MODIFIERS… What are they? - PowerPoint Presentation

MODIFIERS… What are they? Modifiers are words that describe, or modify other words in a sentence Two kinds? Adjectives Adverbs

Adjectives Define: A word that describes, or modifies, a noun or pronoun Example : Pretty girl; small sandwich; blue sky; one person

3 ways adjectives modify nouns (aka: what questions do adjectives answer?) What kind? We studied ancient history. How many? I read four chapters last night. Which one? That invention changed history.

“Fun” Activity ADJECTIVE RAINBOWS   Materials needed: Blank white paper (provided by your teacher) Colored pencils or crayons Creative side of your brain   Objective: Create a visual image using the five senses that will remind us what adjectives do   Process: *Turn your blank paper horizontally *Using colored pencils, draw a rainbow (remember Roy G. Biv ). Make each rainbow stripe wide enough to write in. The rainbow should take up most of the paper. *Think of one object (noun) for each color of the rainbow. (blue – sky, for example). *Write your object within the stripe *For each object, write as many adjectives as you can think of to describe your object. You must use a minimum of six adjectives per object. You may NOT use colors as your adjective. Consider more than just sight imagery. You have five senses; use them all. You also may NOT repeat an adjective (in other words, you can only use it once in the whole rainbow). *Make your picture pretty…color in the stripes (making sure I can still read your words), add birds/flowers/clouds/etc., make a background…whatever!  

Process: *Turn your blank paper horizontally *Using colored pencils, draw a rainbow (remember Roy G. Biv ). Make each rainbow stripe wide enough to write in. The rainbow should take up most of the paper. *Think of one object (noun) for each color of the rainbow. (blue – sky, for example). *Write your object within the stripe *For each object, write as many adjectives as you can think of to describe your object. You must use a minimum of six adjectives per object. You may NOT use colors as your adjective. Consider more than just sight imagery. You have five senses; use them all. You also may NOT repeat an adjective (in other words, you can only use it once in the whole rainbow). *Make your picture pretty…color in the stripes (making sure I can still read your words), add birds/flowers/clouds/etc., make a background…whatever!

Remember predicate adjectives? We talked about this back in our verb section- so let’s review… Predicate Adjectives (PA) follows ONLY Linking Verbs and modify the subject of the sentence Visitors seem(lv) impressed by our school.

In each sentence below, write the adjective and the word it modifies; Write PA if the word is a Predicate Adjective John Muir’s early life was difficult. He worked hard at home. Muir was willing and strong. He was also studious. His father discouraged his avid reading though. Muir was inventive. He created many labor-saving devices. After college, Muir got some bad news. He might be blind soon. He became adventurous. Muir started a westward journey. Muir’s journey was slow but meaningful.

In each sentence below, underline the adjectives and draw an arrow the word each adjective modifies. If it is a predicate adjective, label it PA above the word. John Muir’s early life was difficult . He worked hard at home. Muir was willing and strong . He was also studious . His father discouraged his avid reading though. Muir was inventive . He created many labor-saving devices . After college, Muir got some bad news . He might be blind soon. He became adventurous . Muir started a westward journey . Muir’s journey was slow but meaningful .

Proper adjectives Define: Adjectives formed from proper nouns Common endings: -an- America; American culture -ese- Japan; Japanese food - ian - Christ; Christian faith - ish - Turkey; Turkish delight *Some don’t change from the noun form: ex- Oranges from Florida= Florida oranges

Rewrite each group of words, using a proper adjective to describe the noun. Change the article if necessary. A car from Germany- EX- A German car A spice from India A tour of Europe An exhibition in June A song from Brazil A uniform from Canada A shawl from Spain A carpet from Turkey A dress from Java

Rewrite each group of words, using a proper adjective to describe the noun. Change the article if necessary. A car from Germany- German car A spice from India- Indian spice A tour of Europe- European tour An exhibition in June- June exhibition A song from Brazil- Brazilian song A uniform from Canada- Canadian uniform A shawl from Spain- Spanish shawl A carpet from Turkey- Turkish carpet A dress from Java- Javan dress

