.
He approaches the subject less scientifically.
She glanced at me slyly.Slide42
NOW JUST ADVERBS!!!Slide43
page 109 – exercise 16Slide44
THE ADVERB PHRASE
The adverb phrase is a phrase that has an adverb as its head.
The
AdvP
can have the following forms:
AdvP
=
Adv
e.g. carefullyAdvP = Adv
Adv e.g. very carefullyAdvP = Adv Adv e.g. carefully enough
AdvP = Adv Adv Cl e.g. so fast that I couldn’t see it fast enough to escape
AdvP
= (Adv)
Adv
PP e.g. (much) better than BillSlide45
SYNTACTIC FUNCTION OF ADVERBS (pg. 99)
ADVERBIAL:
He speaks
slowly
.
MODIFIER:
extremely
slow
very
slowly
rather
a mess
straight
through the wall
over
ten victims
COMPLEMENT OF PREPOSITION:
over
here
till
then
from
insideSlide46
INDEPENDENT ADVERBS = ADVERBIALS
ADVERBIALS
INTEGRATED into the CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily NON-LINKING:
Provide speaker’s comment
PERIPHERAL in the CLAUSE STRUCTURE
Primarily LINKING:
connect sentences
DISJUNCTS
CONJUNCTS
ADJUNCTS
Naturally
, Ross is behaving
.
I sent Ross a personal invitation. He will
therefore
be there tomorrow
.
Ross is
behaving
naturally
.Slide47
PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (a-k)
DISJUNCT
Modifier of
AdvP
/ADJUNCT
CONJUNCT
Modifier of NP
Modifier of PP
Modifier of AP
ADJUNCT
ADJUNCT
Modifier of AP
Modifier of AP
Modifier of NPSlide48
PAGE 108 – exercise 13 (l-q)
Modifier of PP
DISJUNCT
ADJUNCT
Modifier of AP
Modifier of NP
ADJUNCT /
Modifier of NP
Modifier of APSlide49
THE END
Actually, to be continued…