Chapter 8: Medicine and Crime: The Search for the Born Crim - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Chapter 8: Medicine and Crime: The Search for the Born Criminal and the Medical Control of Criminality

Created by: Makenzie harder, Clinton

prohaska

, and john

thurstonSlide2

Introduction

Medical and biological approaches to crime became important in the middle-to-late 19

th

century.

Richard Moran

explores the emergence of medical and “therapeutic” methods used to “treat” and control criminality.

Moran also discusses rehabilitative idea in treatment of criminals and recognizes the potential for its advancement in the future.Slide3

Cesare

di

Beccaria

explained that one’s

choice of destiny comes from the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.

Casper

Lavater

described the mind

and body

as interdependent

, the nature of a person’s soul is written on his face, this was known as

physiognomy

.

Gall

and

Spurzheim

developed

a theory that many physical characteristics of the brain and skull had a relation to the mental capacities and temperament.Slide4

Cesare

Lombroso

stated that physical

characteristics could be correlated with inward psychology based of his observation of tattooed soldiers being more

deviant

also known as

the search

for the born

criminal.

After

finding that many prisoners in an Italian prison had an indention in the back of their heads Lombroso made the connection that the indention was similar to that of “lower” animals thus Lombroso deemed criminals as a

sub-species.Slide5

Robert Dugdale

and the Jukes

– after selecting the “juke” family from a prison he traced the lineage to find out of 709 fully traceable family members 180 were paupers and at least 140 were convicted of crimes. Roberts conclusion was that there was heredity in deviance behavior but environment still had a role to play in the development of the

behavior.

Charles Goring

believed that everyone possessed the mental, moral, physical traits of a criminal, it was a matter of the quantity of these traits that dictated a criminal

.

Goring compared Soldiers and University students to inmates and found no real conclusive evidence other than the prisoners had an “inferior” body type which was small and narrow.Slide6

Johannes Lang

concluded

that monozygotic twins seemed to have a definite similarity where dizygotic twins were usually different from each other.

Furthermore, one

monozygotic twin was imprisoned the odds were that the other was

too.

Ernest Hooton

criticized

Goring’s work, essentially created a large number (107) of sub races and tied them to a what the “average” crime was that they would commit. Slide7

William Sheldon

– the three body

types

Endomorph-”relative soft roundness through the body

Mesomorph-”relative predominance of muscle, bone, and connective tissue”

Ectomorph-”predominance of linearity and fragility”

Sheldon conducted

a study

at a Juvenile Delinquency center and created a risk assessment tool that would measure the potential for juveniles to become delinquent. He concluded that their physical traits were correlated with their potential for delinquency.Transition to medicine let the punishment fit the criminal not the crime, the medical view and research begins here.Slide8

Parens

patrae

also known as the

medical view

which meant

the politics of crime labeling were powerless (

sins, crime, immoral.) Instead the political powers had a parenting role that would rest the care of deviance or “criminals” into the hands of the medical field to take care of criminality as Political power took the “parental role”.The medical view wasn’t without tyranny just as before many mistakes would be made and moral grounds would be pushed greatly. Slide9

Burckhardt performed the

first modern brain operation to change human

behavior

(

labotomy

)

Freeman and Watts

introduced psychosurgery in the U.S. and developed the technique of cutting the frontal lobes of the brain by inserting an ice pick-like surgical instrument through the eye socket.

In the late 1960s psychosurgery became openly promoted as a technique to quiet political protest and racial conflict in America.Slide10

Jacobs and her colleagues brought into prominence the theory of a relationship between the XYY karyotype and crime.

Y Chromosome

was theorized to possess an elevated aggressiveness potential.

X Chromosome

was considered to contain a high gentleness component.

The Extra Y Chromosome

presents a double dose of aggressiveness.

Research has described such XYY males as being unusually tall, mentally dull, having facial acne, and relatively high occurrence of

epilepsy, which was believed many researches at the time to be the source of aggression. Slide11

Ivan Pavlov

developed a contemporary theory known as classical conditioning in which he observed dogs that would salivate when food was placed in the mouths.

The food was referred to as an

unconditioned

response of salivation.

Pavlov then began to use a bell before food was given to the dogs and then noticed eventually that the sound created salivation leading to the becoming a

conditioned

stimulus which then caused the conditioned response of salivation.Slide12

Skinner introduced the theory of

operant conditioning.

There is a “reinforce” in which a reward is given to the subject each time he produces a desired behavior.]

The

reinforcer

is made

contingent

on the correct response while the response is known as the

operant.Operant Conditioning is based on the idea that behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated, whereas behavior that is not reinforced tends to be eliminated. Slide13

Behavior Modification is known to have principles that have been employed in “therapeutic” settings to modify or alter human behavior.

Positive Reinforcement

is the most commonly used technique of behavior modification. In addition, to increase the occurrence of a desired behavior, positive reinforcements or rewards are given each time the behavior occurs naturally.

Negative Reinforcement

is used as a form of operant conditioning to increase the frequency of desired behavior. Slide14

Biotechnology

involves the insertion of electrodes into the brain through a hole or holes in the skull. The brain is then electrically simulated until unwanted behavior occurs. Once the unwanted behavior is located (fits of rage, depression, euphoria), that area of the brain is heavy with electricity. Slide15

Jose M. R. Delgado

proposed for an educational program to introduce respect for physical control of the mind proves successful, the “afflicted” person may come to participate voluntarily in a “therapeutic” program of mind control.

Delgado

believed that citizens could wear transmitters that would allow law-enforcement to know immediately when they are attacked and where.

Slide16

CIA and Mind Control

was a project that involved the “research and development of chemical, biological, and radiological materials capable of employment in undercover operations to control human behavior.”