What is the MOST common type of adjective ? Articles List them. How are they different ? A An * Indefinite, general- use a before a consonant sound; use an before a vowel sound The *definite, specific

Demonstrative adjectives Hmmm…didn’t we just have something like this in the pronoun chapter? List Demonstrative adjectives … This-singular These-plural That -singular Those-plural How are they different from demonstrative pronouns ? They answer the question “which one(s)” about the word they modify They are used with a noun instead of in place of one That book is good- adjective That is a good book- pronoun

Circle the demonstrative word in each sentence. Then write if it is being used as an adjective or pronoun. The castles in these pictures are all in England. Those you see in the first set were built by the Saxons. You can see the Norman influence on that castle. This tower is called the keep. Don’t those look like fortresses? Do you recognize that ditch filled with water? The builders used these for added protection. These later castles are more comfortable.

Circle the demonstrative word in each sentence. Then write if it is being used as an adjective or pronoun. The castles in these pictures are all in England. ADJ Those you see in the first set were built by the Saxons. PRO You can see the Norman influence on that castle. ADJ This tower is called the keep. ADJ Don’t those look like fortresses? PRO Do you recognize that ditch filled with water? ADJ The builders used these for added protection. PRO These later castles are more comfortable. ADJ

Adjective Prepositional Phrases Remember this? When a prepositional phrase modifies a noun or pronoun, the whole phrase is an adjective The boy (in the car) looked at the scenery

Comparing with adjectives There are two forms of adjectives to use when you compare nouns. What are they? Comparative Superlative This is also referred to as “degrees” of comparison

Comparative Adjectives How are they formed ? Er - 1 syllable words; some 2 syllable words More: 3 syllable words; some 2 syllable words **exception- fun= more fun When are they used ? To compare one person, place or thing to another Is Venezuela larger than Peru?

Superlative Adjectives How are they formed? Est- 1 syllable; some 2 syllable words Most- 3 syllable; some 2 syllable words Fun- most fun When are they used ? When comparing one person, place, or thing with several others Is Brazil the richest country in South America

Yes, there are some irregulars… To form the comparative and superlative form of some adjectives, you have to completely change the word. good, well= better; best Bad= worse; worst many, much= more; most Little= less; least

Negative comparisons: What does this mean? This is when you are showing a decreasing comparison between nouns Instead of er / est ; more/most Use less/least He is less willing to take out the trash than she is.

Write the correct comparative or superlative form of the word in parentheses. Use negative comparison where indicated. Remains of huts found years ago are the (old) buildings yet found. The (good) discoveries of all may come from future digs. We now have (many) examples of prehistoric remains than we have ever had. The (early) structure of all is a circle of blocks that may go back more than a million years. The second (tall) office building in the world is the Sears Tower. Architecture is certainly one of the (interesting) careers of all. The public is usually (curious) about the architects themselves than about the work they do. For architects in the Middle Ages, r oofs presented the (difficult) problem of all. Early humans may have found that caves were smaller and (convenient) than structures they could build. (NEGATIVE) Unlike huts, caves were (available) in areas with few hills or mountains. (NEGATIVE)

Write the correct comparative or superlative form of the word in parentheses. Use negative comparison where indicated. Remains of huts found years ago are the (old) buildings yet found.- Oldest The (good) discoveries of all may come from future digs.- Best We now have (many) examples of prehistoric remains than we have ever had.- More The (early) structure of all is a circle of blocks that may go back more than a million years.- Earliest The second (tall) office building in the world is the Sears Tower. Tallest Architecture is certainly one of the (interesting) careers of all. Most interesting The public is usually (curious) about the architects themselves than about the work they do. More curious For architects in the Middle Ages, r oofs presented the (difficult) problem of all. Most difficult Early humans may have found that caves were smaller and (convenient) than structures they could build. (NEGATIVE) less convenient Unlike huts, caves were (available) in areas with few hills or mountains. (NEGATIVE) less available

Adverbs Define : a word that describes, or modifies a verb, adjective, or another verb Example: Often eat Very excited

Some common adverbs that DON’T end in -ly Afterward here sometime Already late somewhere Always long soon Anywhere near then Away never there Below not well Even now Ever nowhere Everywhere often Fast outside Forever seldom Hard short

Ways Adverbs modify things (aka: what questions do adverbs answer?) How When Where Why To what extent

1. Modifying a Verb Tell: How When Where Position in sentence: anywhere Before verb After verb Beginning of sentence End of sentence

2. Modifying an adjective Tell : How To what extent Position in sentence : Next to the adjective it modifies

3. Modifying an adverb Tell : How To what extent Position in sentence : Next to the adverb it modifies

Adverbs commonly used to modify other modifiers Almost rather Barely really Extremely so Hardly somewhat Just too Nearly totally Partly unusually Quite very

Underline each adverb, then draw an arrow to the word it modifies. Hiram Bingham searched diligently for the lost Incan cities. Bingham and his aides looked everywhere in western South America. They traveled slowly through thick jungles. Slowly they crossed rushing rivers. The explorers cautiously carried their own food and supplies. They carefully studied the legends. The Urubamba River snaked below. Once many people came to the Incan city.

Underline each adverb, then draw an arrow to the word it modifies. Hiram Bingham searched diligently for the lost Incan cities. Bingham and his aides looked everywhere in western South America. They traveled slowly through thick jungles. Slowly they crossed rushing rivers. The explorers cautiously carried their own food and supplies. They carefully studied the legends. The Urubamba River snaked below . Once many people came to the Incan city.

Adverb prepositional phrases Remember this? A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb

Comparing with adverbs Very similar to comparing with adjectives… Two forms : degrees Comparative/superlative How are they formed ? e r /more e st /most

And a few irregulars… Badly- worse; worst Far (distance )- farther; farthest Far (degree )- further; furthest

Write the correct form of the word in parentheses. The Egyptians came to Crete (early) than all other peoples. Did the Cretans arrive in Greece (late) than all other peoples? Some people think the Cretans built the palace of Knossos (good) of all their buildings. Its hundreds of rooms sheltered people (comfortably) than other palaces. Cretan ships sailed (swiftly) of all early vessels. Knossos was powerful and needed protection (frequently) than other cities. Noted for artistic achievements, perhaps they painted scenes of sports (good) of all. Sir Arthur Evans was the person who (successfully) unearthed important discoveries. Evans went even (far) by discovering the palace of King Minos , located in Knossos.

Write the correct form of the word in parentheses. The Egyptians came to Crete (early) than all other peoples.- Earlier Did the Cretans arrive in Greece (late) than all other peoples?- later Some people think the Cretans built the palace of Knossos (good) of all their buildings. best Its hundreds of rooms sheltered people (comfortably) than other palaces. more Cretan ships sailed (swiftly) of all early vessels.- most Knossos was powerful and needed protection (frequently) than other cities. more Noted for artistic achievements, perhaps they painted scenes of sports (good) of all. best Sir Arthur Evans was the person who (successfully) unearthed important discoveries. most Evans went even (far) by discovering the palace of King Minos, located in Knossos. further

Don’t use no double negatives… So, how do you fix them ? Remove one negative Change one negative to a positive What is important to remember about contractions ? n’t = not- which is a negative

“Fun” activity! USING MODIFIERS: SNACK AD   For this activity, you will create a poster to depict a magazine ad for a product.   1. Invent a nutritious snack or drink. It does NOT have to have a yummy sounding name. 2. Create a slogan for your product (Just Do It – Nike). It can not be one that already exists. 3. Write an ad for your product. It should make consumers WANT to try your snack. You must include the following: Adjectives: sure, good, bad, and real Adverbs: surely, well, badly, and really. These modifiers must be used correctly . You may use other modifiers, but these 8 must be included. 4. Using the paper given to you, draw and color the ad as you would have it appear in a magazine. You should have something that represents your product visually, as well as the slogan and ad copy you have come up with.   The finished product must be in color!!!   Due at the end of class, ___________________.

QUESTIONS?